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Great Inventions and Discoveries
Great Inventions and Discoveries

Chapter VII

Chapter 7 of Great Inventions and Discoveries is here in full — 218 sentences across 44 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/43 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
WEAPONS AND GUNPOWDER Man's weapons of warfare, offensive and defensive, have been many and curious.
David slew Goliath with a stone from a sling.
The Scriptures tell us that Samson, the mighty man of the Bible, killed a thousand Philistines at one time with the jaw-bone of an ass.
The study of the development of arms makes one of the most significant chapters in the history of civilization.
The use of stone weapons seems to have been universally characteristic of the earlier races of mankind, as it still is distinctive of the ruder races.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Great Inventions and Discoveries

Chapter VII

Chapter 7 of Great Inventions and Discoveries is here in full — 218 sentences across 44 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/43 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
WEAPONS AND GUNPOWDER Man's weapons of warfare, offensive and defensive, have been many and curious.
/ˈwepənz ənd ˈɡʌnpaʊdər mænz ˈwepənz ʌv ˈwɔːrfer əˈfensɪv ənd dɪˈfensɪv hæv bɪn ˈmeni ənd ˈkjʊriəs/
Line 2
David slew Goliath with a stone from a sling.
/ˈdeɪvɪd sluː ɡəˈlaɪəθ wɪð ə stoʊn frʌm ə slɪŋ/
Line 3
The Scriptures tell us that Samson, the mighty man of the Bible, killed a thousand Philistines at one time with the jaw-bone of an ass.
Line 4
The study of the development of arms makes one of the most significant chapters in the history of civilization.
/ðə ˈstʌdi ʌv ðə dɪˈveləpmənt ʌv ɑːrmz meɪks wʌn ʌv ðə moʊst səɡˈnɪfɪkənt ˈtʃæptərz ɪn ðə ˈhɪstəri ʌv ˌsɪvəlɪˈzeɪʃən/
Line 5
The use of stone weapons seems to have been universally characteristic of the earlier races of mankind, as it still is distinctive of the ruder races.
/ðə juːs ʌv stoʊn ˈwepənz siːmz tuː hæv bɪn ˌjuːnəˈvɜːrsəli ˌkerəktərˈɪstɪk ʌv ðə ˈɜːrliər ˈreɪsəz ʌv ˈmænˈkaɪnd æz ɪt stɪl ɪz dɪˈstɪŋktɪv ʌv ðə ˈruːdər ˈreɪsəz/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

defensive adjective US /dɪˈfensɪv/

intended or appropriate for defending against or deterring aggression or attack

From this reading “WEAPONS AND GUNPOWDER Man's weapons of warfare, offensive and defensive, have been many and curious.”

distinctive adjective US /dɪˈstɪŋktɪv/

of a feature that helps to distinguish a person or thing

From this reading “The use of stone weapons seems to have been universally characteristic of the earlier races of mankind, as it still is distinctive of the ruder races.”

Goliath noun US /ɡəˈlaɪəθ/

(Old Testament) a giant Philistine warrior who was slain by David with a slingshot

From this reading “David slew Goliath with a stone from a sling.”

gunpowder noun US /ˈɡʌnpaʊdər/

a mixture of potassium nitrate, charcoal, and sulfur in a 75:15:10 ratio which is used in gunnery, time fuses, and fireworks

From this reading “WEAPONS AND GUNPOWDER Man's weapons of warfare, offensive and defensive, have been many and curious.”

Philistines noun US /ˈfɪləstiːnz/

plural of “philistine” — a person who is uninterested in intellectual pursuits

From this reading “The Scriptures tell us that Samson, the mighty man of the Bible, killed a thousand Philistines at one time with the jaw-bone of an ass.”

ruder adjective US /ˈruːdər/

comparative of “rude” — socially incorrect in behavior

From this reading “The use of stone weapons seems to have been universally characteristic of the earlier races of mankind, as it still is distinctive of the ruder races.”

