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Great Inventions and Discoveries
Great Inventions and Discoveries

Chapter XV

Chapter 15 of Great Inventions and Discoveries is here in full — 54 sentences across 11 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/10 · 5 lines
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CLOCKS The matters of every-day life, much less the affairs of a complex civilization, could scarcely be carried on without some accurate and uniform system of measuring time.
Nature herself furnishes measurements for certain divisions of time.
The "two great lights" that God made, as the Bible tells us, were designed "for signs, and for seasons, and for days and for years."
The revolution of the earth around the sun marks the year; the revolution of the moon around the earth determines the month; the rotation of the earth on its axis causes and measures day and night.
But no object of nature distinguishes the hours of the day or the divisions of the hour.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Great Inventions and Discoveries

Chapter XV

Chapter 15 of Great Inventions and Discoveries is here in full — 54 sentences across 11 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/10 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
CLOCKS The matters of every-day life, much less the affairs of a complex civilization, could scarcely be carried on without some accurate and uniform system of measuring time.
Line 2
Nature herself furnishes measurements for certain divisions of time.
/ˈneɪtʃər hərˈself ˈfɜːrnɪʃɪz ˈmeʒərmənts fɔːr ˈsɜːrtən dɪˈvɪʒənz ʌv taɪm/
Line 3
The "two great lights" that God made, as the Bible tells us, were designed "for signs, and for seasons, and for days and for years."
/ðə tuː ɡreɪt laɪts ðæt ɡɑːd meɪd æz ðə ˈbaɪbəl telz ʌs wɜːr dɪˈzaɪnd fɔːr saɪnz ənd fɔːr ˈsiːzənz ənd fɔːr deɪz ənd fɔːr jɪrz/
Line 4
The revolution of the earth around the sun marks the year; the revolution of the moon around the earth determines the month; the rotation of the earth on its axis causes and measures day and night.
/ðə ˌrevəˈluːʃən ʌv ðə ɜːrθ ərˈaʊnd ðə sʌn mɑːrks ðə jɪr ðə ˌrevəˈluːʃən ʌv ðə muːn ərˈaʊnd ðə ɜːrθ dəˈtɜːrmənz ðə mʌnθ ðə roʊˈteɪʃən ʌv ðə ɜːrθ ɑːn ɪts ˈæksəs ˈkɑːzəz ənd ˈmeʒərz deɪ ənd naɪt/
Line 5
But no object of nature distinguishes the hours of the day or the divisions of the hour.
/bʌt noʊ ˈɑːbdʒekt ʌv ˈneɪtʃər dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃɪz ðə ˈaʊərz ʌv ðə deɪ ɔːr ðə dɪˈvɪʒənz ʌv ðə ˈaʊər/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

axis noun US /ˈæksəs/

a straight line through a body or figure that satisfies certain conditions

From this reading “The revolution of the earth around the sun marks the year; the revolution of the moon around the earth determines the month; the rotation of the earth on its axis causes and measures day and night.”

clocks noun US /klɑːks/

European weed naturalized in southwestern United States and Mexico having reddish decumbent stems with small fernlike leaves and small deep reddish-lavender flowers followed by slender fruits that stick straight up; often grown for forage

From this reading “CLOCKS The matters of every-day life, much less the affairs of a complex civilization, could scarcely be carried on without some accurate and uniform system of measuring time.”

determines verb US /dəˈtɜːrmənz/

third-person singular of “determine” — establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study

From this reading “The revolution of the earth around the sun marks the year; the revolution of the moon around the earth determines the month; the rotation of the earth on its axis causes and measures day and night.”

distinguishes verb US /dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃɪz/

third-person singular of “distinguish” — mark as different

From this reading “But no object of nature distinguishes the hours of the day or the divisions of the hour.”

divisions noun US /dɪˈvɪʒənz/

plural of “division” — an army unit large enough to sustain combat

From this reading “Nature herself furnishes measurements for certain divisions of time.”

furnishes verb US /ˈfɜːrnɪʃɪz/

third-person singular of “furnish” — give something useful or necessary to

From this reading “Nature herself furnishes measurements for certain divisions of time.”

measurements noun US /ˈmeʒərmənts/

plural of “measurement” — the act or process of assigning numbers to phenomena according to a rule

From this reading “Nature herself furnishes measurements for certain divisions of time.”

rotation noun US /roʊˈteɪʃən/

the act of rotating as if on an axis

From this reading “The revolution of the earth around the sun marks the year; the revolution of the moon around the earth determines the month; the rotation of the earth on its axis causes and measures day and night.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

carried on verb + particle counted as “carry on”

direct the course of; manage or control

In this reading “CLOCKS The matters of every-day life, much less the affairs of a complex civilization, could scarcely be carried on without some accurate and uniform system of measuring time.”

for years preposition + noun

In this reading “The "two great lights" that God made, as the Bible tells us, were designed "for signs, and for seasons, and for days and for years."”

