Complete classic literature • Five-line readings • Clear US narration
VELMORA ACADEMY
Academy of Archival Languages & Memory Studies
Menu Close
Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic
Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic

Chapter VII

Chapter 7 of Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic is here in full — 289 sentences across 58 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic
Context Illustration Reading 1/57 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
[816] Said one: “Your lady sent us; to you for help she turns: Wasted are your castles; your lands the foeman burns.
Gu-drun from thence is carried; her maidens, too, are taken: Never can your kingdom from all these woes and ills again awaken.
[817] “This must I say, moreover, we are in straitest need; Now of your men and kindred a thousand there lie dead; And into far-off kingdoms have foes your riches carried; Your hoard of wealth is scattered: it shames good knights that thus your lands are harried.”
[818] The king then bade them tell him who these deeds had done.
One among them answered, and their names to him made known: “Ludwig was one, the Norman; with many knights he fought us; Hartmut, his son, was the other: ’twas they the inroad made, and havoc wrought us.”
0:00 / 0:00
Speed 0.75x
AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic

Chapter VII

Chapter 7 of Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic is here in full — 289 sentences across 58 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/57 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
[816] Said one: “Your lady sent us; to you for help she turns: Wasted are your castles; your lands the foeman burns.
Line 2
Gu-drun from thence is carried; her maidens, too, are taken: Never can your kingdom from all these woes and ills again awaken.
Line 3
[817] “This must I say, moreover, we are in straitest need; Now of your men and kindred a thousand there lie dead; And into far-off kingdoms have foes your riches carried; Your hoard of wealth is scattered: it shames good knights that thus your lands are harried.”
Line 4
[818] The king then bade them tell him who these deeds had done.
Line 5
One among them answered, and their names to him made known: “Ludwig was one, the Norman; with many knights he fought us; Hartmut, his son, was the other: ’twas they the inroad made, and havoc wrought us.”

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

harried adjective US /ˈherid/

troubled persistently especially with petty annoyances

From this reading “[817] “This must I say, moreover, we are in straitest need; Now of your men and kindred a thousand there lie dead; And into far-off kingdoms have foes your riches carried; Your hoard of wealth is scattered: it shames good knights that thus your lands are harried.””

havoc noun US /ˈhævək/

violent and needless disturbance

From this reading “One among them answered, and their names to him made known: “Ludwig was one, the Norman; with many knights he fought us; Hartmut, his son, was the other: ’twas they the inroad made, and havoc wrought us.””

hoard verb US /hɔːrd/

save up as for future use

From this reading “[817] “This must I say, moreover, we are in straitest need; Now of your men and kindred a thousand there lie dead; And into far-off kingdoms have foes your riches carried; Your hoard of wealth is scattered: it shames good knights that thus your lands are harried.””

ills noun US /ɪlz/

plural of “ill” — an often persistent bodily disorder or disease; a cause for complaining

From this reading “Gu-drun from thence is carried; her maidens, too, are taken: Never can your kingdom from all these woes and ills again awaken.”

inroad noun US /ˈɪnroʊd/

an encroachment or intrusion

From this reading “One among them answered, and their names to him made known: “Ludwig was one, the Norman; with many knights he fought us; Hartmut, his son, was the other: ’twas they the inroad made, and havoc wrought us.””

kingdoms noun US /ˈkɪŋdəmz/

plural of “kingdom” — a domain in which something is dominant

From this reading “[817] “This must I say, moreover, we are in straitest need; Now of your men and kindred a thousand there lie dead; And into far-off kingdoms have foes your riches carried; Your hoard of wealth is scattered: it shames good knights that thus your lands are harried.””

shames noun US /ʃeɪmz/

plural of “shame” — a painful emotion resulting from an awareness of inadequacy or guilt

From this reading “[817] “This must I say, moreover, we are in straitest need; Now of your men and kindred a thousand there lie dead; And into far-off kingdoms have foes your riches carried; Your hoard of wealth is scattered: it shames good knights that thus your lands are harried.””

woes noun US /woʊz/

plural of “woe” — misery resulting from affliction

From this reading “Gu-drun from thence is carried; her maidens, too, are taken: Never can your kingdom from all these woes and ills again awaken.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

from thence preposition + adverb

In this reading “Gu-drun from thence is carried; her maidens, too, are taken: Never can your kingdom from all these woes and ills again awaken.”

good knights adjective + noun counted as “good knight”

In this reading “[817] “This must I say, moreover, we are in straitest need; Now of your men and kindred a thousand there lie dead; And into far-off kingdoms have foes your riches carried; Your hoard of wealth is scattered: it shames good knights that thus your lands are harried.””

lie dead verb + adjective

In this reading “[817] “This must I say, moreover, we are in straitest need; Now of your men and kindred a thousand there lie dead; And into far-off kingdoms have foes your riches carried; Your hoard of wealth is scattered: it shames good knights that thus your lands are harried.””

