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Gray Days and Gold in England and Scotland
Gray Days and Gold in England and Scotland

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of Gray Days and Gold in England and Scotland is here in full — 72 sentences across 15 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/14 · 5 lines
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SHAKESPEARE RELICS AT WORCESTER Worcester, July 23, 1889.--The present wanderer came lately to The Faithful City, and these words are written in a midnight hour at the Unicorn Hotel.
This place is redolent of the wars of the Stuarts, and the moment you enter it your mind is filled with the presence of Charles the Martyr, Charles the Merry, Prince Rupert, and Oliver Cromwell.
From the top of Red Hill and the margin of Perry wood,--now sleeping in the starlight or momentarily vocal with the rustle of leaves and the note of half-awakened birds,--Cromwell looked down over the ancient walled city which he had beleaguered.
Upon the summit of the great tower of Worcester Cathedral Charles and Rupert held their last council of war.
Here was lost, September 3, 1651, the battle that made the Merry Monarch a hunted fugitive and an exile.
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Gray Days and Gold in England and Scotland

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of Gray Days and Gold in England and Scotland is here in full — 72 sentences across 15 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/14 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
SHAKESPEARE RELICS AT WORCESTER Worcester, July 23, 1889.--The present wanderer came lately to The Faithful City, and these words are written in a midnight hour at the Unicorn Hotel.
Line 2
This place is redolent of the wars of the Stuarts, and the moment you enter it your mind is filled with the presence of Charles the Martyr, Charles the Merry, Prince Rupert, and Oliver Cromwell.
/ðɪs pleɪs ɪz ˈredələnt ʌv ðə wɔːrz ʌv ðə ˈstuːərts ənd ðə ˈmoʊmənt juː ˈentər ɪt jɔːr maɪnd ɪz fɪld wɪð ðə ˈprezəns ʌv tʃɑːrlz ðə ˈmɑːrtər tʃɑːrlz ðə ˈmeri prɪns ˈruːpərt ənd ˈɑːləvər ˈkrɑːmwəl/
Line 3
From the top of Red Hill and the margin of Perry wood,--now sleeping in the starlight or momentarily vocal with the rustle of leaves and the note of half-awakened birds,--Cromwell looked down over the ancient walled city which he had beleaguered.
Line 4
Upon the summit of the great tower of Worcester Cathedral Charles and Rupert held their last council of war.
/əˈpɑːn ðə ˈsʌmət ʌv ðə ɡreɪt ˈtaʊər ʌv ˈwʊstər kəˈθiːdrəl tʃɑːrlz ənd ˈruːpərt held ðer læst ˈkaʊnsəl ʌv wɔːr/
Line 5
Here was lost, September 3, 1651, the battle that made the Merry Monarch a hunted fugitive and an exile.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

beleaguered verb US /bɪˈliːɡərd/

past form of “beleaguer” — annoy persistently

From this reading “From the top of Red Hill and the margin of Perry wood,--now sleeping in the starlight or momentarily vocal with the rustle of leaves and the note of half-awakened birds,--Cromwell looked down over the ancient walled city which he had beleaguered.”

redolent adjective US /ˈredələnt/

serving to bring to mind

From this reading “This place is redolent of the wars of the Stuarts, and the moment you enter it your mind is filled with the presence of Charles the Martyr, Charles the Merry, Prince Rupert, and Oliver Cromwell.”

starlight noun US /ˈstɑːrlaɪt/

the light of the stars

From this reading “From the top of Red Hill and the margin of Perry wood,--now sleeping in the starlight or momentarily vocal with the rustle of leaves and the note of half-awakened birds,--Cromwell looked down over the ancient walled city which he had beleaguered.”

Stuarts noun US /ˈstuːərts/

plural of “stuart” — United States painter best known for his portraits of George Washington (1755-1828)

From this reading “This place is redolent of the wars of the Stuarts, and the moment you enter it your mind is filled with the presence of Charles the Martyr, Charles the Merry, Prince Rupert, and Oliver Cromwell.”

