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Gray Days and Gold in England and Scotland
Gray Days and Gold in England and Scotland

Chapter XV

Chapter 15 of Gray Days and Gold in England and Scotland is here in full — 139 sentences across 28 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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BOSWORTH FIELD Warwick, August 29, 1889.--It has long been the conviction of the present writer that the character of King Richard the Third has been distorted and maligned by the old historians from whose authority the accepted view of it is derived.
He was, it is certain, a superb soldier, a wise statesman, a judicious legislator, a natural ruler of men, and a prince most accomplished in music and the fine arts and in the graces of social life.
Some of the best laws that ever were enacted in England were enacted during his reign.
His title to the throne of England was absolutely clear, as against the Earl of Richmond, and but for the treachery of some among his followers he would have prevailed in the contest upon Bosworth Field, and would have vindicated and maintained that title over all opposition.
He lost the battle, and he was too great a man to survive the ruin of his fortunes.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Gray Days and Gold in England and Scotland

Chapter XV

Chapter 15 of Gray Days and Gold in England and Scotland is here in full — 139 sentences across 28 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/27 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
BOSWORTH FIELD Warwick, August 29, 1889.--It has long been the conviction of the present writer that the character of King Richard the Third has been distorted and maligned by the old historians from whose authority the accepted view of it is derived.
Line 2
He was, it is certain, a superb soldier, a wise statesman, a judicious legislator, a natural ruler of men, and a prince most accomplished in music and the fine arts and in the graces of social life.
/hiː wɑːz ɪt ɪz ˈsɜːrtən ə sʊˈpɜːrb ˈsoʊldʒər ə waɪz ˈsteɪtsmən ə dʒuːˈdɪʃəs ˈledʒəsleɪtər ə ˈnætʃərəl ˈruːlər ʌv men ənd ə prɪns moʊst əˈkɑːmplɪʃt ɪn ˈmjuːzɪk ənd ðə faɪn ɑːrts ənd ɪn ðə ˈɡreɪsɪz ʌv ˈsoʊʃəl laɪf/
Line 3
Some of the best laws that ever were enacted in England were enacted during his reign.
/sʌm ʌv ðə best lɔːz ðæt ˈevər wɜːr eˈnæktəd ɪn ˈɪŋɡlənd wɜːr eˈnæktəd ˈdʊrɪŋ hɪz reɪn/
Line 4
His title to the throne of England was absolutely clear, as against the Earl of Richmond, and but for the treachery of some among his followers he would have prevailed in the contest upon Bosworth Field, and would have vindicated and maintained that title over all opposition.
Line 5
He lost the battle, and he was too great a man to survive the ruin of his fortunes.
/hiː lɔːst ðə ˈbætəl ənd hiː wɑːz tuː ɡreɪt ə mæn tuː sərˈvaɪv ðə ˈruːən ʌv hɪz ˈfɔːrtʃənz/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

enacted verb US /eˈnæktəd/

past form of “enact” — order by virtue of superior authority; decree

From this reading “Some of the best laws that ever were enacted in England were enacted during his reign.”

historians noun US /hɪˈstɔːriənz/

plural of “historian” — a person who is an authority on history and who studies it and writes about it

From this reading “BOSWORTH FIELD Warwick, August 29, 1889.--It has long been the conviction of the present writer that the character of King Richard the Third has been distorted and maligned by the old historians from whose authority the accepted view of it is derived.”

judicious adjective US /dʒuːˈdɪʃəs/

marked by the exercise of good judgment or common sense in practical matters

From this reading “He was, it is certain, a superb soldier, a wise statesman, a judicious legislator, a natural ruler of men, and a prince most accomplished in music and the fine arts and in the graces of social life.”

legislator noun US /ˈledʒəsleɪtər/

someone who makes or enacts laws

From this reading “He was, it is certain, a superb soldier, a wise statesman, a judicious legislator, a natural ruler of men, and a prince most accomplished in music and the fine arts and in the graces of social life.”

maligned verb US /məˈlaɪnd/

past form of “malign” — speak unfavorably about

From this reading “BOSWORTH FIELD Warwick, August 29, 1889.--It has long been the conviction of the present writer that the character of King Richard the Third has been distorted and maligned by the old historians from whose authority the accepted view of it is derived.”

statesman noun US /ˈsteɪtsmən/

a man who is a respected leader in national or international affairs

From this reading “He was, it is certain, a superb soldier, a wise statesman, a judicious legislator, a natural ruler of men, and a prince most accomplished in music and the fine arts and in the graces of social life.”

vindicated adjective US /ˈvɪndəkeɪtɪd/

freed from any question of guilt

From this reading “His title to the throne of England was absolutely clear, as against the Earl of Richmond, and but for the treachery of some among his followers he would have prevailed in the contest upon Bosworth Field, and would have vindicated and maintained that title over all opposition.”