All words in this reading · 107

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

816

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [816] Said one: “Your lady sent us; to you for help she turns: Wasted are your castles; your lands the foeman burns.

817

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [817] “This must I say, moreover, we are in straitest need; Now of your men and kindred a thousand there lie dead; And into far-off kingdoms have foes your riches carried; Your hoard of wealth is scattered: it shames good knights that thus your lands are harried.”

818

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [818] The king then bade them tell him who these deeds had done.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading [817] “This must I say, moreover, we are in straitest need; Now of your men and kindred a thousand there lie dead; And into far-off kingdoms have foes your riches carried; Your hoard of wealth is scattered: it shames good knights that thus your lands are harried.”

againadverbUS /əˈɡen/

anew

From this reading Gu-drun from thence is carried; her maidens, too, are taken: Never can your kingdom from all these woes and ills again awaken.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading Gu-drun from thence is carried; her maidens, too, are taken: Never can your kingdom from all these woes and ills again awaken.

amongprepositionUS /əˈmʌŋ/

surrounded by; in the middle of a group

From this reading One among them answered, and their names to him made known: “Ludwig was one, the Norman; with many knights he fought us; Hartmut, his son, was the other: ’twas they the inroad made, and havoc wrought us.”

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Gu-drun from thence is carried; her maidens, too, are taken: Never can your kingdom from all these woes and ills again awaken.

answeredverbUS /ˈænsərd/

past form of “answer” — react verbally

From this reading One among them answered, and their names to him made known: “Ludwig was one, the Norman; with many knights he fought us; Hartmut, his son, was the other: ’twas they the inroad made, and havoc wrought us.”

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading [816] Said one: “Your lady sent us; to you for help she turns: Wasted are your castles; your lands the foeman burns.

awakenverbUS /əˈweɪkən/

cause to become awake or conscious

From this reading Gu-drun from thence is carried; her maidens, too, are taken: Never can your kingdom from all these woes and ills again awaken.

badenounUS /beɪd/

a Chadic language spoken in northern Nigeria

From this reading [818] The king then bade them tell him who these deeds had done.

burnsnounUS /bɜːrnz/

United States comedian and film actor (1896-1996)

From this reading [816] Said one: “Your lady sent us; to you for help she turns: Wasted are your castles; your lands the foeman burns.

canmodal verbUS /kæn/

to be able to, or to be allowed to

From this reading Gu-drun from thence is carried; her maidens, too, are taken: Never can your kingdom from all these woes and ills again awaken.

carriedverbUS /ˈkærid/

inflected form of “carry” — move while supporting, either in a vehicle or in one's hands or on one's body

From this reading Gu-drun from thence is carried; her maidens, too, are taken: Never can your kingdom from all these woes and ills again awaken.

castlesnounUS /ˈkæsəlz/

plural of “castle” — a large and stately mansion

From this reading [816] Said one: “Your lady sent us; to you for help she turns: Wasted are your castles; your lands the foeman burns.

deadadjectiveUS /ded/

no longer having or seeming to have or expecting to have life

From this reading [817] “This must I say, moreover, we are in straitest need; Now of your men and kindred a thousand there lie dead; And into far-off kingdoms have foes your riches carried; Your hoard of wealth is scattered: it shames good knights that thus your lands are harried.”

deedsnounUS /diːdz/

performance of moral or religious acts

From this reading [818] The king then bade them tell him who these deeds had done.

doneadjectiveUS /dʌn/

having finished or arrived at completion

From this reading [818] The king then bade them tell him who these deeds had done.

far-offadjective

very far away in space or time

From this reading [817] “This must I say, moreover, we are in straitest need; Now of your men and kindred a thousand there lie dead; And into far-off kingdoms have foes your riches carried; Your hoard of wealth is scattered: it shames good knights that thus your lands are harried.”

foemannoun

an armed adversary (especially a member of an opposing military force)

From this reading [816] Said one: “Your lady sent us; to you for help she turns: Wasted are your castles; your lands the foeman burns.

foesnounUS /foʊz/

plural of “foe” — an armed adversary (especially a member of an opposing military force)

From this reading [817] “This must I say, moreover, we are in straitest need; Now of your men and kindred a thousand there lie dead; And into far-off kingdoms have foes your riches carried; Your hoard of wealth is scattered: it shames good knights that thus your lands are harried.”

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading [816] Said one: “Your lady sent us; to you for help she turns: Wasted are your castles; your lands the foeman burns.

foughtverbUS /fɔːt/

inflected form of “fight” — be engaged in a fight; carry on a fight

From this reading One among them answered, and their names to him made known: “Ludwig was one, the Norman; with many knights he fought us; Hartmut, his son, was the other: ’twas they the inroad made, and havoc wrought us.”

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Gu-drun from thence is carried; her maidens, too, are taken: Never can your kingdom from all these woes and ills again awaken.

goodadjectiveUS /ɡʊd/

having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified

From this reading [817] “This must I say, moreover, we are in straitest need; Now of your men and kindred a thousand there lie dead; And into far-off kingdoms have foes your riches carried; Your hoard of wealth is scattered: it shames good knights that thus your lands are harried.”