Scriptures noun US /ˈskrɪptʃərz/

plural of “scripture” — the sacred writings of the Christian religions

From this reading “The Scriptures tell us that Samson, the mighty man of the Bible, killed a thousand Philistines at one time with the jaw-bone of an ass.”

sling verb US /slɪŋ/

hurl as if with a sling

From this reading “David slew Goliath with a stone from a sling.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

most significant adverb + adjective

In this reading “The study of the development of arms makes one of the most significant chapters in the history of civilization.”

of mankind preposition + noun

In this reading “The use of stone weapons seems to have been universally characteristic of the earlier races of mankind, as it still is distinctive of the ruder races.”

All words in this reading · 62

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading David slew Goliath with a stone from a sling.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading The Scriptures tell us that Samson, the mighty man of the Bible, killed a thousand Philistines at one time with the jaw-bone of an ass.

ANDconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading WEAPONS AND GUNPOWDER Man's weapons of warfare, offensive and defensive, have been many and curious.

armsnounUS /ɑːrmz/

weapons considered collectively

From this reading The study of the development of arms makes one of the most significant chapters in the history of civilization.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The use of stone weapons seems to have been universally characteristic of the earlier races of mankind, as it still is distinctive of the ruder races.

assnounUS /æs/

the fleshy part of the human body that you sit on

From this reading The Scriptures tell us that Samson, the mighty man of the Bible, killed a thousand Philistines at one time with the jaw-bone of an ass.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading The Scriptures tell us that Samson, the mighty man of the Bible, killed a thousand Philistines at one time with the jaw-bone of an ass.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading WEAPONS AND GUNPOWDER Man's weapons of warfare, offensive and defensive, have been many and curious.

BiblenounUS /ˈbaɪbəl/

the sacred writings of the Christian religions

From this reading The Scriptures tell us that Samson, the mighty man of the Bible, killed a thousand Philistines at one time with the jaw-bone of an ass.

chaptersnounUS /ˈtʃæptərz/

plural of “chapter” — a subdivision of a written work; usually numbered and titled

From this reading The study of the development of arms makes one of the most significant chapters in the history of civilization.

characteristicnounUS /ˌkerəktərˈɪstɪk/

a prominent attribute or aspect of something

From this reading The use of stone weapons seems to have been universally characteristic of the earlier races of mankind, as it still is distinctive of the ruder races.

civilizationnounUS /ˌsɪvəlɪˈzeɪʃən/

a society in an advanced state of social development (e.g., with complex legal and political and religious organizations)

From this reading The study of the development of arms makes one of the most significant chapters in the history of civilization.

curiousadjectiveUS /ˈkjʊriəs/

beyond or deviating from the usual or expected

From this reading WEAPONS AND GUNPOWDER Man's weapons of warfare, offensive and defensive, have been many and curious.

DavidnounUS /ˈdeɪvɪd/

patron saint of Wales (circa 520-600)

From this reading David slew Goliath with a stone from a sling.

defensiveadjectiveUS /dɪˈfensɪv/

intended or appropriate for defending against or deterring aggression or attack

From this reading WEAPONS AND GUNPOWDER Man's weapons of warfare, offensive and defensive, have been many and curious.

developmentnounUS /dɪˈveləpmənt/

act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining

From this reading The study of the development of arms makes one of the most significant chapters in the history of civilization.

distinctiveadjectiveUS /dɪˈstɪŋktɪv/

of a feature that helps to distinguish a person or thing

From this reading The use of stone weapons seems to have been universally characteristic of the earlier races of mankind, as it still is distinctive of the ruder races.

earlieradverbUS /ˈɜːrliər/

earlier in time; previously

From this reading The use of stone weapons seems to have been universally characteristic of the earlier races of mankind, as it still is distinctive of the ruder races.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading David slew Goliath with a stone from a sling.

GoliathnounUS /ɡəˈlaɪəθ/

(Old Testament) a giant Philistine warrior who was slain by David with a slingshot

From this reading David slew Goliath with a stone from a sling.

