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Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic
Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic

Chapter III

Chapter 3 of Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic is here in full — 293 sentences across 59 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/58 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
[186] Amid the throngs here riding, one thro’ the dust might see Men whose birth was princely, in number twelve and three; The Christian and the heathen to him their fiefs were owing, And honor now, right heartily, to Sigeband and Hagen they were showing.
[187] Long those high times lasted; their mirth, how loud it rose!
With crowding and with shouting great the bustle grows.
The king now bade the champions to end the strife so heated; And leave to them was given that they beside the ladies should be seated.
[188] Before his friends and kinsmen then spake King Sigeband: “Unto my dear son Hagen give I now my land, With the dwellers and the strongholds, be they far or nearer.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic

Chapter III

Chapter 3 of Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic is here in full — 293 sentences across 59 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/58 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
[186] Amid the throngs here riding, one thro’ the dust might see Men whose birth was princely, in number twelve and three; The Christian and the heathen to him their fiefs were owing, And honor now, right heartily, to Sigeband and Hagen they were showing.
Line 2
[187] Long those high times lasted; their mirth, how loud it rose!
Line 3
With crowding and with shouting great the bustle grows.
/wɪð ˈkraʊdɪŋ ənd wɪð ˈʃaʊtɪŋ ɡreɪt ðə ˈbʌsəl ɡroʊz/
Line 4
The king now bade the champions to end the strife so heated; And leave to them was given that they beside the ladies should be seated.
/ðə kɪŋ naʊ beɪd ðə ˈtʃæmpiənz tuː end ðə straɪf soʊ ˈhiːtəd ənd liːv tuː ðem wɑːz ˈɡɪvən ðæt ðeɪ bɪˈsaɪd ðə ˈleɪdiz ʃʊd biː ˈsiːtɪd/
Line 5
[188] Before his friends and kinsmen then spake King Sigeband: “Unto my dear son Hagen give I now my land, With the dwellers and the strongholds, be they far or nearer.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

champions noun US /ˈtʃæmpiənz/

plural of “champion” — someone who has won first place in a competition

From this reading “The king now bade the champions to end the strife so heated; And leave to them was given that they beside the ladies should be seated.”

crowding noun US /ˈkraʊdɪŋ/

a situation in which people or things are crowded together

From this reading “With crowding and with shouting great the bustle grows.”

dwellers noun US /ˈdwelərz/

plural of “dweller” — a person who inhabits a particular place

From this reading “[188] Before his friends and kinsmen then spake King Sigeband: “Unto my dear son Hagen give I now my land, With the dwellers and the strongholds, be they far or nearer.”

fiefs noun US /fiːfs/

plural of “fief” — a piece of land held under the feudal system

From this reading “[186] Amid the throngs here riding, one thro’ the dust might see Men whose birth was princely, in number twelve and three; The Christian and the heathen to him their fiefs were owing, And honor now, right heartily, to Sigeband and Hagen they were showing.”

heated adjective US /ˈhiːtəd/

made warm or hot (“het” is a dialectal variant of “heated”)

From this reading “The king now bade the champions to end the strife so heated; And leave to them was given that they beside the ladies should be seated.”

princely adjective US /ˈprɪnsli/

ostentatiously rich and superior in quality

From this reading “[186] Amid the throngs here riding, one thro’ the dust might see Men whose birth was princely, in number twelve and three; The Christian and the heathen to him their fiefs were owing, And honor now, right heartily, to Sigeband and Hagen they were showing.”

strongholds noun US /ˈstrɔːŋhoʊldz/

plural of “stronghold” — a strongly fortified defensive structure

From this reading “[188] Before his friends and kinsmen then spake King Sigeband: “Unto my dear son Hagen give I now my land, With the dwellers and the strongholds, be they far or nearer.”

throngs noun US /θrɔːŋz/

plural of “throng” — a large gathering of people

From this reading “[186] Amid the throngs here riding, one thro’ the dust might see Men whose birth was princely, in number twelve and three; The Christian and the heathen to him their fiefs were owing, And honor now, right heartily, to Sigeband and Hagen they were showing.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

number twelve noun + noun

In this reading “[186] Amid the throngs here riding, one thro’ the dust might see Men whose birth was princely, in number twelve and three; The Christian and the heathen to him their fiefs were owing, And honor now, right heartily, to Sigeband and Hagen they were showing.”

dear son adjective + noun

In this reading “[188] Before his friends and kinsmen then spake King Sigeband: “Unto my dear son Hagen give I now my land, With the dwellers and the strongholds, be they far or nearer.”

