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Gleanings in Europe
Gleanings in Europe

Chapter XI

Chapter 11 of Gleanings in Europe is here in full — 123 sentences across 25 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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The Florentine Fête.--Chariot-races.--Horse-race.--Fête on the Arno.--The Comte St. Leu.--The Bonaparte Family.--Fireworks and Illuminations.--Illuminations in Paris.--The Corpus Domini.--Anecdotes of the knavery of Florentine Domestics.
The great Florentine fête was celebrated a short time since.
One of the ceremonies is so peculiar, that it may amuse you to have a short account of it.
There are several considerable squares in the town, but the largest is that of Santa Maria Novella.
At the festival of St. John, who is the patron saint of the city, an imitation of the ancient chariot-races is held in this square, which affords the most space.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Gleanings in Europe

Chapter XI

Chapter 11 of Gleanings in Europe is here in full — 123 sentences across 25 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/24 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
The Florentine Fête.--Chariot-races.--Horse-race.--Fête on the Arno.--The Comte St. Leu.--The Bonaparte Family.--Fireworks and Illuminations.--Illuminations in Paris.--The Corpus Domini.--Anecdotes of the knavery of Florentine Domestics.
Line 2
The great Florentine fête was celebrated a short time since.
Line 3
One of the ceremonies is so peculiar, that it may amuse you to have a short account of it.
/wʌn ʌv ðə ˈserəmoʊniz ɪz soʊ pəˈkjuːljər ðæt ɪt meɪ əˈmjuːz juː tuː hæv ə ʃɔːrt əˈkaʊnt ʌv ɪt/
Line 4
There are several considerable squares in the town, but the largest is that of Santa Maria Novella.
/ðer ɑːr ˈsevrəl kənˈsɪdərəbəl skwerz ɪn ðə taʊn bʌt ðə ˈlɑːrdʒəst ɪz ðæt ʌv ˈsæntə mərˈiːə noʊˈvelə/
Line 5
At the festival of St. John, who is the patron saint of the city, an imitation of the ancient chariot-races is held in this square, which affords the most space.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Arno noun US /ˈɑːrnoʊ/

a river in central Italy rising in the Apennines and flowing through Florence and Pisa to the Ligurian Sea

From this reading “The Florentine Fête.--Chariot-races.--Horse-race.--Fête on the Arno.--The Comte St. Leu.--The Bonaparte Family.--Fireworks and Illuminations.--Illuminations in Paris.--The Corpus Domini.--Anecdotes of the knavery of Florentine Domestics.”

Bonaparte noun US /ˈboʊnəpɑːrt/

French general who became emperor of the French (1769-1821)

From this reading “The Florentine Fête.--Chariot-races.--Horse-race.--Fête on the Arno.--The Comte St. Leu.--The Bonaparte Family.--Fireworks and Illuminations.--Illuminations in Paris.--The Corpus Domini.--Anecdotes of the knavery of Florentine Domestics.”

Corpus noun US /ˈkɔːrpəs/

capital as contrasted with the income derived from it

From this reading “The Florentine Fête.--Chariot-races.--Horse-race.--Fête on the Arno.--The Comte St. Leu.--The Bonaparte Family.--Fireworks and Illuminations.--Illuminations in Paris.--The Corpus Domini.--Anecdotes of the knavery of Florentine Domestics.”

Domestics noun US /dəˈmestɪks/

plural of “domestic” — a servant who is paid to perform menial tasks around the household

From this reading “The Florentine Fête.--Chariot-races.--Horse-race.--Fête on the Arno.--The Comte St. Leu.--The Bonaparte Family.--Fireworks and Illuminations.--Illuminations in Paris.--The Corpus Domini.--Anecdotes of the knavery of Florentine Domestics.”

Fireworks noun US /ˈfaɪrwɜːrks/

plural of “firework” — (usually plural) a device with an explosive that burns at a low rate and with colored flames; can be used to illuminate areas or send signals etc.

From this reading “The Florentine Fête.--Chariot-races.--Horse-race.--Fête on the Arno.--The Comte St. Leu.--The Bonaparte Family.--Fireworks and Illuminations.--Illuminations in Paris.--The Corpus Domini.--Anecdotes of the knavery of Florentine Domestics.”