Warwick noun US /ˈwɔːrwɪk/

English statesman; during the War of the Roses he fought first for the house of York and secured the throne for Edward IV and then changed sides to fight for the house of Lancaster and secured the throne for Henry VI (1428-1471)

From this reading “BOSWORTH FIELD Warwick, August 29, 1889.--It has long been the conviction of the present writer that the character of King Richard the Third has been distorted and maligned by the old historians from whose authority the accepted view of it is derived.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

fine arts adjective + noun

the study and creation of visual works of art

In this reading “He was, it is certain, a superb soldier, a wise statesman, a judicious legislator, a natural ruler of men, and a prince most accomplished in music and the fine arts and in the graces of social life.”

social life adjective + noun

In this reading “He was, it is certain, a superb soldier, a wise statesman, a judicious legislator, a natural ruler of men, and a prince most accomplished in music and the fine arts and in the graces of social life.”

most accomplished adverb + adjective

In this reading “He was, it is certain, a superb soldier, a wise statesman, a judicious legislator, a natural ruler of men, and a prince most accomplished in music and the fine arts and in the graces of social life.”

present writer verb + noun

In this reading “BOSWORTH FIELD Warwick, August 29, 1889.--It has long been the conviction of the present writer that the character of King Richard the Third has been distorted and maligned by the old historians from whose authority the accepted view of it is derived.”

too great adverb + adjective

In this reading “He lost the battle, and he was too great a man to survive the ruin of his fortunes.”

All words in this reading · 98

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1889

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading BOSWORTH FIELD Warwick, August 29, 1889.--It has long been the conviction of the present writer that the character of King Richard the Third has been distorted and maligned by the old historians from whose authority the accepted view of it is derived.

29

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading BOSWORTH FIELD Warwick, August 29, 1889.--It has long been the conviction of the present writer that the character of King Richard the Third has been distorted and maligned by the old historians from whose authority the accepted view of it is derived.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading He was, it is certain, a superb soldier, a wise statesman, a judicious legislator, a natural ruler of men, and a prince most accomplished in music and the fine arts and in the graces of social life.

absolutelyadverbUS /ˌæbsəˈluːtli/

completely and without qualification; used informally as intensifiers

From this reading His title to the throne of England was absolutely clear, as against the Earl of Richmond, and but for the treachery of some among his followers he would have prevailed in the contest upon Bosworth Field, and would have vindicated and maintained that title over all opposition.

acceptedadjectiveUS /ækˈseptɪd/

generally approved or compelling recognition

From this reading BOSWORTH FIELD Warwick, August 29, 1889.--It has long been the conviction of the present writer that the character of King Richard the Third has been distorted and maligned by the old historians from whose authority the accepted view of it is derived.

accomplishedadjectiveUS /əˈkɑːmplɪʃt/

highly skilled

From this reading He was, it is certain, a superb soldier, a wise statesman, a judicious legislator, a natural ruler of men, and a prince most accomplished in music and the fine arts and in the graces of social life.

againstprepositionUS /əˈɡenst/

touching and pressing; in opposition to

From this reading His title to the throne of England was absolutely clear, as against the Earl of Richmond, and but for the treachery of some among his followers he would have prevailed in the contest upon Bosworth Field, and would have vindicated and maintained that title over all opposition.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading His title to the throne of England was absolutely clear, as against the Earl of Richmond, and but for the treachery of some among his followers he would have prevailed in the contest upon Bosworth Field, and would have vindicated and maintained that title over all opposition.