All words in this reading · 89

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

186

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [186] Amid the throngs here riding, one thro’ the dust might see Men whose birth was princely, in number twelve and three; The Christian and the heathen to him their fiefs were owing, And honor now, right heartily, to Sigeband and Hagen they were showing.

187

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [187] Long those high times lasted; their mirth, how loud it rose!

188

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [188] Before his friends and kinsmen then spake King Sigeband: “Unto my dear son Hagen give I now my land, With the dwellers and the strongholds, be they far or nearer.

AmidprepositionUS /əˈmɪd/

in the middle of; surrounded by

From this reading [186] Amid the throngs here riding, one thro’ the dust might see Men whose birth was princely, in number twelve and three; The Christian and the heathen to him their fiefs were owing, And honor now, right heartily, to Sigeband and Hagen they were showing.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading [186] Amid the throngs here riding, one thro’ the dust might see Men whose birth was princely, in number twelve and three; The Christian and the heathen to him their fiefs were owing, And honor now, right heartily, to Sigeband and Hagen they were showing.

badenounUS /beɪd/

a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria

From this reading The king now bade the champions to end the strife so heated; And leave to them was given that they beside the ladies should be seated.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading The king now bade the champions to end the strife so heated; And leave to them was given that they beside the ladies should be seated.

BeforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading [188] Before his friends and kinsmen then spake King Sigeband: “Unto my dear son Hagen give I now my land, With the dwellers and the strongholds, be they far or nearer.

besideprepositionUS /bɪˈsaɪd/

next to; at the side of

From this reading The king now bade the champions to end the strife so heated; And leave to them was given that they beside the ladies should be seated.

birthnounUS /bɜːrθ/

the time when something begins (especially life)

From this reading [186] Amid the throngs here riding, one thro’ the dust might see Men whose birth was princely, in number twelve and three; The Christian and the heathen to him their fiefs were owing, And honor now, right heartily, to Sigeband and Hagen they were showing.

bustlenounUS /ˈbʌsəl/

a rapid active commotion

From this reading With crowding and with shouting great the bustle grows.

championsnounUS /ˈtʃæmpiənz/

plural of “champion” — someone who has won first place in a competition

From this reading The king now bade the champions to end the strife so heated; And leave to them was given that they beside the ladies should be seated.

ChristianadjectiveUS /ˈkrɪstʃən/

relating to or characteristic of Christianity

From this reading [186] Amid the throngs here riding, one thro’ the dust might see Men whose birth was princely, in number twelve and three; The Christian and the heathen to him their fiefs were owing, And honor now, right heartily, to Sigeband and Hagen they were showing.

crowdingnounUS /ˈkraʊdɪŋ/

a situation in which people or things are crowded together

From this reading With crowding and with shouting great the bustle grows.

dearadjectiveUS /dɪr/

dearly loved

From this reading [188] Before his friends and kinsmen then spake King Sigeband: “Unto my dear son Hagen give I now my land, With the dwellers and the strongholds, be they far or nearer.

dustverbUS /dʌst/

remove the dust from

From this reading [186] Amid the throngs here riding, one thro’ the dust might see Men whose birth was princely, in number twelve and three; The Christian and the heathen to him their fiefs were owing, And honor now, right heartily, to Sigeband and Hagen they were showing.

dwellersnounUS /ˈdwelərz/

plural of “dweller” — a person who inhabits a particular place

From this reading [188] Before his friends and kinsmen then spake King Sigeband: “Unto my dear son Hagen give I now my land, With the dwellers and the strongholds, be they far or nearer.