Unicorn noun US /ˈjuːnɪkɔːrn/

an imaginary creature represented as a white horse with a long horn growing from its forehead

From this reading “SHAKESPEARE RELICS AT WORCESTER Worcester, July 23, 1889.--The present wanderer came lately to The Faithful City, and these words are written in a midnight hour at the Unicorn Hotel.”

vocal adjective US /ˈvoʊkəl/

relating to or designed for or using the singing voice

From this reading “From the top of Red Hill and the margin of Perry wood,--now sleeping in the starlight or momentarily vocal with the rustle of leaves and the note of half-awakened birds,--Cromwell looked down over the ancient walled city which he had beleaguered.”

walled verb US /wɔːld/

past form of “wall” — surround with a wall in order to fortify

From this reading “From the top of Red Hill and the margin of Perry wood,--now sleeping in the starlight or momentarily vocal with the rustle of leaves and the note of half-awakened birds,--Cromwell looked down over the ancient walled city which he had beleaguered.”

worcester noun US /ˈwʊstər/

United States lexicographer who was accused of plagiarism by Noah Webster (1784-1865)

From this reading “SHAKESPEARE RELICS AT WORCESTER Worcester, July 23, 1889.--The present wanderer came lately to The Faithful City, and these words are written in a midnight hour at the Unicorn Hotel.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

midnight hour noun + noun

In this reading “SHAKESPEARE RELICS AT WORCESTER Worcester, July 23, 1889.--The present wanderer came lately to The Faithful City, and these words are written in a midnight hour at the Unicorn Hotel.”

ancient walled adjective + noun counted as “ancient wall”

In this reading “From the top of Red Hill and the margin of Perry wood,--now sleeping in the starlight or momentarily vocal with the rustle of leaves and the note of half-awakened birds,--Cromwell looked down over the ancient walled city which he had beleaguered.”

rustle of verb + particle

In this reading “From the top of Red Hill and the margin of Perry wood,--now sleeping in the starlight or momentarily vocal with the rustle of leaves and the note of half-awakened birds,--Cromwell looked down over the ancient walled city which he had beleaguered.”

Upon the summit preposition + article + noun counted as “upon … summit”

In this reading “Upon the summit of the great tower of Worcester Cathedral Charles and Rupert held their last council of war.”

looked down verb + adjective counted as “look down”

In this reading “From the top of Red Hill and the margin of Perry wood,--now sleeping in the starlight or momentarily vocal with the rustle of leaves and the note of half-awakened birds,--Cromwell looked down over the ancient walled city which he had beleaguered.”

From the top preposition + article + noun counted as “from … top”

In this reading “From the top of Red Hill and the margin of Perry wood,--now sleeping in the starlight or momentarily vocal with the rustle of leaves and the note of half-awakened birds,--Cromwell looked down over the ancient walled city which he had beleaguered.”

All words in this reading · 100

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1651

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Here was lost, September 3, 1651, the battle that made the Merry Monarch a hunted fugitive and an exile.

1889

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading SHAKESPEARE RELICS AT WORCESTER Worcester, July 23, 1889.--The present wanderer came lately to The Faithful City, and these words are written in a midnight hour at the Unicorn Hotel.

23

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading SHAKESPEARE RELICS AT WORCESTER Worcester, July 23, 1889.--The present wanderer came lately to The Faithful City, and these words are written in a midnight hour at the Unicorn Hotel.

3

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Here was lost, September 3, 1651, the battle that made the Merry Monarch a hunted fugitive and an exile.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading SHAKESPEARE RELICS AT WORCESTER Worcester, July 23, 1889.--The present wanderer came lately to The Faithful City, and these words are written in a midnight hour at the Unicorn Hotel.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Here was lost, September 3, 1651, the battle that made the Merry Monarch a hunted fugitive and an exile.

ancientadjectiveUS /ˈeɪn.ʃənt/

Belonging to the very distant past and no longer in existence or deeply revered.