Florentine adjective US /ˈflɔːrəntiːn/

of or relating to or characteristic of the city of Florence, Italy

From this reading “The Florentine Fête.--Chariot-races.--Horse-race.--Fête on the Arno.--The Comte St. Leu.--The Bonaparte Family.--Fireworks and Illuminations.--Illuminations in Paris.--The Corpus Domini.--Anecdotes of the knavery of Florentine Domestics.”

Leu noun US /luː/

the basic unit of money in Moldova

From this reading “The Florentine Fête.--Chariot-races.--Horse-race.--Fête on the Arno.--The Comte St. Leu.--The Bonaparte Family.--Fireworks and Illuminations.--Illuminations in Paris.--The Corpus Domini.--Anecdotes of the knavery of Florentine Domestics.”

Novella noun US /noʊˈvelə/

a short novel

From this reading “There are several considerable squares in the town, but the largest is that of Santa Maria Novella.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

patron saint noun + noun

a saint who is considered to be a defender of some group or nation

In this reading “At the festival of St. John, who is the patron saint of the city, an imitation of the ancient chariot-races is held in this square, which affords the most space.”

short time adjective + noun

In this reading “The great Florentine fête was celebrated a short time since.”

All words in this reading · 71

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The great Florentine fête was celebrated a short time since.

accountnounUS /əˈkaʊnt/

a record or narrative description of past events

From this reading One of the ceremonies is so peculiar, that it may amuse you to have a short account of it.

affordsverbUS /əˈfɔːrdz/

third-person singular of “afford” — be able to spare or give up

From this reading At the festival of St. John, who is the patron saint of the city, an imitation of the ancient chariot-races is held in this square, which affords the most space.

amuseverbUS /əˈmjuːz/

occupy in an agreeable, entertaining or pleasant fashion

From this reading One of the ceremonies is so peculiar, that it may amuse you to have a short account of it.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading At the festival of St. John, who is the patron saint of the city, an imitation of the ancient chariot-races is held in this square, which affords the most space.

ancientadjectiveUS /ˈeɪn.ʃənt/

Belonging to the very distant past and no longer in existence or deeply revered.

From this reading At the festival of St. John, who is the patron saint of the city, an imitation of the ancient chariot-races is held in this square, which affords the most space.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The Florentine Fête.--Chariot-races.--Horse-race.--Fête on the Arno.--The Comte St. Leu.--The Bonaparte Family.--Fireworks and Illuminations.--Illuminations in Paris.--The Corpus Domini.--Anecdotes of the knavery of Florentine Domestics.

AnecdotesnounUS /ˈænəkdoʊts/

plural of “anecdote” — short account of an incident (especially a biographical one)

From this reading The Florentine Fête.--Chariot-races.--Horse-race.--Fête on the Arno.--The Comte St. Leu.--The Bonaparte Family.--Fireworks and Illuminations.--Illuminations in Paris.--The Corpus Domini.--Anecdotes of the knavery of Florentine Domestics.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading There are several considerable squares in the town, but the largest is that of Santa Maria Novella.

ArnonounUS /ˈɑːrnoʊ/

a river in central Italy rising in the Apennines and flowing through Florence and Pisa to the Ligurian Sea

From this reading The Florentine Fête.--Chariot-races.--Horse-race.--Fête on the Arno.--The Comte St. Leu.--The Bonaparte Family.--Fireworks and Illuminations.--Illuminations in Paris.--The Corpus Domini.--Anecdotes of the knavery of Florentine Domestics.

AtprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading At the festival of St. John, who is the patron saint of the city, an imitation of the ancient chariot-races is held in this square, which affords the most space.

BonapartenounUS /ˈboʊnəpɑːrt/

French general who became emperor of the French (1769-1821)

From this reading The Florentine Fête.--Chariot-races.--Horse-race.--Fête on the Arno.--The Comte St. Leu.--The Bonaparte Family.--Fireworks and Illuminations.--Illuminations in Paris.--The Corpus Domini.--Anecdotes of the knavery of Florentine Domestics.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading There are several considerable squares in the town, but the largest is that of Santa Maria Novella.

celebratedadjectiveUS /ˈseləbreɪtɪd/

widely known and esteemed

From this reading The great Florentine fête was celebrated a short time since.

ceremoniesnounUS /ˈserəmoʊniz/

plural of “ceremony” — a formal event performed on a special occasion

From this reading One of the ceremonies is so peculiar, that it may amuse you to have a short account of it.

