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Great Inventions and Discoveries
Great Inventions and Discoveries

Chapter IX

Chapter 9 of Great Inventions and Discoveries is here in full — 92 sentences across 19 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/18 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
THE COTTON-GIN Another great invention is the cotton-gin.
It is great because of the commercial prosperity which it brought to the Southern states; because it cheapened and extended the use of an almost necessary article of life; and because of its effect on American history.
The inventor was an American, Eli Whitney.
The word _gin_ is an abbreviation of _engine_, and in former days was often used to denote a handy mechanical device of any kind.
The cotton-gin is a machine for removing the seed from the fiber of the cotton-plant.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Great Inventions and Discoveries

Chapter IX

Chapter 9 of Great Inventions and Discoveries is here in full — 92 sentences across 19 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/18 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE COTTON-GIN Another great invention is the cotton-gin.
Line 2
It is great because of the commercial prosperity which it brought to the Southern states; because it cheapened and extended the use of an almost necessary article of life; and because of its effect on American history.
/ɪt ɪz ɡreɪt bɪˈkɔːz ʌv ðə kəˈmɜːrʃəl prɑːˈsperəti wɪtʃ ɪt brɔːt tuː ðə ˈsʌðərn steɪts bɪˈkɔːz ɪt ˈtʃiːpənd ənd ɪkˈstendəd ðə juːs ʌv æn ˈɔːlmoʊst ˈnesəseri ˈɑːrtəkəl ʌv laɪf ənd bɪˈkɔːz ʌv ɪts ɪˈfekt ɑːn əˈmerəkən ˈhɪstəri/
Line 3
The inventor was an American, Eli Whitney.
Line 4
The word _gin_ is an abbreviation of _engine_, and in former days was often used to denote a handy mechanical device of any kind.
/ðə wɜːrd dʒɪn ɪz æn əˌbriːviˈeɪʃən ʌv ˈendʒən ənd ɪn ˈfɔːrmər deɪz wɑːz ˈɔːfən juːzd tuː dɪˈnoʊt ə ˈhændi məˈkænɪkəl dɪˈvaɪs ʌv ˈeni kaɪnd/
Line 5
The cotton-gin is a machine for removing the seed from the fiber of the cotton-plant.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

abbreviation noun US /əˌbriːviˈeɪʃən/

a shortened form of a word or phrase

From this reading “The word _gin_ is an abbreviation of _engine_, and in former days was often used to denote a handy mechanical device of any kind.”

cheapened verb US /ˈtʃiːpənd/

past form of “cheapen” — lower the grade of something; reduce its worth

From this reading “It is great because of the commercial prosperity which it brought to the Southern states; because it cheapened and extended the use of an almost necessary article of life; and because of its effect on American history.”

denote verb US /dɪˈnoʊt/

be a sign or indication of

From this reading “The word _gin_ is an abbreviation of _engine_, and in former days was often used to denote a handy mechanical device of any kind.”

device noun US /dɪˈvaɪs/

an instrumentality invented for a particular purpose

From this reading “The word _gin_ is an abbreviation of _engine_, and in former days was often used to denote a handy mechanical device of any kind.”

fiber noun US /ˈfaɪbər/

a slender and greatly elongated substance capable of being spun into yarn

From this reading “The cotton-gin is a machine for removing the seed from the fiber of the cotton-plant.”

gin noun US /dʒɪn/

strong liquor flavored with juniper berries

From this reading “THE COTTON-GIN Another great invention is the cotton-gin.”

inventor noun US /ˌɪnˈventər/

someone who is the first to think of or make something

From this reading “The inventor was an American, Eli Whitney.”

Whitney noun US /ˈwɪtni/

United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825)

From this reading “The inventor was an American, Eli Whitney.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

former days adjective + noun

In this reading “The word _gin_ is an abbreviation of _engine_, and in former days was often used to denote a handy mechanical device of any kind.”

necessary article adjective + noun

In this reading “It is great because of the commercial prosperity which it brought to the Southern states; because it cheapened and extended the use of an almost necessary article of life; and because of its effect on American history.”

often used adverb + adjective

In this reading “The word _gin_ is an abbreviation of _engine_, and in former days was often used to denote a handy mechanical device of any kind.”

All words in this reading · 57

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The word _gin_ is an abbreviation of _engine_, and in former days was often used to denote a handy mechanical device of any kind.

abbreviationnounUS /əˌbriːviˈeɪʃən/

a shortened form of a word or phrase

From this reading The word _gin_ is an abbreviation of _engine_, and in former days was often used to denote a handy mechanical device of any kind.

almostadverbUS /ˈɔːlmoʊst/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading It is great because of the commercial prosperity which it brought to the Southern states; because it cheapened and extended the use of an almost necessary article of life; and because of its effect on American history.

AmericannounUS /əˈmerəkən/

a native or inhabitant of the United States

From this reading It is great because of the commercial prosperity which it brought to the Southern states; because it cheapened and extended the use of an almost necessary article of life; and because of its effect on American history.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading It is great because of the commercial prosperity which it brought to the Southern states; because it cheapened and extended the use of an almost necessary article of life; and because of its effect on American history.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading It is great because of the commercial prosperity which it brought to the Southern states; because it cheapened and extended the use of an almost necessary article of life; and because of its effect on American history.