From this reading From the top of Red Hill and the margin of Perry wood,--now sleeping in the starlight or momentarily vocal with the rustle of leaves and the note of half-awakened birds,--Cromwell looked down over the ancient walled city which he had beleaguered.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading SHAKESPEARE RELICS AT WORCESTER Worcester, July 23, 1889.--The present wanderer came lately to The Faithful City, and these words are written in a midnight hour at the Unicorn Hotel.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading SHAKESPEARE RELICS AT WORCESTER Worcester, July 23, 1889.--The present wanderer came lately to The Faithful City, and these words are written in a midnight hour at the Unicorn Hotel.

ATprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading SHAKESPEARE RELICS AT WORCESTER Worcester, July 23, 1889.--The present wanderer came lately to The Faithful City, and these words are written in a midnight hour at the Unicorn Hotel.

battlenounUS /ˈbætəl/

a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war

From this reading Here was lost, September 3, 1651, the battle that made the Merry Monarch a hunted fugitive and an exile.

beleagueredverbUS /bɪˈliːɡərd/

past form of “beleaguer” — annoy persistently

From this reading From the top of Red Hill and the margin of Perry wood,--now sleeping in the starlight or momentarily vocal with the rustle of leaves and the note of half-awakened birds,--Cromwell looked down over the ancient walled city which he had beleaguered.

birdsnounUS /bɜːrdz/

plural of “bird” — warm-blooded egg-laying vertebrates characterized by feathers and forelimbs modified as wings

From this reading From the top of Red Hill and the margin of Perry wood,--now sleeping in the starlight or momentarily vocal with the rustle of leaves and the note of half-awakened birds,--Cromwell looked down over the ancient walled city which he had beleaguered.

cameverbUS /keɪm/

inflected form of “come” — move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading SHAKESPEARE RELICS AT WORCESTER Worcester, July 23, 1889.--The present wanderer came lately to The Faithful City, and these words are written in a midnight hour at the Unicorn Hotel.

CathedralnounUS /kəˈθiːdrəl/

any large and important church

From this reading Upon the summit of the great tower of Worcester Cathedral Charles and Rupert held their last council of war.

CharlesnounUS /tʃɑːrlz/

King of France from 1560 to 1574 whose reign was dominated by his mother Catherine de Medicis (1550-1574)

From this reading This place is redolent of the wars of the Stuarts, and the moment you enter it your mind is filled with the presence of Charles the Martyr, Charles the Merry, Prince Rupert, and Oliver Cromwell.

CitynounUS /ˈsɪti/

a large and densely populated urban area; may include several independent administrative districts

From this reading SHAKESPEARE RELICS AT WORCESTER Worcester, July 23, 1889.--The present wanderer came lately to The Faithful City, and these words are written in a midnight hour at the Unicorn Hotel.

councilnounUS /ˈkaʊnsəl/

a body serving in an administrative capacity

From this reading Upon the summit of the great tower of Worcester Cathedral Charles and Rupert held their last council of war.

CromwellnounUS /ˈkrɑːmwəl/

English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658)

From this reading This place is redolent of the wars of the Stuarts, and the moment you enter it your mind is filled with the presence of Charles the Martyr, Charles the Merry, Prince Rupert, and Oliver Cromwell.

downadjectiveUS /daʊn/

being or moving lower in position or less in some value

From this reading From the top of Red Hill and the margin of Perry wood,--now sleeping in the starlight or momentarily vocal with the rustle of leaves and the note of half-awakened birds,--Cromwell looked down over the ancient walled city which he had beleaguered.

enterverbUS /ˈentər/

to come or go into

From this reading This place is redolent of the wars of the Stuarts, and the moment you enter it your mind is filled with the presence of Charles the Martyr, Charles the Merry, Prince Rupert, and Oliver Cromwell.

exileverbUS /ˈeɡzaɪl/

expel from a country

From this reading Here was lost, September 3, 1651, the battle that made the Merry Monarch a hunted fugitive and an exile.