GUNPOWDERnounUS /ˈɡʌnpaʊdər/

a mixture of potassium nitrate, charcoal, and sulfur in a 75:15:10 ratio which is used in gunnery, time fuses, and fireworks

From this reading WEAPONS AND GUNPOWDER Man's weapons of warfare, offensive and defensive, have been many and curious.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading WEAPONS AND GUNPOWDER Man's weapons of warfare, offensive and defensive, have been many and curious.

historynounUS /ˈhɪstəri/

the aggregate of past events

From this reading The study of the development of arms makes one of the most significant chapters in the history of civilization.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The study of the development of arms makes one of the most significant chapters in the history of civilization.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The use of stone weapons seems to have been universally characteristic of the earlier races of mankind, as it still is distinctive of the ruder races.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading The use of stone weapons seems to have been universally characteristic of the earlier races of mankind, as it still is distinctive of the ruder races.

jaw-bone

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Scriptures tell us that Samson, the mighty man of the Bible, killed a thousand Philistines at one time with the jaw-bone of an ass.

killedverbUS /kɪld/

past form of “kill” — cause to die; put to death, usually intentionally or knowingly

From this reading The Scriptures tell us that Samson, the mighty man of the Bible, killed a thousand Philistines at one time with the jaw-bone of an ass.

makesnounUS /meɪks/

plural of “make” — a recognizable kind

From this reading The study of the development of arms makes one of the most significant chapters in the history of civilization.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading The Scriptures tell us that Samson, the mighty man of the Bible, killed a thousand Philistines at one time with the jaw-bone of an ass.

Man'snounUS /mænz/

possessive form of “man” — an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading WEAPONS AND GUNPOWDER Man's weapons of warfare, offensive and defensive, have been many and curious.

mankindnounUS /ˈmænˈkaɪnd/

all of the living human inhabitants of the earth

From this reading The use of stone weapons seems to have been universally characteristic of the earlier races of mankind, as it still is distinctive of the ruder races.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading WEAPONS AND GUNPOWDER Man's weapons of warfare, offensive and defensive, have been many and curious.

mightyadjectiveUS /ˈmaɪti/

having or showing great strength or force or intensity

From this reading The Scriptures tell us that Samson, the mighty man of the Bible, killed a thousand Philistines at one time with the jaw-bone of an ass.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading The study of the development of arms makes one of the most significant chapters in the history of civilization.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading WEAPONS AND GUNPOWDER Man's weapons of warfare, offensive and defensive, have been many and curious.

offensiveadjectiveUS /əˈfensɪv/

violating or tending to violate or offend against

From this reading WEAPONS AND GUNPOWDER Man's weapons of warfare, offensive and defensive, have been many and curious.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading The Scriptures tell us that Samson, the mighty man of the Bible, killed a thousand Philistines at one time with the jaw-bone of an ass.

PhilistinesnounUS /ˈfɪləstiːnz/

plural of “philistine” — a person who is uninterested in intellectual pursuits

From this reading The Scriptures tell us that Samson, the mighty man of the Bible, killed a thousand Philistines at one time with the jaw-bone of an ass.

racesnounUS /ˈreɪsəz/

plural of “race” — any competition

From this reading The use of stone weapons seems to have been universally characteristic of the earlier races of mankind, as it still is distinctive of the ruder races.

ruderadjectiveUS /ˈruːdər/

comparative of “rude” — socially incorrect in behavior

From this reading The use of stone weapons seems to have been universally characteristic of the earlier races of mankind, as it still is distinctive of the ruder races.

SamsonnounUS /ˈsæmsən/

(Old Testament) a judge of Israel who performed herculean feats of strength against the Philistines until he was betrayed to them by his mistress Delilah

From this reading The Scriptures tell us that Samson, the mighty man of the Bible, killed a thousand Philistines at one time with the jaw-bone of an ass.