AnotherdeterminerUS /əˈnʌðər/

one more of the same kind, or a different one

From this reading THE COTTON-GIN Another great invention is the cotton-gin.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading The word _gin_ is an abbreviation of _engine_, and in former days was often used to denote a handy mechanical device of any kind.

articlenounUS /ˈɑːrtəkəl/

nonfictional prose forming an independent part of a publication

From this reading It is great because of the commercial prosperity which it brought to the Southern states; because it cheapened and extended the use of an almost necessary article of life; and because of its effect on American history.

becauseconjunctionUS /bɪˈkɔːz/

for the reason that

From this reading It is great because of the commercial prosperity which it brought to the Southern states; because it cheapened and extended the use of an almost necessary article of life; and because of its effect on American history.

broughtverbUS /brɔːt/

inflected form of “bring” — take something or somebody with oneself somewhere

From this reading It is great because of the commercial prosperity which it brought to the Southern states; because it cheapened and extended the use of an almost necessary article of life; and because of its effect on American history.

cheapenedverbUS /ˈtʃiːpənd/

past form of “cheapen” — lower the grade of something; reduce its worth

From this reading It is great because of the commercial prosperity which it brought to the Southern states; because it cheapened and extended the use of an almost necessary article of life; and because of its effect on American history.

commercialadjectiveUS /kəˈmɜːrʃəl/

connected with or engaged in or sponsored by or used in commerce or commercial enterprises

From this reading It is great because of the commercial prosperity which it brought to the Southern states; because it cheapened and extended the use of an almost necessary article of life; and because of its effect on American history.

COTTON-GIN

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE COTTON-GIN Another great invention is the cotton-gin.

cotton-plant

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The cotton-gin is a machine for removing the seed from the fiber of the cotton-plant.

daysnounUS /deɪz/

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading The word _gin_ is an abbreviation of _engine_, and in former days was often used to denote a handy mechanical device of any kind.

denoteverbUS /dɪˈnoʊt/

be a sign or indication of

From this reading The word _gin_ is an abbreviation of _engine_, and in former days was often used to denote a handy mechanical device of any kind.

devicenounUS /dɪˈvaɪs/

an instrumentality invented for a particular purpose

From this reading The word _gin_ is an abbreviation of _engine_, and in former days was often used to denote a handy mechanical device of any kind.

effectnounUS /ɪˈfekt/

a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon

From this reading It is great because of the commercial prosperity which it brought to the Southern states; because it cheapened and extended the use of an almost necessary article of life; and because of its effect on American history.

Eli

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The inventor was an American, Eli Whitney.

enginenounUS /ˈendʒən/

motor that converts thermal energy to mechanical work

From this reading The word _gin_ is an abbreviation of _engine_, and in former days was often used to denote a handy mechanical device of any kind.

extendedadjectiveUS /ɪkˈstendəd/

relatively long in duration; tediously protracted

From this reading It is great because of the commercial prosperity which it brought to the Southern states; because it cheapened and extended the use of an almost necessary article of life; and because of its effect on American history.

fibernounUS /ˈfaɪbər/

a slender and greatly elongated substance capable of being spun into yarn

From this reading The cotton-gin is a machine for removing the seed from the fiber of the cotton-plant.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading The cotton-gin is a machine for removing the seed from the fiber of the cotton-plant.

formeradjectiveUS /ˈfɔːrmər/

referring to the first of two things or persons mentioned (or the earlier one or ones of several)

From this reading The word _gin_ is an abbreviation of _engine_, and in former days was often used to denote a handy mechanical device of any kind.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading The cotton-gin is a machine for removing the seed from the fiber of the cotton-plant.

ginnounUS /dʒɪn/

strong liquor flavored with juniper berries

From this reading The word _gin_ is an abbreviation of _engine_, and in former days was often used to denote a handy mechanical device of any kind.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading THE COTTON-GIN Another great invention is the cotton-gin.

handyadjectiveUS /ˈhændi/

easy to reach

From this reading The word _gin_ is an abbreviation of _engine_, and in former days was often used to denote a handy mechanical device of any kind.

historynounUS /ˈhɪstəri/

the aggregate of past events

From this reading It is great because of the commercial prosperity which it brought to the Southern states; because it cheapened and extended the use of an almost necessary article of life; and because of its effect on American history.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The word _gin_ is an abbreviation of _engine_, and in former days was often used to denote a handy mechanical device of any kind.

inventionnounUS /ˌɪnˈvenʃən/

the creation of something in the mind

From this reading THE COTTON-GIN Another great invention is the cotton-gin.

inventornounUS /ˌɪnˈventər/

someone who is the first to think of or make something

From this reading The inventor was an American, Eli Whitney.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading THE COTTON-GIN Another great invention is the cotton-gin.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It is great because of the commercial prosperity which it brought to the Southern states; because it cheapened and extended the use of an almost necessary article of life; and because of its effect on American history.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading It is great because of the commercial prosperity which it brought to the Southern states; because it cheapened and extended the use of an almost necessary article of life; and because of its effect on American history.