Chariot-races

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Florentine Fête.--Chariot-races.--Horse-race.--Fête on the Arno.--The Comte St. Leu.--The Bonaparte Family.--Fireworks and Illuminations.--Illuminations in Paris.--The Corpus Domini.--Anecdotes of the knavery of Florentine Domestics.

citynounUS /ˈsɪti/

a large and densely populated urban area; may include several independent administrative districts

From this reading At the festival of St. John, who is the patron saint of the city, an imitation of the ancient chariot-races is held in this square, which affords the most space.

Comtenoun

French philosopher remembered as the founder of positivism; he also established sociology as a systematic field of study

From this reading The Florentine Fête.--Chariot-races.--Horse-race.--Fête on the Arno.--The Comte St. Leu.--The Bonaparte Family.--Fireworks and Illuminations.--Illuminations in Paris.--The Corpus Domini.--Anecdotes of the knavery of Florentine Domestics.

considerableadjectiveUS /kənˈsɪdərəbəl/

large or relatively large in number or amount or extent or degree

From this reading There are several considerable squares in the town, but the largest is that of Santa Maria Novella.

CorpusnounUS /ˈkɔːrpəs/

capital as contrasted with the income derived from it

From this reading The Florentine Fête.--Chariot-races.--Horse-race.--Fête on the Arno.--The Comte St. Leu.--The Bonaparte Family.--Fireworks and Illuminations.--Illuminations in Paris.--The Corpus Domini.--Anecdotes of the knavery of Florentine Domestics.

DomesticsnounUS /dəˈmestɪks/

plural of “domestic” — a servant who is paid to perform menial tasks around the household

From this reading The Florentine Fête.--Chariot-races.--Horse-race.--Fête on the Arno.--The Comte St. Leu.--The Bonaparte Family.--Fireworks and Illuminations.--Illuminations in Paris.--The Corpus Domini.--Anecdotes of the knavery of Florentine Domestics.

Domini

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Florentine Fête.--Chariot-races.--Horse-race.--Fête on the Arno.--The Comte St. Leu.--The Bonaparte Family.--Fireworks and Illuminations.--Illuminations in Paris.--The Corpus Domini.--Anecdotes of the knavery of Florentine Domestics.

FamilynounUS /ˈfæməli/

a social unit living together

From this reading The Florentine Fête.--Chariot-races.--Horse-race.--Fête on the Arno.--The Comte St. Leu.--The Bonaparte Family.--Fireworks and Illuminations.--Illuminations in Paris.--The Corpus Domini.--Anecdotes of the knavery of Florentine Domestics.

festivalnounUS /ˈfestəvəl/

a day or period of time set aside for feasting and celebration

From this reading At the festival of St. John, who is the patron saint of the city, an imitation of the ancient chariot-races is held in this square, which affords the most space.

FireworksnounUS /ˈfaɪrwɜːrks/

plural of “firework” — (usually plural) a device with an explosive that burns at a low rate and with colored flames; can be used to illuminate areas or send signals etc.

From this reading The Florentine Fête.--Chariot-races.--Horse-race.--Fête on the Arno.--The Comte St. Leu.--The Bonaparte Family.--Fireworks and Illuminations.--Illuminations in Paris.--The Corpus Domini.--Anecdotes of the knavery of Florentine Domestics.

FlorentineadjectiveUS /ˈflɔːrəntiːn/

of or relating to or characteristic of the city of Florence, Italy

From this reading The Florentine Fête.--Chariot-races.--Horse-race.--Fête on the Arno.--The Comte St. Leu.--The Bonaparte Family.--Fireworks and Illuminations.--Illuminations in Paris.--The Corpus Domini.--Anecdotes of the knavery of Florentine Domestics.