endnounUS /end/

either extremity of something that has length

From this reading The king now bade the champions to end the strife so heated; And leave to them was given that they beside the ladies should be seated.

faradverbUS /fɑːr/

to a considerable degree; very much

From this reading [188] Before his friends and kinsmen then spake King Sigeband: “Unto my dear son Hagen give I now my land, With the dwellers and the strongholds, be they far or nearer.

fiefsnounUS /fiːfs/

plural of “fief” — a piece of land held under the feudal system

From this reading [186] Amid the throngs here riding, one thro’ the dust might see Men whose birth was princely, in number twelve and three; The Christian and the heathen to him their fiefs were owing, And honor now, right heartily, to Sigeband and Hagen they were showing.

friendsnounUS /frendz/

plural of “friend” — a person you know well and regard with affection and trust

From this reading [188] Before his friends and kinsmen then spake King Sigeband: “Unto my dear son Hagen give I now my land, With the dwellers and the strongholds, be they far or nearer.

giveverbUS /ɡɪv/

cause to have, in the abstract sense or physical sense

From this reading [188] Before his friends and kinsmen then spake King Sigeband: “Unto my dear son Hagen give I now my land, With the dwellers and the strongholds, be they far or nearer.

givenadjectiveUS /ˈɡɪvən/

acknowledged as a supposition

From this reading The king now bade the champions to end the strife so heated; And leave to them was given that they beside the ladies should be seated.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading With crowding and with shouting great the bustle grows.

growsverbUS /ɡroʊz/

third-person singular of “grow” — pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become

From this reading With crowding and with shouting great the bustle grows.

Hagen

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [186] Amid the throngs here riding, one thro’ the dust might see Men whose birth was princely, in number twelve and three; The Christian and the heathen to him their fiefs were owing, And honor now, right heartily, to Sigeband and Hagen they were showing.

heartilyadverbUS /ˈhɑːrtəli/

with gusto and without reservation

From this reading [186] Amid the throngs here riding, one thro’ the dust might see Men whose birth was princely, in number twelve and three; The Christian and the heathen to him their fiefs were owing, And honor now, right heartily, to Sigeband and Hagen they were showing.

heatedadjectiveUS /ˈhiːtəd/

made warm or hot (“het” is a dialectal variant of “heated”)

From this reading The king now bade the champions to end the strife so heated; And leave to them was given that they beside the ladies should be seated.

heathennounUS /ˈhiːðən/

a person who does not acknowledge your god

From this reading [186] Amid the throngs here riding, one thro’ the dust might see Men whose birth was princely, in number twelve and three; The Christian and the heathen to him their fiefs were owing, And honor now, right heartily, to Sigeband and Hagen they were showing.

hereadverbUS /hiːr/

in or at this place; where the speaker or writer is

From this reading [186] Amid the throngs here riding, one thro’ the dust might see Men whose birth was princely, in number twelve and three; The Christian and the heathen to him their fiefs were owing, And honor now, right heartily, to Sigeband and Hagen they were showing.

highadjectiveUS /haɪ/

greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount

From this reading [187] Long those high times lasted; their mirth, how loud it rose!

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading [186] Amid the throngs here riding, one thro’ the dust might see Men whose birth was princely, in number twelve and three; The Christian and the heathen to him their fiefs were owing, And honor now, right heartily, to Sigeband and Hagen they were showing.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading [188] Before his friends and kinsmen then spake King Sigeband: “Unto my dear son Hagen give I now my land, With the dwellers and the strongholds, be they far or nearer.

honornounUS /ˈɑːnər/

a tangible symbol signifying approval or distinction

From this reading [186] Amid the throngs here riding, one thro’ the dust might see Men whose birth was princely, in number twelve and three; The Christian and the heathen to him their fiefs were owing, And honor now, right heartily, to Sigeband and Hagen they were showing.

how

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [187] Long those high times lasted; their mirth, how loud it rose!