All words in this reading · 71

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading CLOCKS The matters of every-day life, much less the affairs of a complex civilization, could scarcely be carried on without some accurate and uniform system of measuring time.

accurateadjectiveUS /ˈækjərət/

conforming exactly or almost exactly to fact or to a standard or performing with total accuracy

From this reading CLOCKS The matters of every-day life, much less the affairs of a complex civilization, could scarcely be carried on without some accurate and uniform system of measuring time.

affairsnounUS /əˈferz/

matters of personal concern

From this reading CLOCKS The matters of every-day life, much less the affairs of a complex civilization, could scarcely be carried on without some accurate and uniform system of measuring time.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading CLOCKS The matters of every-day life, much less the affairs of a complex civilization, could scarcely be carried on without some accurate and uniform system of measuring time.

aroundprepositionUS /ərˈaʊnd/

surrounding, or on every side of, something

From this reading The revolution of the earth around the sun marks the year; the revolution of the moon around the earth determines the month; the rotation of the earth on its axis causes and measures day and night.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The "two great lights" that God made, as the Bible tells us, were designed "for signs, and for seasons, and for days and for years."

axisnounUS /ˈæksəs/

a straight line through a body or figure that satisfies certain conditions

From this reading The revolution of the earth around the sun marks the year; the revolution of the moon around the earth determines the month; the rotation of the earth on its axis causes and measures day and night.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading CLOCKS The matters of every-day life, much less the affairs of a complex civilization, could scarcely be carried on without some accurate and uniform system of measuring time.

BiblenounUS /ˈbaɪbəl/

the sacred writings of the Christian religions

From this reading The "two great lights" that God made, as the Bible tells us, were designed "for signs, and for seasons, and for days and for years."

ButconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading But no object of nature distinguishes the hours of the day or the divisions of the hour.

carriedverbUS /ˈkærid/

inflected form of “carry” — move while supporting, either in a vehicle or in one's hands or on one's body

From this reading CLOCKS The matters of every-day life, much less the affairs of a complex civilization, could scarcely be carried on without some accurate and uniform system of measuring time.

causesnounUS /ˈkɑːzəz/

plural of “cause” — events that provide the generative force that is the origin of something

From this reading The revolution of the earth around the sun marks the year; the revolution of the moon around the earth determines the month; the rotation of the earth on its axis causes and measures day and night.

certainadjectiveUS /ˈsɜːrtən/

definite but not specified or identified

From this reading Nature herself furnishes measurements for certain divisions of time.

civilizationnounUS /ˌsɪvəlɪˈzeɪʃən/

a society in an advanced state of social development (e.g., with complex legal and political and religious organizations)

From this reading CLOCKS The matters of every-day life, much less the affairs of a complex civilization, could scarcely be carried on without some accurate and uniform system of measuring time.

CLOCKSnounUS /klɑːks/

European weed naturalized in southwestern United States and Mexico having reddish decumbent stems with small fernlike leaves and small deep reddish-lavender flowers followed by slender fruits that stick straight up; often grown for forage

From this reading CLOCKS The matters of every-day life, much less the affairs of a complex civilization, could scarcely be carried on without some accurate and uniform system of measuring time.

complexnounUS /ˈkɑːmpleks/

a conceptual whole made up of complicated and related parts

From this reading CLOCKS The matters of every-day life, much less the affairs of a complex civilization, could scarcely be carried on without some accurate and uniform system of measuring time.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading CLOCKS The matters of every-day life, much less the affairs of a complex civilization, could scarcely be carried on without some accurate and uniform system of measuring time.

daynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading The revolution of the earth around the sun marks the year; the revolution of the moon around the earth determines the month; the rotation of the earth on its axis causes and measures day and night.

daysnounUS /deɪz/

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading The "two great lights" that God made, as the Bible tells us, were designed "for signs, and for seasons, and for days and for years."

designedadjectiveUS /dɪˈzaɪnd/

done or made or performed with purpose and intent

From this reading The "two great lights" that God made, as the Bible tells us, were designed "for signs, and for seasons, and for days and for years."

determinesverbUS /dəˈtɜːrmənz/

third-person singular of “determine” — establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study

From this reading The revolution of the earth around the sun marks the year; the revolution of the moon around the earth determines the month; the rotation of the earth on its axis causes and measures day and night.

distinguishesverbUS /dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃɪz/

third-person singular of “distinguish” — mark as different

From this reading But no object of nature distinguishes the hours of the day or the divisions of the hour.

divisionsnounUS /dɪˈvɪʒənz/

plural of “division” — an army unit large enough to sustain combat

From this reading Nature herself furnishes measurements for certain divisions of time.

earthnounUS /ɜːrθ/

the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on

From this reading The revolution of the earth around the sun marks the year; the revolution of the moon around the earth determines the month; the rotation of the earth on its axis causes and measures day and night.

every-day

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading CLOCKS The matters of every-day life, much less the affairs of a complex civilization, could scarcely be carried on without some accurate and uniform system of measuring time.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Nature herself furnishes measurements for certain divisions of time.

furnishesverbUS /ˈfɜːrnɪʃɪz/

third-person singular of “furnish” — give something useful or necessary to

From this reading Nature herself furnishes measurements for certain divisions of time.