amongprepositionUS /əˈmʌŋ/

surrounded by; in the middle of a group

From this reading His title to the throne of England was absolutely clear, as against the Earl of Richmond, and but for the treachery of some among his followers he would have prevailed in the contest upon Bosworth Field, and would have vindicated and maintained that title over all opposition.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading BOSWORTH FIELD Warwick, August 29, 1889.--It has long been the conviction of the present writer that the character of King Richard the Third has been distorted and maligned by the old historians from whose authority the accepted view of it is derived.

artsnounUS /ɑːrts/

studies intended to provide general knowledge and intellectual skills (rather than occupational or professional skills)

From this reading He was, it is certain, a superb soldier, a wise statesman, a judicious legislator, a natural ruler of men, and a prince most accomplished in music and the fine arts and in the graces of social life.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading His title to the throne of England was absolutely clear, as against the Earl of Richmond, and but for the treachery of some among his followers he would have prevailed in the contest upon Bosworth Field, and would have vindicated and maintained that title over all opposition.

AugustnounUS /ˈɑːɡəst/

the month following July and preceding September

From this reading BOSWORTH FIELD Warwick, August 29, 1889.--It has long been the conviction of the present writer that the character of King Richard the Third has been distorted and maligned by the old historians from whose authority the accepted view of it is derived.

authoritynounUS /əˈθɔːrəti/

the power or right to give orders or make decisions

From this reading BOSWORTH FIELD Warwick, August 29, 1889.--It has long been the conviction of the present writer that the character of King Richard the Third has been distorted and maligned by the old historians from whose authority the accepted view of it is derived.

battlenounUS /ˈbætəl/

a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war

From this reading He lost the battle, and he was too great a man to survive the ruin of his fortunes.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading BOSWORTH FIELD Warwick, August 29, 1889.--It has long been the conviction of the present writer that the character of King Richard the Third has been distorted and maligned by the old historians from whose authority the accepted view of it is derived.

bestnounUS /best/

the supreme effort one can make

From this reading Some of the best laws that ever were enacted in England were enacted during his reign.

BOSWORTH

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading BOSWORTH FIELD Warwick, August 29, 1889.--It has long been the conviction of the present writer that the character of King Richard the Third has been distorted and maligned by the old historians from whose authority the accepted view of it is derived.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading His title to the throne of England was absolutely clear, as against the Earl of Richmond, and but for the treachery of some among his followers he would have prevailed in the contest upon Bosworth Field, and would have vindicated and maintained that title over all opposition.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading BOSWORTH FIELD Warwick, August 29, 1889.--It has long been the conviction of the present writer that the character of King Richard the Third has been distorted and maligned by the old historians from whose authority the accepted view of it is derived.

certainadjectiveUS /ˈsɜːrtən/

definite but not specified or identified

From this reading He was, it is certain, a superb soldier, a wise statesman, a judicious legislator, a natural ruler of men, and a prince most accomplished in music and the fine arts and in the graces of social life.

characternounUS /ˈkerɪktər/

an imaginary person represented in a work of fiction (play or film or story)

From this reading BOSWORTH FIELD Warwick, August 29, 1889.--It has long been the conviction of the present writer that the character of King Richard the Third has been distorted and maligned by the old historians from whose authority the accepted view of it is derived.

clearverbUS /klɪr/

rid of obstructions

From this reading His title to the throne of England was absolutely clear, as against the Earl of Richmond, and but for the treachery of some among his followers he would have prevailed in the contest upon Bosworth Field, and would have vindicated and maintained that title over all opposition.

contestnounUS /ˈkɑːntest/

an occasion on which a winner is selected from among two or more contestants

From this reading His title to the throne of England was absolutely clear, as against the Earl of Richmond, and but for the treachery of some among his followers he would have prevailed in the contest upon Bosworth Field, and would have vindicated and maintained that title over all opposition.

convictionnounUS /kənˈvɪkʃən/

an unshakable belief in something without need for proof or evidence

From this reading BOSWORTH FIELD Warwick, August 29, 1889.--It has long been the conviction of the present writer that the character of King Richard the Third has been distorted and maligned by the old historians from whose authority the accepted view of it is derived.

derivedadjectiveUS /dərˈaɪvd/

formed or developed from something else; not original

From this reading BOSWORTH FIELD Warwick, August 29, 1889.--It has long been the conviction of the present writer that the character of King Richard the Third has been distorted and maligned by the old historians from whose authority the accepted view of it is derived.

distortedadjectiveUS /dɪˈstɔːrtəd/

so badly formed or out of shape as to be ugly

From this reading BOSWORTH FIELD Warwick, August 29, 1889.--It has long been the conviction of the present writer that the character of King Richard the Third has been distorted and maligned by the old historians from whose authority the accepted view of it is derived.

duringprepositionUS /ˈdʊrɪŋ/

all through a period, or at some point within it

From this reading Some of the best laws that ever were enacted in England were enacted during his reign.