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading [188] Before his friends and kinsmen then spake King Sigeband: “Unto my dear son Hagen give I now my land, With the dwellers and the strongholds, be they far or nearer.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading [186] Amid the throngs here riding, one thro’ the dust might see Men whose birth was princely, in number twelve and three; The Christian and the heathen to him their fiefs were owing, And honor now, right heartily, to Sigeband and Hagen they were showing.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading [187] Long those high times lasted; their mirth, how loud it rose!

kingnounUS /kɪŋ/

a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading The king now bade the champions to end the strife so heated; And leave to them was given that they beside the ladies should be seated.

kinsmen

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [188] Before his friends and kinsmen then spake King Sigeband: “Unto my dear son Hagen give I now my land, With the dwellers and the strongholds, be they far or nearer.

ladiesnounUS /ˈleɪdiz/

plural of “lady” — a polite name for any woman

From this reading The king now bade the champions to end the strife so heated; And leave to them was given that they beside the ladies should be seated.

landnounUS /lænd/

the land on which real estate is located

From this reading [188] Before his friends and kinsmen then spake King Sigeband: “Unto my dear son Hagen give I now my land, With the dwellers and the strongholds, be they far or nearer.

lastedverbUS /ˈlæstəd/

past form of “last” — persist for a specified period of time

From this reading [187] Long those high times lasted; their mirth, how loud it rose!

leaveverbUS /liːv/

go away from a place

From this reading The king now bade the champions to end the strife so heated; And leave to them was given that they beside the ladies should be seated.

LongadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading [187] Long those high times lasted; their mirth, how loud it rose!

loudadjectiveUS /laʊd/

characterized by or producing sound of great volume or intensity

From this reading [187] Long those high times lasted; their mirth, how loud it rose!

MennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading [186] Amid the throngs here riding, one thro’ the dust might see Men whose birth was princely, in number twelve and three; The Christian and the heathen to him their fiefs were owing, And honor now, right heartily, to Sigeband and Hagen they were showing.

mightmodal verbUS /maɪt/

used to say something is possible but not certain

From this reading [186] Amid the throngs here riding, one thro’ the dust might see Men whose birth was princely, in number twelve and three; The Christian and the heathen to him their fiefs were owing, And honor now, right heartily, to Sigeband and Hagen they were showing.

mirthnounUS /mɜːrθ/

great merriment

From this reading [187] Long those high times lasted; their mirth, how loud it rose!

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading [188] Before his friends and kinsmen then spake King Sigeband: “Unto my dear son Hagen give I now my land, With the dwellers and the strongholds, be they far or nearer.

neareradverbUS /ˈnɪrər/

(comparative of “near” or “close”) within a shorter distance

From this reading [188] Before his friends and kinsmen then spake King Sigeband: “Unto my dear son Hagen give I now my land, With the dwellers and the strongholds, be they far or nearer.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading [186] Amid the throngs here riding, one thro’ the dust might see Men whose birth was princely, in number twelve and three; The Christian and the heathen to him their fiefs were owing, And honor now, right heartily, to Sigeband and Hagen they were showing.

numbernounUS /ˈnʌmbər/

the property possessed by a sum or total or indefinite quantity of units or individuals

From this reading [186] Amid the throngs here riding, one thro’ the dust might see Men whose birth was princely, in number twelve and three; The Christian and the heathen to him their fiefs were owing, And honor now, right heartily, to Sigeband and Hagen they were showing.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading [186] Amid the throngs here riding, one thro’ the dust might see Men whose birth was princely, in number twelve and three; The Christian and the heathen to him their fiefs were owing, And honor now, right heartily, to Sigeband and Hagen they were showing.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading [188] Before his friends and kinsmen then spake King Sigeband: “Unto my dear son Hagen give I now my land, With the dwellers and the strongholds, be they far or nearer.

owingadjectiveUS /ˈoʊɪŋ/

owed as a debt

From this reading [186] Amid the throngs here riding, one thro’ the dust might see Men whose birth was princely, in number twelve and three; The Christian and the heathen to him their fiefs were owing, And honor now, right heartily, to Sigeband and Hagen they were showing.