GodnounUS /ɡɑːd/

the supernatural being conceived as the perfect and omnipotent and omniscient originator and ruler of the universe; the object of worship in monotheistic religions

From this reading The "two great lights" that God made, as the Bible tells us, were designed "for signs, and for seasons, and for days and for years."

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading The "two great lights" that God made, as the Bible tells us, were designed "for signs, and for seasons, and for days and for years."

herselfpronounUS /hərˈself/

used when the woman or girl doing the action is also its object

From this reading Nature herself furnishes measurements for certain divisions of time.

hournounUS /ˈaʊər/

a period of time equal to 1/24th of a day

From this reading But no object of nature distinguishes the hours of the day or the divisions of the hour.

hoursnounUS /ˈaʊərz/

a period of time assigned for work

From this reading But no object of nature distinguishes the hours of the day or the divisions of the hour.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading The revolution of the earth around the sun marks the year; the revolution of the moon around the earth determines the month; the rotation of the earth on its axis causes and measures day and night.

lessadverbUS /les/

used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs

From this reading CLOCKS The matters of every-day life, much less the affairs of a complex civilization, could scarcely be carried on without some accurate and uniform system of measuring time.

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading CLOCKS The matters of every-day life, much less the affairs of a complex civilization, could scarcely be carried on without some accurate and uniform system of measuring time.

lightsnounUS /laɪts/

plural of “light” — (physics) electromagnetic radiation that can produce a visual sensation

From this reading The "two great lights" that God made, as the Bible tells us, were designed "for signs, and for seasons, and for days and for years."

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading The "two great lights" that God made, as the Bible tells us, were designed "for signs, and for seasons, and for days and for years."

marksnounUS /mɑːrks/

English businessman who created a retail chain (1888-1964)

From this reading The revolution of the earth around the sun marks the year; the revolution of the moon around the earth determines the month; the rotation of the earth on its axis causes and measures day and night.

mattersnounUS /ˈmætərz/

plural of “matter” — a vaguely specified concern

From this reading CLOCKS The matters of every-day life, much less the affairs of a complex civilization, could scarcely be carried on without some accurate and uniform system of measuring time.

measurementsnounUS /ˈmeʒərmənts/

plural of “measurement” — the act or process of assigning numbers to phenomena according to a rule

From this reading Nature herself furnishes measurements for certain divisions of time.

measuresnounUS /ˈmeʒərz/

plural of “measure” — any maneuver made as part of progress toward a goal

From this reading The revolution of the earth around the sun marks the year; the revolution of the moon around the earth determines the month; the rotation of the earth on its axis causes and measures day and night.

measuringnounUS /ˈmeʒərɪŋ/

the act or process of assigning numbers to phenomena according to a rule

From this reading CLOCKS The matters of every-day life, much less the affairs of a complex civilization, could scarcely be carried on without some accurate and uniform system of measuring time.

monthnounUS /mʌnθ/

one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year

From this reading The revolution of the earth around the sun marks the year; the revolution of the moon around the earth determines the month; the rotation of the earth on its axis causes and measures day and night.

moonnounUS /muːn/

the natural satellite of the Earth

From this reading The revolution of the earth around the sun marks the year; the revolution of the moon around the earth determines the month; the rotation of the earth on its axis causes and measures day and night.

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading CLOCKS The matters of every-day life, much less the affairs of a complex civilization, could scarcely be carried on without some accurate and uniform system of measuring time.

NaturenounUS /ˈneɪtʃər/

the essential qualities or characteristics by which something is recognized

From this reading Nature herself furnishes measurements for certain divisions of time.

nightnounUS /naɪt/

the time after sunset and before sunrise while it is dark outside

From this reading The revolution of the earth around the sun marks the year; the revolution of the moon around the earth determines the month; the rotation of the earth on its axis causes and measures day and night.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading But no object of nature distinguishes the hours of the day or the divisions of the hour.

objectnounUS /ˈɑːbdʒekt/

a tangible and visible entity; an entity that can cast a shadow

From this reading But no object of nature distinguishes the hours of the day or the divisions of the hour.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading CLOCKS The matters of every-day life, much less the affairs of a complex civilization, could scarcely be carried on without some accurate and uniform system of measuring time.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading CLOCKS The matters of every-day life, much less the affairs of a complex civilization, could scarcely be carried on without some accurate and uniform system of measuring time.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading But no object of nature distinguishes the hours of the day or the divisions of the hour.

