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"Granny's Chapters" (on Scriptural Subjects)
"Granny's Chapters" (on Scriptural Subjects)

Chapter XXXVIII · Thirteenth Century in England and France

Chapter XXXVIII of "Granny's Chapters" (on Scriptural Subjects), “Thirteenth Century in England and France,” is here in full — 159 sentences across 32 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Chapter 38 of "Granny's Chapters" (on Scriptural Subjects) by Mary, Lady Ross holds 159 sentences, grouped into 32 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 38 of "Granny's Chapters" (on Scriptural Subjects) contain?

Chapter 38 holds 159 sentences of "Granny's Chapters" (on Scriptural Subjects), unabridged, divided into 32 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 38 of "Granny's Chapters" (on Scriptural Subjects) by Mary, Lady Ross exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 159 sentences, grouped into 32 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 38 of "Granny's Chapters" (on Scriptural Subjects)?

Work through the 32 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 32 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 38 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 38 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Is this the complete text of "Granny's Chapters" (on Scriptural Subjects)?

Yes. All 5719 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #38557 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #38557, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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About 476 minutes of reading across 1144 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in "Granny's Chapters" (on Scriptural Subjects)

Words and structures a reader meets early in "Granny's Chapters" (on Scriptural Subjects), each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Sketch
A word that appears in the opening chapter of "Granny's Chapters" (on Scriptural Subjects); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Subsequent
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History
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Edition
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Context Illustration Reading 1/32 · 5 lines
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Henry the Third became King of England on the death of John, A.D.
1216: he was quite a child when his father died; but those who governed for him, set the Jews who were in prison at liberty; and ordered that they should be protected against the violence of the Crusaders.
Still, during the whole of Henry's long reign, which extended far into the latter half of the thirteenth century, the Jews were subject to great oppression and ill-usage in England.
As a privilege and favour to the citizens of Newcastle, the king commanded that no Jew should be allowed to dwell in their city.
The Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Bishops of Lincoln and Norwich, took a sure way of driving the Jews out of their dioceses; for they forbade all Christians to sell them any provisions whatever.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

"Granny's Chapters" (on Scriptural Subjects)

Chapter XXXVIII · Thirteenth Century in England and France

Chapter XXXVIII of "Granny's Chapters" (on Scriptural Subjects), “Thirteenth Century in England and France,” is here in full — 159 sentences across 32 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/32 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Henry the Third became King of England on the death of John, A.D.
Line 2
1216: he was quite a child when his father died; but those who governed for him, set the Jews who were in prison at liberty; and ordered that they should be protected against the violence of the Crusaders.
Line 3
Still, during the whole of Henry's long reign, which extended far into the latter half of the thirteenth century, the Jews were subject to great oppression and ill-usage in England.
Line 4
As a privilege and favour to the citizens of Newcastle, the king commanded that no Jew should be allowed to dwell in their city.
Line 5
The Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Bishops of Lincoln and Norwich, took a sure way of driving the Jews out of their dioceses; for they forbade all Christians to sell them any provisions whatever.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, audio, and collocations from this reading.

Against preposition US /əˈɡenst/

touching and pressing; in opposition to

From this reading “1216: he was quite a child when his father died; but those who governed for him, set the Jews who were in prison at liberty; and ordered that they should be protected against the violence of the Crusaders.”

During preposition US /ˈdʊrɪŋ/

all through a period, or at some point within it

From this reading “Still, during the whole of Henry's long reign, which extended far into the latter half of the thirteenth century, the Jews were subject to great oppression and ill-usage in England.”

Liberty noun US /ˈlɪb.ər.ti/

The state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions on one's way of life.

From this reading “1216: he was quite a child when his father died; but those who governed for him, set the Jews who were in prison at liberty; and ordered that they should be protected against the violence of the Crusaders.”

Thirteenth adjective US /ˈθɜːr.tiːnθ/

Constituting number thirteen in a sequence.

From this reading “Still, during the whole of Henry's long reign, which extended far into the latter half of the thirteenth century, the Jews were subject to great oppression and ill-usage in England.”

Those determiner US /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading “1216: he was quite a child when his father died; but those who governed for him, set the Jews who were in prison at liberty; and ordered that they should be protected against the violence of the Crusaders.”

Whatever determiner US /ˌwʌˈtevər/

any or all of a kind, it does not matter which

From this reading “The Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Bishops of Lincoln and Norwich, took a sure way of driving the Jews out of their dioceses; for they forbade all Christians to sell them any provisions whatever.”