EarlnounUS /ɜːrl/

a British peer ranking below a marquess and above a viscount

From this reading His title to the throne of England was absolutely clear, as against the Earl of Richmond, and but for the treachery of some among his followers he would have prevailed in the contest upon Bosworth Field, and would have vindicated and maintained that title over all opposition.

enactedverbUS /eˈnæktəd/

past form of “enact” — order by virtue of superior authority; decree

From this reading Some of the best laws that ever were enacted in England were enacted during his reign.

EnglandnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlənd/

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading Some of the best laws that ever were enacted in England were enacted during his reign.

everadverbUS /ˈevər/

at any time

From this reading Some of the best laws that ever were enacted in England were enacted during his reign.

FIELDnounUS /fiːld/

a piece of land cleared of trees and usually enclosed

From this reading BOSWORTH FIELD Warwick, August 29, 1889.--It has long been the conviction of the present writer that the character of King Richard the Third has been distorted and maligned by the old historians from whose authority the accepted view of it is derived.

fineadjectiveUS /faɪn/

being satisfactory or in satisfactory condition

From this reading He was, it is certain, a superb soldier, a wise statesman, a judicious legislator, a natural ruler of men, and a prince most accomplished in music and the fine arts and in the graces of social life.

followersnounUS /ˈfɑːloʊərz/

a group of followers or enthusiasts

From this reading His title to the throne of England was absolutely clear, as against the Earl of Richmond, and but for the treachery of some among his followers he would have prevailed in the contest upon Bosworth Field, and would have vindicated and maintained that title over all opposition.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading His title to the throne of England was absolutely clear, as against the Earl of Richmond, and but for the treachery of some among his followers he would have prevailed in the contest upon Bosworth Field, and would have vindicated and maintained that title over all opposition.

fortunesnounUS /ˈfɔːrtʃənz/

plural of “fortune” — an unknown and unpredictable phenomenon that causes an event to result one way rather than another

From this reading He lost the battle, and he was too great a man to survive the ruin of his fortunes.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading BOSWORTH FIELD Warwick, August 29, 1889.--It has long been the conviction of the present writer that the character of King Richard the Third has been distorted and maligned by the old historians from whose authority the accepted view of it is derived.

gracesnounUS /ˈɡreɪsɪz/

plural of “grace” — (Christian theology) a state of sanctification by God; the state of one who is under such divine influence

From this reading He was, it is certain, a superb soldier, a wise statesman, a judicious legislator, a natural ruler of men, and a prince most accomplished in music and the fine arts and in the graces of social life.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading He lost the battle, and he was too great a man to survive the ruin of his fortunes.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading BOSWORTH FIELD Warwick, August 29, 1889.--It has long been the conviction of the present writer that the character of King Richard the Third has been distorted and maligned by the old historians from whose authority the accepted view of it is derived.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading His title to the throne of England was absolutely clear, as against the Earl of Richmond, and but for the treachery of some among his followers he would have prevailed in the contest upon Bosworth Field, and would have vindicated and maintained that title over all opposition.

HepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading He was, it is certain, a superb soldier, a wise statesman, a judicious legislator, a natural ruler of men, and a prince most accomplished in music and the fine arts and in the graces of social life.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Some of the best laws that ever were enacted in England were enacted during his reign.

historiansnounUS /hɪˈstɔːriənz/

plural of “historian” — a person who is an authority on history and who studies it and writes about it