kindadjectiveUS /kaɪnd/

having or showing a tender and considerate and helpful nature; used especially of persons and their behavior

From this reading The word _gin_ is an abbreviation of _engine_, and in former days was often used to denote a handy mechanical device of any kind.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading It is great because of the commercial prosperity which it brought to the Southern states; because it cheapened and extended the use of an almost necessary article of life; and because of its effect on American history.

machinenounUS /məˈʃiːn/

any mechanical or electrical device that transmits or modifies energy to perform or assist in the performance of human tasks

From this reading The cotton-gin is a machine for removing the seed from the fiber of the cotton-plant.

mechanicaladjectiveUS /məˈkænɪkəl/

using (or as if using) mechanisms or tools or devices

From this reading The word _gin_ is an abbreviation of _engine_, and in former days was often used to denote a handy mechanical device of any kind.

necessaryadjectiveUS /ˈnesəseri/

absolutely essential

From this reading It is great because of the commercial prosperity which it brought to the Southern states; because it cheapened and extended the use of an almost necessary article of life; and because of its effect on American history.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading It is great because of the commercial prosperity which it brought to the Southern states; because it cheapened and extended the use of an almost necessary article of life; and because of its effect on American history.

oftenadverbUS /ˈɔːfən/

many times at short intervals

From this reading The word _gin_ is an abbreviation of _engine_, and in former days was often used to denote a handy mechanical device of any kind.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading It is great because of the commercial prosperity which it brought to the Southern states; because it cheapened and extended the use of an almost necessary article of life; and because of its effect on American history.

prosperitynounUS /prɑːˈsperəti/

an economic state of growth with rising profits and full employment

From this reading It is great because of the commercial prosperity which it brought to the Southern states; because it cheapened and extended the use of an almost necessary article of life; and because of its effect on American history.

removingverbUS /riˈmuːvɪŋ/

-ing form of “remove” — remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract

From this reading The cotton-gin is a machine for removing the seed from the fiber of the cotton-plant.

seednounUS /siːd/

a small hard fruit

From this reading The cotton-gin is a machine for removing the seed from the fiber of the cotton-plant.

SouthernadjectiveUS /ˈsʌðərn/

in or characteristic of a region of the United States south of (approximately) the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading It is great because of the commercial prosperity which it brought to the Southern states; because it cheapened and extended the use of an almost necessary article of life; and because of its effect on American history.

statesnounUS /steɪts/

plural of “state” — the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation

From this reading It is great because of the commercial prosperity which it brought to the Southern states; because it cheapened and extended the use of an almost necessary article of life; and because of its effect on American history.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE COTTON-GIN Another great invention is the cotton-gin.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading It is great because of the commercial prosperity which it brought to the Southern states; because it cheapened and extended the use of an almost necessary article of life; and because of its effect on American history.

usenounUS /juːs/

the act of using

From this reading It is great because of the commercial prosperity which it brought to the Southern states; because it cheapened and extended the use of an almost necessary article of life; and because of its effect on American history.

usedadjectiveUS /juːzd/

employed in accomplishing something

From this reading The word _gin_ is an abbreviation of _engine_, and in former days was often used to denote a handy mechanical device of any kind.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The inventor was an American, Eli Whitney.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading It is great because of the commercial prosperity which it brought to the Southern states; because it cheapened and extended the use of an almost necessary article of life; and because of its effect on American history.

WhitneynounUS /ˈwɪtni/

United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825)

From this reading The inventor was an American, Eli Whitney.

wordnounUS /wɜːrd/

a unit of language that native speakers can identify

From this reading The word _gin_ is an abbreviation of _engine_, and in former days was often used to denote a handy mechanical device of any kind.

Chapter 9 of Great Inventions and Discoveries by Willis Duff Piercy holds 92 sentences, grouped into 19 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 9 of Great Inventions and Discoveries contain?

Chapter 9 holds 92 sentences of Great Inventions and Discoveries, unabridged, divided into 19 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 9 of Great Inventions and Discoveries by Willis Duff Piercy exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 92 sentences, grouped into 19 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 9 of Great Inventions and Discoveries?

Work through the 19 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 19 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 9 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 9 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Great Inventions and Discoveries

Common questions about reading Great Inventions and Discoveries by Willis Duff Piercy on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Great Inventions and Discoveries?

Yes. All 2167 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #37574 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Great Inventions and Discoveries is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #37574, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Great Inventions and Discoveries take to read?

About 180 minutes of reading across 434 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Great Inventions and Discoveries section by section

How to work through Great Inventions and Discoveries section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 17 chapters of Great Inventions and Discoveries to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Great Inventions and Discoveries

Words and structures a reader meets early in Great Inventions and Discoveries, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

First
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Great Inventions and Discoveries; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Lived
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Great Inventions and Discoveries; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Branches
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Great Inventions and Discoveries; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Trees
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Great Inventions and Discoveries; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.