All words in this reading · 94

Every word is available to listen to. Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1216

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 1216: he was quite a child when his father died; but those who governed for him, set the Jews who were in prison at liberty; and ordered that they should be protected against the violence of the Crusaders.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Henry the Third became King of England on the death of John, A.D.

againstprepositionUS /əˈɡenst/

touching and pressing; in opposition to

From this reading 1216: he was quite a child when his father died; but those who governed for him, set the Jews who were in prison at liberty; and ordered that they should be protected against the violence of the Crusaders.

all

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Bishops of Lincoln and Norwich, took a sure way of driving the Jews out of their dioceses; for they forbade all Christians to sell them any provisions whatever.

allowed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading As a privilege and favour to the citizens of Newcastle, the king commanded that no Jew should be allowed to dwell in their city.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading 1216: he was quite a child when his father died; but those who governed for him, set the Jews who were in prison at liberty; and ordered that they should be protected against the violence of the Crusaders.

any

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Bishops of Lincoln and Norwich, took a sure way of driving the Jews out of their dioceses; for they forbade all Christians to sell them any provisions whatever.

Archbishop

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Bishops of Lincoln and Norwich, took a sure way of driving the Jews out of their dioceses; for they forbade all Christians to sell them any provisions whatever.

AsconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading As a privilege and favour to the citizens of Newcastle, the king commanded that no Jew should be allowed to dwell in their city.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading 1216: he was quite a child when his father died; but those who governed for him, set the Jews who were in prison at liberty; and ordered that they should be protected against the violence of the Crusaders.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading 1216: he was quite a child when his father died; but those who governed for him, set the Jews who were in prison at liberty; and ordered that they should be protected against the violence of the Crusaders.

became

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Henry the Third became King of England on the death of John, A.D.

Bishops

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Bishops of Lincoln and Norwich, took a sure way of driving the Jews out of their dioceses; for they forbade all Christians to sell them any provisions whatever.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading 1216: he was quite a child when his father died; but those who governed for him, set the Jews who were in prison at liberty; and ordered that they should be protected against the violence of the Crusaders.

Canterbury

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Bishops of Lincoln and Norwich, took a sure way of driving the Jews out of their dioceses; for they forbade all Christians to sell them any provisions whatever.

century

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Still, during the whole of Henry's long reign, which extended far into the latter half of the thirteenth century, the Jews were subject to great oppression and ill-usage in England.

child

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 1216: he was quite a child when his father died; but those who governed for him, set the Jews who were in prison at liberty; and ordered that they should be protected against the violence of the Crusaders.

Christians

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Bishops of Lincoln and Norwich, took a sure way of driving the Jews out of their dioceses; for they forbade all Christians to sell them any provisions whatever.

citizens

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading As a privilege and favour to the citizens of Newcastle, the king commanded that no Jew should be allowed to dwell in their city.

city

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading As a privilege and favour to the citizens of Newcastle, the king commanded that no Jew should be allowed to dwell in their city.

commanded

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading As a privilege and favour to the citizens of Newcastle, the king commanded that no Jew should be allowed to dwell in their city.

Crusaders

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 1216: he was quite a child when his father died; but those who governed for him, set the Jews who were in prison at liberty; and ordered that they should be protected against the violence of the Crusaders.

D

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Henry the Third became King of England on the death of John, A.D.

death

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Henry the Third became King of England on the death of John, A.D.

died

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 1216: he was quite a child when his father died; but those who governed for him, set the Jews who were in prison at liberty; and ordered that they should be protected against the violence of the Crusaders.

dioceses

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Bishops of Lincoln and Norwich, took a sure way of driving the Jews out of their dioceses; for they forbade all Christians to sell them any provisions whatever.

driving

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Bishops of Lincoln and Norwich, took a sure way of driving the Jews out of their dioceses; for they forbade all Christians to sell them any provisions whatever.

duringprepositionUS /ˈdʊrɪŋ/

all through a period, or at some point within it

From this reading Still, during the whole of Henry's long reign, which extended far into the latter half of the thirteenth century, the Jews were subject to great oppression and ill-usage in England.

dwell

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading As a privilege and favour to the citizens of Newcastle, the king commanded that no Jew should be allowed to dwell in their city.