From this reading BOSWORTH FIELD Warwick, August 29, 1889.--It has long been the conviction of the present writer that the character of King Richard the Third has been distorted and maligned by the old historians from whose authority the accepted view of it is derived.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading He was, it is certain, a superb soldier, a wise statesman, a judicious legislator, a natural ruler of men, and a prince most accomplished in music and the fine arts and in the graces of social life.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading BOSWORTH FIELD Warwick, August 29, 1889.--It has long been the conviction of the present writer that the character of King Richard the Third has been distorted and maligned by the old historians from whose authority the accepted view of it is derived.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading BOSWORTH FIELD Warwick, August 29, 1889.--It has long been the conviction of the present writer that the character of King Richard the Third has been distorted and maligned by the old historians from whose authority the accepted view of it is derived.

judiciousadjectiveUS /dʒuːˈdɪʃəs/

marked by the exercise of good judgment or common sense in practical matters

From this reading He was, it is certain, a superb soldier, a wise statesman, a judicious legislator, a natural ruler of men, and a prince most accomplished in music and the fine arts and in the graces of social life.

KingnounUS /kɪŋ/

a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading BOSWORTH FIELD Warwick, August 29, 1889.--It has long been the conviction of the present writer that the character of King Richard the Third has been distorted and maligned by the old historians from whose authority the accepted view of it is derived.

lawsnounUS /lɔːz/

the first of three divisions of the Hebrew Scriptures comprising the first five books of the Hebrew Bible considered as a unit

From this reading Some of the best laws that ever were enacted in England were enacted during his reign.

legislatornounUS /ˈledʒəsleɪtər/

someone who makes or enacts laws

From this reading He was, it is certain, a superb soldier, a wise statesman, a judicious legislator, a natural ruler of men, and a prince most accomplished in music and the fine arts and in the graces of social life.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading He was, it is certain, a superb soldier, a wise statesman, a judicious legislator, a natural ruler of men, and a prince most accomplished in music and the fine arts and in the graces of social life.

longadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading BOSWORTH FIELD Warwick, August 29, 1889.--It has long been the conviction of the present writer that the character of King Richard the Third has been distorted and maligned by the old historians from whose authority the accepted view of it is derived.

lostadjectiveUS /lɔːst/

no longer in your possession or control; unable to be found or recovered

From this reading He lost the battle, and he was too great a man to survive the ruin of his fortunes.

maintainedadjectiveUS /meɪnˈteɪnd/

kept in good condition

From this reading His title to the throne of England was absolutely clear, as against the Earl of Richmond, and but for the treachery of some among his followers he would have prevailed in the contest upon Bosworth Field, and would have vindicated and maintained that title over all opposition.

malignedverbUS /məˈlaɪnd/

past form of “malign” — speak unfavorably about

From this reading BOSWORTH FIELD Warwick, August 29, 1889.--It has long been the conviction of the present writer that the character of King Richard the Third has been distorted and maligned by the old historians from whose authority the accepted view of it is derived.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading He lost the battle, and he was too great a man to survive the ruin of his fortunes.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading He was, it is certain, a superb soldier, a wise statesman, a judicious legislator, a natural ruler of men, and a prince most accomplished in music and the fine arts and in the graces of social life.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading He was, it is certain, a superb soldier, a wise statesman, a judicious legislator, a natural ruler of men, and a prince most accomplished in music and the fine arts and in the graces of social life.

musicnounUS /ˈmjuːzɪk/

an artistic form of auditory communication incorporating instrumental or vocal tones in a structured and continuous manner

From this reading He was, it is certain, a superb soldier, a wise statesman, a judicious legislator, a natural ruler of men, and a prince most accomplished in music and the fine arts and in the graces of social life.

naturaladjectiveUS /ˈnætʃərəl/

in accordance with nature; relating to or concerning nature

From this reading He was, it is certain, a superb soldier, a wise statesman, a judicious legislator, a natural ruler of men, and a prince most accomplished in music and the fine arts and in the graces of social life.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading BOSWORTH FIELD Warwick, August 29, 1889.--It has long been the conviction of the present writer that the character of King Richard the Third has been distorted and maligned by the old historians from whose authority the accepted view of it is derived.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading BOSWORTH FIELD Warwick, August 29, 1889.--It has long been the conviction of the present writer that the character of King Richard the Third has been distorted and maligned by the old historians from whose authority the accepted view of it is derived.