princelyadjectiveUS /ˈprɪnsli/

ostentatiously rich and superior in quality

From this reading [186] Amid the throngs here riding, one thro’ the dust might see Men whose birth was princely, in number twelve and three; The Christian and the heathen to him their fiefs were owing, And honor now, right heartily, to Sigeband and Hagen they were showing.

ridingnounUS /ˈraɪdɪŋ/

the sport of sitting on the back of a horse while controlling its movements

From this reading [186] Amid the throngs here riding, one thro’ the dust might see Men whose birth was princely, in number twelve and three; The Christian and the heathen to him their fiefs were owing, And honor now, right heartily, to Sigeband and Hagen they were showing.

rightadverbUS /raɪt/

precisely, exactly

From this reading [186] Amid the throngs here riding, one thro’ the dust might see Men whose birth was princely, in number twelve and three; The Christian and the heathen to him their fiefs were owing, And honor now, right heartily, to Sigeband and Hagen they were showing.

rosenounUS /roʊz/

any of many shrubs of the genus Rosa that bear roses

From this reading [187] Long those high times lasted; their mirth, how loud it rose!

seatedadjectiveUS /ˈsiːtɪd/

(of persons) having the torso erect and legs bent with the body supported on the buttocks

From this reading The king now bade the champions to end the strife so heated; And leave to them was given that they beside the ladies should be seated.

seeverbUS /siː/

perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading [186] Amid the throngs here riding, one thro’ the dust might see Men whose birth was princely, in number twelve and three; The Christian and the heathen to him their fiefs were owing, And honor now, right heartily, to Sigeband and Hagen they were showing.

shouldmodal verbUS /ʃʊd/

used to say what is right, expected, or advisable

From this reading The king now bade the champions to end the strife so heated; And leave to them was given that they beside the ladies should be seated.

shoutingnounUS /ˈʃaʊtɪŋ/

encouragement in the form of cheers from spectators

From this reading With crowding and with shouting great the bustle grows.

showingnounUS /ˈʃoʊɪŋ/

the display of a motion picture

From this reading [186] Amid the throngs here riding, one thro’ the dust might see Men whose birth was princely, in number twelve and three; The Christian and the heathen to him their fiefs were owing, And honor now, right heartily, to Sigeband and Hagen they were showing.

Sigeband

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [186] Amid the throngs here riding, one thro’ the dust might see Men whose birth was princely, in number twelve and three; The Christian and the heathen to him their fiefs were owing, And honor now, right heartily, to Sigeband and Hagen they were showing.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading The king now bade the champions to end the strife so heated; And leave to them was given that they beside the ladies should be seated.

sonnounUS /sʌn/

a male human offspring

From this reading [188] Before his friends and kinsmen then spake King Sigeband: “Unto my dear son Hagen give I now my land, With the dwellers and the strongholds, be they far or nearer.

spake

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [188] Before his friends and kinsmen then spake King Sigeband: “Unto my dear son Hagen give I now my land, With the dwellers and the strongholds, be they far or nearer.

strifenounUS /straɪf/

lack of agreement or harmony

From this reading The king now bade the champions to end the strife so heated; And leave to them was given that they beside the ladies should be seated.

strongholdsnounUS /ˈstrɔːŋhoʊldz/

plural of “stronghold” — a strongly fortified defensive structure

From this reading [188] Before his friends and kinsmen then spake King Sigeband: “Unto my dear son Hagen give I now my land, With the dwellers and the strongholds, be they far or nearer.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading The king now bade the champions to end the strife so heated; And leave to them was given that they beside the ladies should be seated.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading [186] Amid the throngs here riding, one thro’ the dust might see Men whose birth was princely, in number twelve and three; The Christian and the heathen to him their fiefs were owing, And honor now, right heartily, to Sigeband and Hagen they were showing.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading [186] Amid the throngs here riding, one thro’ the dust might see Men whose birth was princely, in number twelve and three; The Christian and the heathen to him their fiefs were owing, And honor now, right heartily, to Sigeband and Hagen they were showing.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading The king now bade the champions to end the strife so heated; And leave to them was given that they beside the ladies should be seated.