FaithfuladjectiveUS /ˈfeɪθfəl/

steadfast in affection or allegiance

From this reading SHAKESPEARE RELICS AT WORCESTER Worcester, July 23, 1889.--The present wanderer came lately to The Faithful City, and these words are written in a midnight hour at the Unicorn Hotel.

filledadjectiveUS /fɪld/

(usually followed by “with” or used as a combining form) generously supplied with

From this reading This place is redolent of the wars of the Stuarts, and the moment you enter it your mind is filled with the presence of Charles the Martyr, Charles the Merry, Prince Rupert, and Oliver Cromwell.

FromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading From the top of Red Hill and the margin of Perry wood,--now sleeping in the starlight or momentarily vocal with the rustle of leaves and the note of half-awakened birds,--Cromwell looked down over the ancient walled city which he had beleaguered.

fugitivenounUS /ˈfjuːdʒətɪv/

someone who flees from an uncongenial situation

From this reading Here was lost, September 3, 1651, the battle that made the Merry Monarch a hunted fugitive and an exile.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading Upon the summit of the great tower of Worcester Cathedral Charles and Rupert held their last council of war.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading From the top of Red Hill and the margin of Perry wood,--now sleeping in the starlight or momentarily vocal with the rustle of leaves and the note of half-awakened birds,--Cromwell looked down over the ancient walled city which he had beleaguered.

half-awakened

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading From the top of Red Hill and the margin of Perry wood,--now sleeping in the starlight or momentarily vocal with the rustle of leaves and the note of half-awakened birds,--Cromwell looked down over the ancient walled city which he had beleaguered.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading From the top of Red Hill and the margin of Perry wood,--now sleeping in the starlight or momentarily vocal with the rustle of leaves and the note of half-awakened birds,--Cromwell looked down over the ancient walled city which he had beleaguered.

heldadjectiveUS /held/

occupied or in the control of; often used in combination

From this reading Upon the summit of the great tower of Worcester Cathedral Charles and Rupert held their last council of war.

HereadverbUS /hiːr/

in or at this place; where the speaker or writer is

From this reading Here was lost, September 3, 1651, the battle that made the Merry Monarch a hunted fugitive and an exile.

HillnounUS /hɪl/

a local and well-defined elevation of the land

From this reading From the top of Red Hill and the margin of Perry wood,--now sleeping in the starlight or momentarily vocal with the rustle of leaves and the note of half-awakened birds,--Cromwell looked down over the ancient walled city which he had beleaguered.

HotelnounUS /hoʊˈtel/

a building where travelers can pay for lodging and meals and other services

From this reading SHAKESPEARE RELICS AT WORCESTER Worcester, July 23, 1889.--The present wanderer came lately to The Faithful City, and these words are written in a midnight hour at the Unicorn Hotel.

hournounUS /ˈaʊər/

a period of time equal to 1/24th of a day

From this reading SHAKESPEARE RELICS AT WORCESTER Worcester, July 23, 1889.--The present wanderer came lately to The Faithful City, and these words are written in a midnight hour at the Unicorn Hotel.

huntedadjectiveUS /ˈhʌntəd/

reflecting the fear or terror of one who is hunted

From this reading Here was lost, September 3, 1651, the battle that made the Merry Monarch a hunted fugitive and an exile.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading SHAKESPEARE RELICS AT WORCESTER Worcester, July 23, 1889.--The present wanderer came lately to The Faithful City, and these words are written in a midnight hour at the Unicorn Hotel.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading This place is redolent of the wars of the Stuarts, and the moment you enter it your mind is filled with the presence of Charles the Martyr, Charles the Merry, Prince Rupert, and Oliver Cromwell.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading This place is redolent of the wars of the Stuarts, and the moment you enter it your mind is filled with the presence of Charles the Martyr, Charles the Merry, Prince Rupert, and Oliver Cromwell.