England

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Henry the Third became King of England on the death of John, A.D.

extended

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Still, during the whole of Henry's long reign, which extended far into the latter half of the thirteenth century, the Jews were subject to great oppression and ill-usage in England.

far

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Still, during the whole of Henry's long reign, which extended far into the latter half of the thirteenth century, the Jews were subject to great oppression and ill-usage in England.

father

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 1216: he was quite a child when his father died; but those who governed for him, set the Jews who were in prison at liberty; and ordered that they should be protected against the violence of the Crusaders.

favour

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading As a privilege and favour to the citizens of Newcastle, the king commanded that no Jew should be allowed to dwell in their city.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading 1216: he was quite a child when his father died; but those who governed for him, set the Jews who were in prison at liberty; and ordered that they should be protected against the violence of the Crusaders.

forbade

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Bishops of Lincoln and Norwich, took a sure way of driving the Jews out of their dioceses; for they forbade all Christians to sell them any provisions whatever.

governed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 1216: he was quite a child when his father died; but those who governed for him, set the Jews who were in prison at liberty; and ordered that they should be protected against the violence of the Crusaders.

great

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Still, during the whole of Henry's long reign, which extended far into the latter half of the thirteenth century, the Jews were subject to great oppression and ill-usage in England.

half

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Still, during the whole of Henry's long reign, which extended far into the latter half of the thirteenth century, the Jews were subject to great oppression and ill-usage in England.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading 1216: he was quite a child when his father died; but those who governed for him, set the Jews who were in prison at liberty; and ordered that they should be protected against the violence of the Crusaders.

Henry

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Henry the Third became King of England on the death of John, A.D.

Henry's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Still, during the whole of Henry's long reign, which extended far into the latter half of the thirteenth century, the Jews were subject to great oppression and ill-usage in England.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading 1216: he was quite a child when his father died; but those who governed for him, set the Jews who were in prison at liberty; and ordered that they should be protected against the violence of the Crusaders.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading 1216: he was quite a child when his father died; but those who governed for him, set the Jews who were in prison at liberty; and ordered that they should be protected against the violence of the Crusaders.

ill-usage

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Still, during the whole of Henry's long reign, which extended far into the latter half of the thirteenth century, the Jews were subject to great oppression and ill-usage in England.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading 1216: he was quite a child when his father died; but those who governed for him, set the Jews who were in prison at liberty; and ordered that they should be protected against the violence of the Crusaders.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading Still, during the whole of Henry's long reign, which extended far into the latter half of the thirteenth century, the Jews were subject to great oppression and ill-usage in England.

Jew

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading As a privilege and favour to the citizens of Newcastle, the king commanded that no Jew should be allowed to dwell in their city.

Jews

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 1216: he was quite a child when his father died; but those who governed for him, set the Jews who were in prison at liberty; and ordered that they should be protected against the violence of the Crusaders.

John

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Henry the Third became King of England on the death of John, A.D.

King

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Henry the Third became King of England on the death of John, A.D.

latter

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Still, during the whole of Henry's long reign, which extended far into the latter half of the thirteenth century, the Jews were subject to great oppression and ill-usage in England.

libertynounUS /ˈlɪb.ər.ti/

The state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions on one's way of life.

From this reading 1216: he was quite a child when his father died; but those who governed for him, set the Jews who were in prison at liberty; and ordered that they should be protected against the violence of the Crusaders.

Lincoln

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Bishops of Lincoln and Norwich, took a sure way of driving the Jews out of their dioceses; for they forbade all Christians to sell them any provisions whatever.

long

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Still, during the whole of Henry's long reign, which extended far into the latter half of the thirteenth century, the Jews were subject to great oppression and ill-usage in England.

Newcastle

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading As a privilege and favour to the citizens of Newcastle, the king commanded that no Jew should be allowed to dwell in their city.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading As a privilege and favour to the citizens of Newcastle, the king commanded that no Jew should be allowed to dwell in their city.

Norwich

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Bishops of Lincoln and Norwich, took a sure way of driving the Jews out of their dioceses; for they forbade all Christians to sell them any provisions whatever.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Henry the Third became King of England on the death of John, A.D.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Henry the Third became King of England on the death of John, A.D.

oppression

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Still, during the whole of Henry's long reign, which extended far into the latter half of the thirteenth century, the Jews were subject to great oppression and ill-usage in England.

ordered

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 1216: he was quite a child when his father died; but those who governed for him, set the Jews who were in prison at liberty; and ordered that they should be protected against the violence of the Crusaders.

out

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Bishops of Lincoln and Norwich, took a sure way of driving the Jews out of their dioceses; for they forbade all Christians to sell them any provisions whatever.

prison

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 1216: he was quite a child when his father died; but those who governed for him, set the Jews who were in prison at liberty; and ordered that they should be protected against the violence of the Crusaders.

privilege

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading As a privilege and favour to the citizens of Newcastle, the king commanded that no Jew should be allowed to dwell in their city.