thenadverbUS /ðen/

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading [188] Before his friends and kinsmen then spake King Sigeband: “Unto my dear son Hagen give I now my land, With the dwellers and the strongholds, be they far or nearer.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading [186] Amid the throngs here riding, one thro’ the dust might see Men whose birth was princely, in number twelve and three; The Christian and the heathen to him their fiefs were owing, And honor now, right heartily, to Sigeband and Hagen they were showing.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading [187] Long those high times lasted; their mirth, how loud it rose!

threenounUS /θriː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one

From this reading [186] Amid the throngs here riding, one thro’ the dust might see Men whose birth was princely, in number twelve and three; The Christian and the heathen to him their fiefs were owing, And honor now, right heartily, to Sigeband and Hagen they were showing.

thro

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [186] Amid the throngs here riding, one thro’ the dust might see Men whose birth was princely, in number twelve and three; The Christian and the heathen to him their fiefs were owing, And honor now, right heartily, to Sigeband and Hagen they were showing.

throngsnounUS /θrɔːŋz/

plural of “throng” — a large gathering of people

From this reading [186] Amid the throngs here riding, one thro’ the dust might see Men whose birth was princely, in number twelve and three; The Christian and the heathen to him their fiefs were owing, And honor now, right heartily, to Sigeband and Hagen they were showing.

timesnounUS /taɪmz/

a more or less definite period of time now or previously present

From this reading [187] Long those high times lasted; their mirth, how loud it rose!

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading [186] Amid the throngs here riding, one thro’ the dust might see Men whose birth was princely, in number twelve and three; The Christian and the heathen to him their fiefs were owing, And honor now, right heartily, to Sigeband and Hagen they were showing.

twelvenounUS /twelv/

the cardinal number that is the sum of eleven and one

From this reading [186] Amid the throngs here riding, one thro’ the dust might see Men whose birth was princely, in number twelve and three; The Christian and the heathen to him their fiefs were owing, And honor now, right heartily, to Sigeband and Hagen they were showing.

UntoprepositionUS /ˈʌntuː/

an old word for “to”

From this reading [188] Before his friends and kinsmen then spake King Sigeband: “Unto my dear son Hagen give I now my land, With the dwellers and the strongholds, be they far or nearer.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading [186] Amid the throngs here riding, one thro’ the dust might see Men whose birth was princely, in number twelve and three; The Christian and the heathen to him their fiefs were owing, And honor now, right heartily, to Sigeband and Hagen they were showing.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading [186] Amid the throngs here riding, one thro’ the dust might see Men whose birth was princely, in number twelve and three; The Christian and the heathen to him their fiefs were owing, And honor now, right heartily, to Sigeband and Hagen they were showing.

whosedeterminerUS /huːz/

belonging to which person

From this reading [186] Amid the throngs here riding, one thro’ the dust might see Men whose birth was princely, in number twelve and three; The Christian and the heathen to him their fiefs were owing, And honor now, right heartily, to Sigeband and Hagen they were showing.

WithprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading With crowding and with shouting great the bustle grows.

Chapter 3 of Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic by Mary Pickering [Translator] Nichols holds 293 sentences, grouped into 59 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 3 of Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic contain?

Chapter 3 holds 293 sentences of Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic, unabridged, divided into 59 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 3 of Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic by Mary Pickering [Translator] Nichols exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 293 sentences, grouped into 59 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 3 of Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic?

Work through the 59 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 59 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 3 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 3 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic

Common questions about reading Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic by Mary Pickering [Translator] Nichols on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic?

Yes. All 3513 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #46109 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #46109, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic take to read?

About 292 minutes of reading across 703 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic section by section

How to work through Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

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Vocabulary met early in Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic

Words and structures a reader meets early in Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Boston
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Houghton
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Mifflin
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Company
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.