ScripturesnounUS /ˈskrɪptʃərz/

plural of “scripture” — the sacred writings of the Christian religions

From this reading The Scriptures tell us that Samson, the mighty man of the Bible, killed a thousand Philistines at one time with the jaw-bone of an ass.

seemsverbUS /siːmz/

third-person singular of “seem” — give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading The use of stone weapons seems to have been universally characteristic of the earlier races of mankind, as it still is distinctive of the ruder races.

significantadjectiveUS /səɡˈnɪfɪkənt/

important in effect or meaning

From this reading The study of the development of arms makes one of the most significant chapters in the history of civilization.

slewverbUS /sluː/

turn sharply; change direction abruptly

From this reading David slew Goliath with a stone from a sling.

slingverbUS /slɪŋ/

hurl as if with a sling

From this reading David slew Goliath with a stone from a sling.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading The use of stone weapons seems to have been universally characteristic of the earlier races of mankind, as it still is distinctive of the ruder races.

stonenounUS /stoʊn/

a lump or mass of hard consolidated mineral matter

From this reading David slew Goliath with a stone from a sling.

studynounUS /ˈstʌdi/

a detailed critical inspection

From this reading The study of the development of arms makes one of the most significant chapters in the history of civilization.

tellverbUS /tel/

express in words

From this reading The Scriptures tell us that Samson, the mighty man of the Bible, killed a thousand Philistines at one time with the jaw-bone of an ass.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading The Scriptures tell us that Samson, the mighty man of the Bible, killed a thousand Philistines at one time with the jaw-bone of an ass.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The Scriptures tell us that Samson, the mighty man of the Bible, killed a thousand Philistines at one time with the jaw-bone of an ass.

thousandnounUS /ˈθaʊzənd/

the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100

From this reading The Scriptures tell us that Samson, the mighty man of the Bible, killed a thousand Philistines at one time with the jaw-bone of an ass.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading The Scriptures tell us that Samson, the mighty man of the Bible, killed a thousand Philistines at one time with the jaw-bone of an ass.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The use of stone weapons seems to have been universally characteristic of the earlier races of mankind, as it still is distinctive of the ruder races.

universallyadverbUS /ˌjuːnəˈvɜːrsəli/

everywhere

From this reading The use of stone weapons seems to have been universally characteristic of the earlier races of mankind, as it still is distinctive of the ruder races.

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading The Scriptures tell us that Samson, the mighty man of the Bible, killed a thousand Philistines at one time with the jaw-bone of an ass.

usenounUS /juːs/

the act of using

From this reading The use of stone weapons seems to have been universally characteristic of the earlier races of mankind, as it still is distinctive of the ruder races.

warfarenounUS /ˈwɔːrfer/

the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading WEAPONS AND GUNPOWDER Man's weapons of warfare, offensive and defensive, have been many and curious.

WEAPONSnounUS /ˈwepənz/

plural of “weapon” — any instrument or instrumentality used in fighting or hunting

From this reading WEAPONS AND GUNPOWDER Man's weapons of warfare, offensive and defensive, have been many and curious.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading David slew Goliath with a stone from a sling.

Chapter 7 of Great Inventions and Discoveries by Willis Duff Piercy holds 218 sentences, grouped into 44 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 7 of Great Inventions and Discoveries contain?

Chapter 7 holds 218 sentences of Great Inventions and Discoveries, unabridged, divided into 44 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 7 of Great Inventions and Discoveries by Willis Duff Piercy exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 218 sentences, grouped into 44 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 7 of Great Inventions and Discoveries?

Work through the 44 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 44 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 7 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 7 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Great Inventions and Discoveries

Common questions about reading Great Inventions and Discoveries by Willis Duff Piercy on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Great Inventions and Discoveries?

Yes. All 2167 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #37574 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Great Inventions and Discoveries is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #37574, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Great Inventions and Discoveries take to read?

About 180 minutes of reading across 434 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Great Inventions and Discoveries section by section

How to work through Great Inventions and Discoveries section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 17 chapters of Great Inventions and Discoveries to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Great Inventions and Discoveries

Words and structures a reader meets early in Great Inventions and Discoveries, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

First
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Great Inventions and Discoveries; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Lived
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Great Inventions and Discoveries; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Branches
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Great Inventions and Discoveries; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Trees
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Great Inventions and Discoveries; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.