protected

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 1216: he was quite a child when his father died; but those who governed for him, set the Jews who were in prison at liberty; and ordered that they should be protected against the violence of the Crusaders.

provisions

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Bishops of Lincoln and Norwich, took a sure way of driving the Jews out of their dioceses; for they forbade all Christians to sell them any provisions whatever.

quite

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 1216: he was quite a child when his father died; but those who governed for him, set the Jews who were in prison at liberty; and ordered that they should be protected against the violence of the Crusaders.

reign

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Still, during the whole of Henry's long reign, which extended far into the latter half of the thirteenth century, the Jews were subject to great oppression and ill-usage in England.

sell

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Bishops of Lincoln and Norwich, took a sure way of driving the Jews out of their dioceses; for they forbade all Christians to sell them any provisions whatever.

set

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 1216: he was quite a child when his father died; but those who governed for him, set the Jews who were in prison at liberty; and ordered that they should be protected against the violence of the Crusaders.

shouldmodal verbUS /ʃʊd/

used to say what is right, expected, or advisable

From this reading 1216: he was quite a child when his father died; but those who governed for him, set the Jews who were in prison at liberty; and ordered that they should be protected against the violence of the Crusaders.

Still

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Still, during the whole of Henry's long reign, which extended far into the latter half of the thirteenth century, the Jews were subject to great oppression and ill-usage in England.

subject

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Still, during the whole of Henry's long reign, which extended far into the latter half of the thirteenth century, the Jews were subject to great oppression and ill-usage in England.

sure

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Bishops of Lincoln and Norwich, took a sure way of driving the Jews out of their dioceses; for they forbade all Christians to sell them any provisions whatever.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading 1216: he was quite a child when his father died; but those who governed for him, set the Jews who were in prison at liberty; and ordered that they should be protected against the violence of the Crusaders.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Henry the Third became King of England on the death of John, A.D.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading As a privilege and favour to the citizens of Newcastle, the king commanded that no Jew should be allowed to dwell in their city.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading The Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Bishops of Lincoln and Norwich, took a sure way of driving the Jews out of their dioceses; for they forbade all Christians to sell them any provisions whatever.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading 1216: he was quite a child when his father died; but those who governed for him, set the Jews who were in prison at liberty; and ordered that they should be protected against the violence of the Crusaders.

Third

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Henry the Third became King of England on the death of John, A.D.

thirteenthadjectiveUS /ˈθɜːr.tiːnθ/

Constituting number thirteen in a sequence.

From this reading Still, during the whole of Henry's long reign, which extended far into the latter half of the thirteenth century, the Jews were subject to great oppression and ill-usage in England.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading 1216: he was quite a child when his father died; but those who governed for him, set the Jews who were in prison at liberty; and ordered that they should be protected against the violence of the Crusaders.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Still, during the whole of Henry's long reign, which extended far into the latter half of the thirteenth century, the Jews were subject to great oppression and ill-usage in England.

took

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Bishops of Lincoln and Norwich, took a sure way of driving the Jews out of their dioceses; for they forbade all Christians to sell them any provisions whatever.

violence

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 1216: he was quite a child when his father died; but those who governed for him, set the Jews who were in prison at liberty; and ordered that they should be protected against the violence of the Crusaders.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading 1216: he was quite a child when his father died; but those who governed for him, set the Jews who were in prison at liberty; and ordered that they should be protected against the violence of the Crusaders.

way

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Bishops of Lincoln and Norwich, took a sure way of driving the Jews out of their dioceses; for they forbade all Christians to sell them any provisions whatever.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading 1216: he was quite a child when his father died; but those who governed for him, set the Jews who were in prison at liberty; and ordered that they should be protected against the violence of the Crusaders.

whateverdeterminerUS /ˌwʌˈtevər/

any or all of a kind, it does not matter which

From this reading The Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Bishops of Lincoln and Norwich, took a sure way of driving the Jews out of their dioceses; for they forbade all Christians to sell them any provisions whatever.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading 1216: he was quite a child when his father died; but those who governed for him, set the Jews who were in prison at liberty; and ordered that they should be protected against the violence of the Crusaders.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Still, during the whole of Henry's long reign, which extended far into the latter half of the thirteenth century, the Jews were subject to great oppression and ill-usage in England.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading 1216: he was quite a child when his father died; but those who governed for him, set the Jews who were in prison at liberty; and ordered that they should be protected against the violence of the Crusaders.

whole

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Still, during the whole of Henry's long reign, which extended far into the latter half of the thirteenth century, the Jews were subject to great oppression and ill-usage in England.