oppositionnounUS /ˌɑːpəˈzɪʃən/

the action of opposing something that you disapprove or disagree with

From this reading His title to the throne of England was absolutely clear, as against the Earl of Richmond, and but for the treachery of some among his followers he would have prevailed in the contest upon Bosworth Field, and would have vindicated and maintained that title over all opposition.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading His title to the throne of England was absolutely clear, as against the Earl of Richmond, and but for the treachery of some among his followers he would have prevailed in the contest upon Bosworth Field, and would have vindicated and maintained that title over all opposition.

presentverbUS /ˈprezənt/

give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading BOSWORTH FIELD Warwick, August 29, 1889.--It has long been the conviction of the present writer that the character of King Richard the Third has been distorted and maligned by the old historians from whose authority the accepted view of it is derived.

prevailedverbUS /prɪˈveɪld/

past form of “prevail” — be larger in number, quantity, power, status or importance

From this reading His title to the throne of England was absolutely clear, as against the Earl of Richmond, and but for the treachery of some among his followers he would have prevailed in the contest upon Bosworth Field, and would have vindicated and maintained that title over all opposition.

princenounUS /prɪns/

a male member of a royal family other than the sovereign (especially the son of a sovereign)

From this reading He was, it is certain, a superb soldier, a wise statesman, a judicious legislator, a natural ruler of men, and a prince most accomplished in music and the fine arts and in the graces of social life.

reignverbUS /reɪn/

have sovereign power

From this reading Some of the best laws that ever were enacted in England were enacted during his reign.

Richard

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading BOSWORTH FIELD Warwick, August 29, 1889.--It has long been the conviction of the present writer that the character of King Richard the Third has been distorted and maligned by the old historians from whose authority the accepted view of it is derived.

RichmondnounUS /ˈrɪtʃmənd/

capital of the state of Virginia located in the east central part of the state; was capital of the Confederacy during the American Civil War

From this reading His title to the throne of England was absolutely clear, as against the Earl of Richmond, and but for the treachery of some among his followers he would have prevailed in the contest upon Bosworth Field, and would have vindicated and maintained that title over all opposition.

ruinnounUS /ˈruːən/

an irrecoverable state of devastation and destruction

From this reading He lost the battle, and he was too great a man to survive the ruin of his fortunes.

rulernounUS /ˈruːlər/

a person who rules or commands

From this reading He was, it is certain, a superb soldier, a wise statesman, a judicious legislator, a natural ruler of men, and a prince most accomplished in music and the fine arts and in the graces of social life.

socialadjectiveUS /ˈsoʊʃəl/

relating to human society and its members

From this reading He was, it is certain, a superb soldier, a wise statesman, a judicious legislator, a natural ruler of men, and a prince most accomplished in music and the fine arts and in the graces of social life.

soldiernounUS /ˈsoʊldʒər/

an enlisted man or woman who serves in an army

From this reading He was, it is certain, a superb soldier, a wise statesman, a judicious legislator, a natural ruler of men, and a prince most accomplished in music and the fine arts and in the graces of social life.

SomeadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading Some of the best laws that ever were enacted in England were enacted during his reign.

statesmannounUS /ˈsteɪtsmən/

a man who is a respected leader in national or international affairs

From this reading He was, it is certain, a superb soldier, a wise statesman, a judicious legislator, a natural ruler of men, and a prince most accomplished in music and the fine arts and in the graces of social life.

superbadjectiveUS /sʊˈpɜːrb/

of surpassing excellence

From this reading He was, it is certain, a superb soldier, a wise statesman, a judicious legislator, a natural ruler of men, and a prince most accomplished in music and the fine arts and in the graces of social life.

surviveverbUS /sərˈvaɪv/

continue to live and avoid dying

From this reading He lost the battle, and he was too great a man to survive the ruin of his fortunes.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading BOSWORTH FIELD Warwick, August 29, 1889.--It has long been the conviction of the present writer that the character of King Richard the Third has been distorted and maligned by the old historians from whose authority the accepted view of it is derived.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading BOSWORTH FIELD Warwick, August 29, 1889.--It has long been the conviction of the present writer that the character of King Richard the Third has been distorted and maligned by the old historians from whose authority the accepted view of it is derived.

ThirdnounUS /θɜːrd/

one of three equal parts of a divisible whole

From this reading BOSWORTH FIELD Warwick, August 29, 1889.--It has long been the conviction of the present writer that the character of King Richard the Third has been distorted and maligned by the old historians from whose authority the accepted view of it is derived.

thronenounUS /θroʊn/

the chair of state for a monarch, bishop, etc.