JulynounUS /ˌdʒuːˈlaɪ/

the month following June and preceding August

From this reading SHAKESPEARE RELICS AT WORCESTER Worcester, July 23, 1889.--The present wanderer came lately to The Faithful City, and these words are written in a midnight hour at the Unicorn Hotel.

lastadjectiveUS /læst/

immediately past

From this reading Upon the summit of the great tower of Worcester Cathedral Charles and Rupert held their last council of war.

latelyadverbUS /ˈleɪtli/

in the recent past

From this reading SHAKESPEARE RELICS AT WORCESTER Worcester, July 23, 1889.--The present wanderer came lately to The Faithful City, and these words are written in a midnight hour at the Unicorn Hotel.

leavesnounUS /liːvz/

plural of “leaf” — the main organ of photosynthesis and transpiration in higher plants

From this reading From the top of Red Hill and the margin of Perry wood,--now sleeping in the starlight or momentarily vocal with the rustle of leaves and the note of half-awakened birds,--Cromwell looked down over the ancient walled city which he had beleaguered.

lookedverbUS /lʊkt/

past form of “look” — perceive with attention; direct one's gaze towards

From this reading From the top of Red Hill and the margin of Perry wood,--now sleeping in the starlight or momentarily vocal with the rustle of leaves and the note of half-awakened birds,--Cromwell looked down over the ancient walled city which he had beleaguered.

lostadjectiveUS /lɔːst/

no longer in your possession or control; unable to be found or recovered

From this reading Here was lost, September 3, 1651, the battle that made the Merry Monarch a hunted fugitive and an exile.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading Here was lost, September 3, 1651, the battle that made the Merry Monarch a hunted fugitive and an exile.

marginnounUS /ˈmɑːrdʒən/

the boundary line or the area immediately inside the boundary

From this reading From the top of Red Hill and the margin of Perry wood,--now sleeping in the starlight or momentarily vocal with the rustle of leaves and the note of half-awakened birds,--Cromwell looked down over the ancient walled city which he had beleaguered.

MartyrnounUS /ˈmɑːrtər/

one who suffers for the sake of principle

From this reading This place is redolent of the wars of the Stuarts, and the moment you enter it your mind is filled with the presence of Charles the Martyr, Charles the Merry, Prince Rupert, and Oliver Cromwell.

MerryadjectiveUS /ˈmeri/

full of or showing high-spirited merriment

From this reading This place is redolent of the wars of the Stuarts, and the moment you enter it your mind is filled with the presence of Charles the Martyr, Charles the Merry, Prince Rupert, and Oliver Cromwell.

midnightnounUS /ˈmɪdnaɪt/

12 o'clock at night; the middle of the night

From this reading SHAKESPEARE RELICS AT WORCESTER Worcester, July 23, 1889.--The present wanderer came lately to The Faithful City, and these words are written in a midnight hour at the Unicorn Hotel.

mindnounUS /maɪnd/

The element of a person that enables awareness and thought.

From this reading This place is redolent of the wars of the Stuarts, and the moment you enter it your mind is filled with the presence of Charles the Martyr, Charles the Merry, Prince Rupert, and Oliver Cromwell.

momentnounUS /ˈmoʊmənt/

a particular point in time

From this reading This place is redolent of the wars of the Stuarts, and the moment you enter it your mind is filled with the presence of Charles the Martyr, Charles the Merry, Prince Rupert, and Oliver Cromwell.

momentarilyadverbUS /ˌmoʊmənˈterəli/

for an instant or moment

From this reading From the top of Red Hill and the margin of Perry wood,--now sleeping in the starlight or momentarily vocal with the rustle of leaves and the note of half-awakened birds,--Cromwell looked down over the ancient walled city which he had beleaguered.

MonarchnounUS /ˈmɑːnɑːrk/

a nation's ruler or head of state usually by hereditary right

From this reading Here was lost, September 3, 1651, the battle that made the Merry Monarch a hunted fugitive and an exile.

notenounUS /noʊt/

a brief written record

From this reading From the top of Red Hill and the margin of Perry wood,--now sleeping in the starlight or momentarily vocal with the rustle of leaves and the note of half-awakened birds,--Cromwell looked down over the ancient walled city which he had beleaguered.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading From the top of Red Hill and the margin of Perry wood,--now sleeping in the starlight or momentarily vocal with the rustle of leaves and the note of half-awakened birds,--Cromwell looked down over the ancient walled city which he had beleaguered.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading This place is redolent of the wars of the Stuarts, and the moment you enter it your mind is filled with the presence of Charles the Martyr, Charles the Merry, Prince Rupert, and Oliver Cromwell.