Fête

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Florentine Fête.--Chariot-races.--Horse-race.--Fête on the Arno.--The Comte St. Leu.--The Bonaparte Family.--Fireworks and Illuminations.--Illuminations in Paris.--The Corpus Domini.--Anecdotes of the knavery of Florentine Domestics.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading The great Florentine fête was celebrated a short time since.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading One of the ceremonies is so peculiar, that it may amuse you to have a short account of it.

heldadjectiveUS /held/

occupied or in the control of; often used in combination

From this reading At the festival of St. John, who is the patron saint of the city, an imitation of the ancient chariot-races is held in this square, which affords the most space.

Horse-raceverb

compete in a horse race

From this reading The Florentine Fête.--Chariot-races.--Horse-race.--Fête on the Arno.--The Comte St. Leu.--The Bonaparte Family.--Fireworks and Illuminations.--Illuminations in Paris.--The Corpus Domini.--Anecdotes of the knavery of Florentine Domestics.

Illuminations

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Florentine Fête.--Chariot-races.--Horse-race.--Fête on the Arno.--The Comte St. Leu.--The Bonaparte Family.--Fireworks and Illuminations.--Illuminations in Paris.--The Corpus Domini.--Anecdotes of the knavery of Florentine Domestics.

imitationnounUS /ˌɪməˈteɪʃən/

the doctrine that representations of nature or human behavior should be accurate imitations

From this reading At the festival of St. John, who is the patron saint of the city, an imitation of the ancient chariot-races is held in this square, which affords the most space.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The Florentine Fête.--Chariot-races.--Horse-race.--Fête on the Arno.--The Comte St. Leu.--The Bonaparte Family.--Fireworks and Illuminations.--Illuminations in Paris.--The Corpus Domini.--Anecdotes of the knavery of Florentine Domestics.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading One of the ceremonies is so peculiar, that it may amuse you to have a short account of it.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading One of the ceremonies is so peculiar, that it may amuse you to have a short account of it.

JohnnounUS /dʒɑːn/

a room or building equipped with one or more toilets

From this reading At the festival of St. John, who is the patron saint of the city, an imitation of the ancient chariot-races is held in this square, which affords the most space.

knaverynoun

lack of honesty; acts of lying or cheating or stealing

From this reading The Florentine Fête.--Chariot-races.--Horse-race.--Fête on the Arno.--The Comte St. Leu.--The Bonaparte Family.--Fireworks and Illuminations.--Illuminations in Paris.--The Corpus Domini.--Anecdotes of the knavery of Florentine Domestics.

largestadjectiveUS /ˈlɑːrdʒəst/

superlative of “large” — above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading There are several considerable squares in the town, but the largest is that of Santa Maria Novella.

LeunounUS /luː/

the basic unit of money in Moldova

From this reading The Florentine Fête.--Chariot-races.--Horse-race.--Fête on the Arno.--The Comte St. Leu.--The Bonaparte Family.--Fireworks and Illuminations.--Illuminations in Paris.--The Corpus Domini.--Anecdotes of the knavery of Florentine Domestics.

MarianounUS /mərˈiːə/

a dark region of considerable extent on the surface of the moon

From this reading There are several considerable squares in the town, but the largest is that of Santa Maria Novella.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading One of the ceremonies is so peculiar, that it may amuse you to have a short account of it.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading At the festival of St. John, who is the patron saint of the city, an imitation of the ancient chariot-races is held in this square, which affords the most space.

NovellanounUS /noʊˈvelə/

a short novel

From this reading There are several considerable squares in the town, but the largest is that of Santa Maria Novella.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The Florentine Fête.--Chariot-races.--Horse-race.--Fête on the Arno.--The Comte St. Leu.--The Bonaparte Family.--Fireworks and Illuminations.--Illuminations in Paris.--The Corpus Domini.--Anecdotes of the knavery of Florentine Domestics.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading The Florentine Fête.--Chariot-races.--Horse-race.--Fête on the Arno.--The Comte St. Leu.--The Bonaparte Family.--Fireworks and Illuminations.--Illuminations in Paris.--The Corpus Domini.--Anecdotes of the knavery of Florentine Domestics.

OnepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading One of the ceremonies is so peculiar, that it may amuse you to have a short account of it.