revolutionnounUS /ˌrevəˈluːʃən/

a drastic and far-reaching change in ways of thinking and behaving

From this reading The revolution of the earth around the sun marks the year; the revolution of the moon around the earth determines the month; the rotation of the earth on its axis causes and measures day and night.

rotationnounUS /roʊˈteɪʃən/

the act of rotating as if on an axis

From this reading The revolution of the earth around the sun marks the year; the revolution of the moon around the earth determines the month; the rotation of the earth on its axis causes and measures day and night.

scarcelyadverbUS /ˈskersli/

only a very short time before

From this reading CLOCKS The matters of every-day life, much less the affairs of a complex civilization, could scarcely be carried on without some accurate and uniform system of measuring time.

seasonsnounUS /ˈsiːzənz/

plural of “season” — a period of the year marked by special events or activities in some field

From this reading The "two great lights" that God made, as the Bible tells us, were designed "for signs, and for seasons, and for days and for years."

signsnounUS /saɪnz/

plural of “sign” — a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened)

From this reading The "two great lights" that God made, as the Bible tells us, were designed "for signs, and for seasons, and for days and for years."

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading CLOCKS The matters of every-day life, much less the affairs of a complex civilization, could scarcely be carried on without some accurate and uniform system of measuring time.

sunnounUS /sʌn/

the star that is the source of light and heat for the planets in the solar system

From this reading The revolution of the earth around the sun marks the year; the revolution of the moon around the earth determines the month; the rotation of the earth on its axis causes and measures day and night.

systemnounUS /ˈsɪstəm/

instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity

From this reading CLOCKS The matters of every-day life, much less the affairs of a complex civilization, could scarcely be carried on without some accurate and uniform system of measuring time.

tellsnounUS /telz/

plural of “tell” — a Swiss patriot who lived in the early 14th century and who was renowned for his skill as an archer

From this reading The "two great lights" that God made, as the Bible tells us, were designed "for signs, and for seasons, and for days and for years."

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading The "two great lights" that God made, as the Bible tells us, were designed "for signs, and for seasons, and for days and for years."

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading CLOCKS The matters of every-day life, much less the affairs of a complex civilization, could scarcely be carried on without some accurate and uniform system of measuring time.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading CLOCKS The matters of every-day life, much less the affairs of a complex civilization, could scarcely be carried on without some accurate and uniform system of measuring time.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading The "two great lights" that God made, as the Bible tells us, were designed "for signs, and for seasons, and for days and for years."

uniformadjectiveUS /ˈjuːnəfɔːrm/

always the same; showing a single form or character in all occurrences

From this reading CLOCKS The matters of every-day life, much less the affairs of a complex civilization, could scarcely be carried on without some accurate and uniform system of measuring time.

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading The "two great lights" that God made, as the Bible tells us, were designed "for signs, and for seasons, and for days and for years."

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The "two great lights" that God made, as the Bible tells us, were designed "for signs, and for seasons, and for days and for years."

withoutprepositionUS /wɪˈθaʊt/

not having, not using, or not accompanied by

From this reading CLOCKS The matters of every-day life, much less the affairs of a complex civilization, could scarcely be carried on without some accurate and uniform system of measuring time.

yearnounUS /jɪr/

a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days

From this reading The revolution of the earth around the sun marks the year; the revolution of the moon around the earth determines the month; the rotation of the earth on its axis causes and measures day and night.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading The "two great lights" that God made, as the Bible tells us, were designed "for signs, and for seasons, and for days and for years."

Chapter 15 of Great Inventions and Discoveries by Willis Duff Piercy holds 54 sentences, grouped into 11 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 15 of Great Inventions and Discoveries contain?

Chapter 15 holds 54 sentences of Great Inventions and Discoveries, unabridged, divided into 11 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 15 of Great Inventions and Discoveries by Willis Duff Piercy exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 54 sentences, grouped into 11 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 15 of Great Inventions and Discoveries?

Work through the 11 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 11 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 15 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 15 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Great Inventions and Discoveries

Common questions about reading Great Inventions and Discoveries by Willis Duff Piercy on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Great Inventions and Discoveries?

Yes. All 2167 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #37574 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Great Inventions and Discoveries is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #37574, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Great Inventions and Discoveries take to read?

About 180 minutes of reading across 434 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Great Inventions and Discoveries section by section

How to work through Great Inventions and Discoveries section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 17 chapters of Great Inventions and Discoveries to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Great Inventions and Discoveries

Words and structures a reader meets early in Great Inventions and Discoveries, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

First
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Great Inventions and Discoveries; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Lived
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Great Inventions and Discoveries; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Branches
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Great Inventions and Discoveries; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Trees
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Great Inventions and Discoveries; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.