OlivernounUS /ˈɑːləvər/

United States jazz musician who influenced the style of Louis Armstrong (1885-1938)

From this reading This place is redolent of the wars of the Stuarts, and the moment you enter it your mind is filled with the presence of Charles the Martyr, Charles the Merry, Prince Rupert, and Oliver Cromwell.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading From the top of Red Hill and the margin of Perry wood,--now sleeping in the starlight or momentarily vocal with the rustle of leaves and the note of half-awakened birds,--Cromwell looked down over the ancient walled city which he had beleaguered.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading From the top of Red Hill and the margin of Perry wood,--now sleeping in the starlight or momentarily vocal with the rustle of leaves and the note of half-awakened birds,--Cromwell looked down over the ancient walled city which he had beleaguered.

PerrynounUS /ˈperi/

United States philosopher (1876-1957)

From this reading From the top of Red Hill and the margin of Perry wood,--now sleeping in the starlight or momentarily vocal with the rustle of leaves and the note of half-awakened birds,--Cromwell looked down over the ancient walled city which he had beleaguered.

placenounUS /pleɪs/

a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading This place is redolent of the wars of the Stuarts, and the moment you enter it your mind is filled with the presence of Charles the Martyr, Charles the Merry, Prince Rupert, and Oliver Cromwell.

presencenounUS /ˈprezəns/

the state of being present; current existence

From this reading This place is redolent of the wars of the Stuarts, and the moment you enter it your mind is filled with the presence of Charles the Martyr, Charles the Merry, Prince Rupert, and Oliver Cromwell.

presentverbUS /ˈprezənt/

give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading SHAKESPEARE RELICS AT WORCESTER Worcester, July 23, 1889.--The present wanderer came lately to The Faithful City, and these words are written in a midnight hour at the Unicorn Hotel.

PrincenounUS /prɪns/

a male member of a royal family other than the sovereign (especially the son of a sovereign)

From this reading This place is redolent of the wars of the Stuarts, and the moment you enter it your mind is filled with the presence of Charles the Martyr, Charles the Merry, Prince Rupert, and Oliver Cromwell.

RednounUS /red/

red color or pigment; the chromatic color resembling the hue of blood

From this reading From the top of Red Hill and the margin of Perry wood,--now sleeping in the starlight or momentarily vocal with the rustle of leaves and the note of half-awakened birds,--Cromwell looked down over the ancient walled city which he had beleaguered.

redolentadjectiveUS /ˈredələnt/

serving to bring to mind

From this reading This place is redolent of the wars of the Stuarts, and the moment you enter it your mind is filled with the presence of Charles the Martyr, Charles the Merry, Prince Rupert, and Oliver Cromwell.

RELICSnounUS /ˈrelɪks/

plural of “relic” — an antiquity that has survived from the distant past

From this reading SHAKESPEARE RELICS AT WORCESTER Worcester, July 23, 1889.--The present wanderer came lately to The Faithful City, and these words are written in a midnight hour at the Unicorn Hotel.

RupertnounUS /ˈruːpərt/

English leader (born in Germany) of the Royalist forces during the English Civil War (1619-1682)

From this reading This place is redolent of the wars of the Stuarts, and the moment you enter it your mind is filled with the presence of Charles the Martyr, Charles the Merry, Prince Rupert, and Oliver Cromwell.

rustleverbUS /ˈrʌsəl/

make a dry crackling sound

From this reading From the top of Red Hill and the margin of Perry wood,--now sleeping in the starlight or momentarily vocal with the rustle of leaves and the note of half-awakened birds,--Cromwell looked down over the ancient walled city which he had beleaguered.