ParisnounUS /ˈperɪs/

the capital and largest city of France; and international center of culture and commerce

From this reading The Florentine Fête.--Chariot-races.--Horse-race.--Fête on the Arno.--The Comte St. Leu.--The Bonaparte Family.--Fireworks and Illuminations.--Illuminations in Paris.--The Corpus Domini.--Anecdotes of the knavery of Florentine Domestics.

patronnounUS /ˈpeɪtrən/

a regular customer

From this reading At the festival of St. John, who is the patron saint of the city, an imitation of the ancient chariot-races is held in this square, which affords the most space.

peculiaradjectiveUS /pəˈkjuːljər/

beyond or deviating from the usual or expected

From this reading One of the ceremonies is so peculiar, that it may amuse you to have a short account of it.

saintnounUS /seɪnt/

a person who has died and has been declared a saint by canonization

From this reading At the festival of St. John, who is the patron saint of the city, an imitation of the ancient chariot-races is held in this square, which affords the most space.

SantanounUS /ˈsæntə/

the legendary patron saint of children; an imaginary being who is thought to bring presents to children at Christmas

From this reading There are several considerable squares in the town, but the largest is that of Santa Maria Novella.

severaladjectiveUS /ˈsevrəl/

(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many

From this reading There are several considerable squares in the town, but the largest is that of Santa Maria Novella.

shortadjectiveUS /ʃɔːrt/

primarily temporal sense; indicating or being or seeming to be limited in duration

From this reading The great Florentine fête was celebrated a short time since.

sinceprepositionUS /sɪns/

from a time in the past until now

From this reading The great Florentine fête was celebrated a short time since.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading One of the ceremonies is so peculiar, that it may amuse you to have a short account of it.

spacenounUS /speɪs/

the unlimited expanse in which everything is located

From this reading At the festival of St. John, who is the patron saint of the city, an imitation of the ancient chariot-races is held in this square, which affords the most space.

squareverbUS /skwer/

make square

From this reading At the festival of St. John, who is the patron saint of the city, an imitation of the ancient chariot-races is held in this square, which affords the most space.

squaresnounUS /skwerz/

plural of “square” — (geometry) a plane rectangle with four equal sides and four right angles; a four-sided regular polygon

From this reading There are several considerable squares in the town, but the largest is that of Santa Maria Novella.

St

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Florentine Fête.--Chariot-races.--Horse-race.--Fête on the Arno.--The Comte St. Leu.--The Bonaparte Family.--Fireworks and Illuminations.--Illuminations in Paris.--The Corpus Domini.--Anecdotes of the knavery of Florentine Domestics.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading One of the ceremonies is so peculiar, that it may amuse you to have a short account of it.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The Florentine Fête.--Chariot-races.--Horse-race.--Fête on the Arno.--The Comte St. Leu.--The Bonaparte Family.--Fireworks and Illuminations.--Illuminations in Paris.--The Corpus Domini.--Anecdotes of the knavery of Florentine Domestics.

ThereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading There are several considerable squares in the town, but the largest is that of Santa Maria Novella.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading At the festival of St. John, who is the patron saint of the city, an imitation of the ancient chariot-races is held in this square, which affords the most space.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading The great Florentine fête was celebrated a short time since.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading One of the ceremonies is so peculiar, that it may amuse you to have a short account of it.

townnounUS /taʊn/

an urban area with a fixed boundary that is smaller than a city

From this reading There are several considerable squares in the town, but the largest is that of Santa Maria Novella.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The great Florentine fête was celebrated a short time since.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading At the festival of St. John, who is the patron saint of the city, an imitation of the ancient chariot-races is held in this square, which affords the most space.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading At the festival of St. John, who is the patron saint of the city, an imitation of the ancient chariot-races is held in this square, which affords the most space.

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading One of the ceremonies is so peculiar, that it may amuse you to have a short account of it.

Chapter 11 of Gleanings in Europe by James Fenimore Cooper holds 123 sentences, grouped into 25 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 11 of Gleanings in Europe contain?

Chapter 11 holds 123 sentences of Gleanings in Europe, unabridged, divided into 25 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 11 of Gleanings in Europe by James Fenimore Cooper exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 123 sentences, grouped into 25 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

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    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Gleanings in Europe

Words and structures a reader meets early in Gleanings in Europe, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Gleanings
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Gleanings in Europe; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Europe
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Gleanings in Europe; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
American
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Gleanings in Europe; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Volumes
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Gleanings in Europe; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.