From this reading His title to the throne of England was absolutely clear, as against the Earl of Richmond, and but for the treachery of some among his followers he would have prevailed in the contest upon Bosworth Field, and would have vindicated and maintained that title over all opposition.

titlenounUS /ˈtaɪtəl/

a heading that names a statute or legislative bill; may give a brief summary of the matters it deals with

From this reading His title to the throne of England was absolutely clear, as against the Earl of Richmond, and but for the treachery of some among his followers he would have prevailed in the contest upon Bosworth Field, and would have vindicated and maintained that title over all opposition.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading His title to the throne of England was absolutely clear, as against the Earl of Richmond, and but for the treachery of some among his followers he would have prevailed in the contest upon Bosworth Field, and would have vindicated and maintained that title over all opposition.

tooadverbUS /tuː/

to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits

From this reading He lost the battle, and he was too great a man to survive the ruin of his fortunes.

treacherynounUS /ˈtretʃ.ər.i/

Betrayal of trust; deceptive action or disloyalty against a host or ally.

From this reading His title to the throne of England was absolutely clear, as against the Earl of Richmond, and but for the treachery of some among his followers he would have prevailed in the contest upon Bosworth Field, and would have vindicated and maintained that title over all opposition.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading His title to the throne of England was absolutely clear, as against the Earl of Richmond, and but for the treachery of some among his followers he would have prevailed in the contest upon Bosworth Field, and would have vindicated and maintained that title over all opposition.

viewnounUS /vjuː/

a way of regarding situations or topics etc.

From this reading BOSWORTH FIELD Warwick, August 29, 1889.--It has long been the conviction of the present writer that the character of King Richard the Third has been distorted and maligned by the old historians from whose authority the accepted view of it is derived.

vindicatedadjectiveUS /ˈvɪndəkeɪtɪd/

freed from any question of guilt

From this reading His title to the throne of England was absolutely clear, as against the Earl of Richmond, and but for the treachery of some among his followers he would have prevailed in the contest upon Bosworth Field, and would have vindicated and maintained that title over all opposition.

WarwicknounUS /ˈwɔːrwɪk/

English statesman; during the War of the Roses he fought first for the house of York and secured the throne for Edward IV and then changed sides to fight for the house of Lancaster and secured the throne for Henry VI (1428-1471)

From this reading BOSWORTH FIELD Warwick, August 29, 1889.--It has long been the conviction of the present writer that the character of King Richard the Third has been distorted and maligned by the old historians from whose authority the accepted view of it is derived.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading He was, it is certain, a superb soldier, a wise statesman, a judicious legislator, a natural ruler of men, and a prince most accomplished in music and the fine arts and in the graces of social life.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Some of the best laws that ever were enacted in England were enacted during his reign.

whosedeterminerUS /huːz/

belonging to which person

From this reading BOSWORTH FIELD Warwick, August 29, 1889.--It has long been the conviction of the present writer that the character of King Richard the Third has been distorted and maligned by the old historians from whose authority the accepted view of it is derived.

wiseadjectiveUS /waɪz/

having or prompted by wisdom or discernment

From this reading He was, it is certain, a superb soldier, a wise statesman, a judicious legislator, a natural ruler of men, and a prince most accomplished in music and the fine arts and in the graces of social life.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading His title to the throne of England was absolutely clear, as against the Earl of Richmond, and but for the treachery of some among his followers he would have prevailed in the contest upon Bosworth Field, and would have vindicated and maintained that title over all opposition.

writernounUS /ˈraɪtər/

writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading BOSWORTH FIELD Warwick, August 29, 1889.--It has long been the conviction of the present writer that the character of King Richard the Third has been distorted and maligned by the old historians from whose authority the accepted view of it is derived.

Chapter 15 of Gray Days and Gold in England and Scotland by William Winter holds 139 sentences, grouped into 28 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 15 of Gray Days and Gold in England and Scotland contain?

Chapter 15 holds 139 sentences of Gray Days and Gold in England and Scotland, unabridged, divided into 28 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 15 of Gray Days and Gold in England and Scotland by William Winter exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 139 sentences, grouped into 28 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

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