SeptembernounUS /sepˈtembər/

the month following August and preceding October

From this reading Here was lost, September 3, 1651, the battle that made the Merry Monarch a hunted fugitive and an exile.

SHAKESPEAREnounUS /ˈʃeɪkspiːr/

English poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers (1564-1616)

From this reading SHAKESPEARE RELICS AT WORCESTER Worcester, July 23, 1889.--The present wanderer came lately to The Faithful City, and these words are written in a midnight hour at the Unicorn Hotel.

sleepingnounUS /ˈsliːpɪŋ/

the state of being asleep

From this reading From the top of Red Hill and the margin of Perry wood,--now sleeping in the starlight or momentarily vocal with the rustle of leaves and the note of half-awakened birds,--Cromwell looked down over the ancient walled city which he had beleaguered.

starlightnounUS /ˈstɑːrlaɪt/

the light of the stars

From this reading From the top of Red Hill and the margin of Perry wood,--now sleeping in the starlight or momentarily vocal with the rustle of leaves and the note of half-awakened birds,--Cromwell looked down over the ancient walled city which he had beleaguered.

StuartsnounUS /ˈstuːərts/

plural of “stuart” — United States painter best known for his portraits of George Washington (1755-1828)

From this reading This place is redolent of the wars of the Stuarts, and the moment you enter it your mind is filled with the presence of Charles the Martyr, Charles the Merry, Prince Rupert, and Oliver Cromwell.

summitnounUS /ˈsʌmət/

the highest level or degree attainable; the highest stage of development

From this reading Upon the summit of the great tower of Worcester Cathedral Charles and Rupert held their last council of war.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Here was lost, September 3, 1651, the battle that made the Merry Monarch a hunted fugitive and an exile.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading SHAKESPEARE RELICS AT WORCESTER Worcester, July 23, 1889.--The present wanderer came lately to The Faithful City, and these words are written in a midnight hour at the Unicorn Hotel.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading Upon the summit of the great tower of Worcester Cathedral Charles and Rupert held their last council of war.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading SHAKESPEARE RELICS AT WORCESTER Worcester, July 23, 1889.--The present wanderer came lately to The Faithful City, and these words are written in a midnight hour at the Unicorn Hotel.

ThisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading This place is redolent of the wars of the Stuarts, and the moment you enter it your mind is filled with the presence of Charles the Martyr, Charles the Merry, Prince Rupert, and Oliver Cromwell.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading SHAKESPEARE RELICS AT WORCESTER Worcester, July 23, 1889.--The present wanderer came lately to The Faithful City, and these words are written in a midnight hour at the Unicorn Hotel.

topnounUS /tɑːp/

the upper part of anything

From this reading From the top of Red Hill and the margin of Perry wood,--now sleeping in the starlight or momentarily vocal with the rustle of leaves and the note of half-awakened birds,--Cromwell looked down over the ancient walled city which he had beleaguered.

towernounUS /ˈtaʊər/

a structure taller than its diameter; can stand alone or be attached to a larger building

From this reading Upon the summit of the great tower of Worcester Cathedral Charles and Rupert held their last council of war.

UnicornnounUS /ˈjuːnɪkɔːrn/

an imaginary creature represented as a white horse with a long horn growing from its forehead

From this reading SHAKESPEARE RELICS AT WORCESTER Worcester, July 23, 1889.--The present wanderer came lately to The Faithful City, and these words are written in a midnight hour at the Unicorn Hotel.

UponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading Upon the summit of the great tower of Worcester Cathedral Charles and Rupert held their last council of war.

vocaladjectiveUS /ˈvoʊkəl/

relating to or designed for or using the singing voice

From this reading From the top of Red Hill and the margin of Perry wood,--now sleeping in the starlight or momentarily vocal with the rustle of leaves and the note of half-awakened birds,--Cromwell looked down over the ancient walled city which he had beleaguered.

walledverbUS /wɔːld/

past form of “wall” — surround with a wall in order to fortify

From this reading From the top of Red Hill and the margin of Perry wood,--now sleeping in the starlight or momentarily vocal with the rustle of leaves and the note of half-awakened birds,--Cromwell looked down over the ancient walled city which he had beleaguered.

wanderernounUS /ˈwɑːndərər/

someone who leads a wandering unsettled life

From this reading SHAKESPEARE RELICS AT WORCESTER Worcester, July 23, 1889.--The present wanderer came lately to The Faithful City, and these words are written in a midnight hour at the Unicorn Hotel.

warnounUS /wɔːr/

the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading Upon the summit of the great tower of Worcester Cathedral Charles and Rupert held their last council of war.

warsnounUS /wɔːrz/

plural of “war” — the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading This place is redolent of the wars of the Stuarts, and the moment you enter it your mind is filled with the presence of Charles the Martyr, Charles the Merry, Prince Rupert, and Oliver Cromwell.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Here was lost, September 3, 1651, the battle that made the Merry Monarch a hunted fugitive and an exile.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading From the top of Red Hill and the margin of Perry wood,--now sleeping in the starlight or momentarily vocal with the rustle of leaves and the note of half-awakened birds,--Cromwell looked down over the ancient walled city which he had beleaguered.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading This place is redolent of the wars of the Stuarts, and the moment you enter it your mind is filled with the presence of Charles the Martyr, Charles the Merry, Prince Rupert, and Oliver Cromwell.

woodnounUS /wʊd/

the hard fibrous lignified substance under the bark of trees

From this reading From the top of Red Hill and the margin of Perry wood,--now sleeping in the starlight or momentarily vocal with the rustle of leaves and the note of half-awakened birds,--Cromwell looked down over the ancient walled city which he had beleaguered.

WORCESTERnounUS /ˈwʊstər/

United States lexicographer who was accused of plagiarism by Noah Webster (1784-1865)

From this reading SHAKESPEARE RELICS AT WORCESTER Worcester, July 23, 1889.--The present wanderer came lately to The Faithful City, and these words are written in a midnight hour at the Unicorn Hotel.

wordsnounUS /wɜːrdz/

the words that are spoken

From this reading SHAKESPEARE RELICS AT WORCESTER Worcester, July 23, 1889.--The present wanderer came lately to The Faithful City, and these words are written in a midnight hour at the Unicorn Hotel.

writtenadjectiveUS /ˈrɪtən/

set down in writing in any of various ways

From this reading SHAKESPEARE RELICS AT WORCESTER Worcester, July 23, 1889.--The present wanderer came lately to The Faithful City, and these words are written in a midnight hour at the Unicorn Hotel.

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading This place is redolent of the wars of the Stuarts, and the moment you enter it your mind is filled with the presence of Charles the Martyr, Charles the Merry, Prince Rupert, and Oliver Cromwell.

yourdeterminerUS /jɔːr/

belonging to the person or people being spoken to

From this reading This place is redolent of the wars of the Stuarts, and the moment you enter it your mind is filled with the presence of Charles the Martyr, Charles the Merry, Prince Rupert, and Oliver Cromwell.

Chapter 8 of Gray Days and Gold in England and Scotland by William Winter holds 72 sentences, grouped into 15 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of Gray Days and Gold in England and Scotland contain?

Chapter 8 holds 72 sentences of Gray Days and Gold in England and Scotland, unabridged, divided into 15 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of Gray Days and Gold in England and Scotland by William Winter exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 72 sentences, grouped into 15 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of Gray Days and Gold in England and Scotland?

Work through the 15 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 15 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Gray Days and Gold in England and Scotland

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Is this the complete text of Gray Days and Gold in England and Scotland?

Yes. All 2534 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #56429 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Gray Days and Gold in England and Scotland is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #56429, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Gray Days and Gold in England and Scotland take to read?

About 211 minutes of reading across 507 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in Gray Days and Gold in England and Scotland

Words and structures a reader meets early in Gray Days and Gold in England and Scotland, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

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