Gu-drun

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Gu-drun from thence is carried; her maidens, too, are taken: Never can your kingdom from all these woes and ills again awaken.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading [818] The king then bade them tell him who these deeds had done.

harriedadjectiveUS /ˈherid/

troubled persistently especially with petty annoyances

From this reading [817] “This must I say, moreover, we are in straitest need; Now of your men and kindred a thousand there lie dead; And into far-off kingdoms have foes your riches carried; Your hoard of wealth is scattered: it shames good knights that thus your lands are harried.”

Hartmut

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading One among them answered, and their names to him made known: “Ludwig was one, the Norman; with many knights he fought us; Hartmut, his son, was the other: ’twas they the inroad made, and havoc wrought us.”

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading [817] “This must I say, moreover, we are in straitest need; Now of your men and kindred a thousand there lie dead; And into far-off kingdoms have foes your riches carried; Your hoard of wealth is scattered: it shames good knights that thus your lands are harried.”

havocnounUS /ˈhævək/

violent and needless disturbance

From this reading One among them answered, and their names to him made known: “Ludwig was one, the Norman; with many knights he fought us; Hartmut, his son, was the other: ’twas they the inroad made, and havoc wrought us.”

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading One among them answered, and their names to him made known: “Ludwig was one, the Norman; with many knights he fought us; Hartmut, his son, was the other: ’twas they the inroad made, and havoc wrought us.”

helpverbUS /help/

give help or assistance; be of service

From this reading [816] Said one: “Your lady sent us; to you for help she turns: Wasted are your castles; your lands the foeman burns.

herdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading Gu-drun from thence is carried; her maidens, too, are taken: Never can your kingdom from all these woes and ills again awaken.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading [818] The king then bade them tell him who these deeds had done.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading One among them answered, and their names to him made known: “Ludwig was one, the Norman; with many knights he fought us; Hartmut, his son, was the other: ’twas they the inroad made, and havoc wrought us.”

hoardverbUS /hɔːrd/

save up as for future use

From this reading [817] “This must I say, moreover, we are in straitest need; Now of your men and kindred a thousand there lie dead; And into far-off kingdoms have foes your riches carried; Your hoard of wealth is scattered: it shames good knights that thus your lands are harried.”

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading [817] “This must I say, moreover, we are in straitest need; Now of your men and kindred a thousand there lie dead; And into far-off kingdoms have foes your riches carried; Your hoard of wealth is scattered: it shames good knights that thus your lands are harried.”

illsnounUS /ɪlz/

plural of “ill” — an often persistent bodily disorder or disease; a cause for complaining

From this reading Gu-drun from thence is carried; her maidens, too, are taken: Never can your kingdom from all these woes and ills again awaken.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading [817] “This must I say, moreover, we are in straitest need; Now of your men and kindred a thousand there lie dead; And into far-off kingdoms have foes your riches carried; Your hoard of wealth is scattered: it shames good knights that thus your lands are harried.”

inroadnounUS /ˈɪnroʊd/

an encroachment or intrusion

From this reading One among them answered, and their names to him made known: “Ludwig was one, the Norman; with many knights he fought us; Hartmut, his son, was the other: ’twas they the inroad made, and havoc wrought us.”

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading [817] “This must I say, moreover, we are in straitest need; Now of your men and kindred a thousand there lie dead; And into far-off kingdoms have foes your riches carried; Your hoard of wealth is scattered: it shames good knights that thus your lands are harried.”

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Gu-drun from thence is carried; her maidens, too, are taken: Never can your kingdom from all these woes and ills again awaken.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading [817] “This must I say, moreover, we are in straitest need; Now of your men and kindred a thousand there lie dead; And into far-off kingdoms have foes your riches carried; Your hoard of wealth is scattered: it shames good knights that thus your lands are harried.”

kindredadjectiveUS /ˈkɪndrɪd/

similar in quality or character

From this reading [817] “This must I say, moreover, we are in straitest need; Now of your men and kindred a thousand there lie dead; And into far-off kingdoms have foes your riches carried; Your hoard of wealth is scattered: it shames good knights that thus your lands are harried.”

kingnounUS /kɪŋ/

a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading [818] The king then bade them tell him who these deeds had done.

kingdomnounUS /ˈkɪŋdəm/

a domain in which something is dominant

From this reading Gu-drun from thence is carried; her maidens, too, are taken: Never can your kingdom from all these woes and ills again awaken.

kingdomsnounUS /ˈkɪŋdəmz/

plural of “kingdom” — a domain in which something is dominant

From this reading [817] “This must I say, moreover, we are in straitest need; Now of your men and kindred a thousand there lie dead; And into far-off kingdoms have foes your riches carried; Your hoard of wealth is scattered: it shames good knights that thus your lands are harried.”

knightsnounUS /naɪts/

plural of “knight” — originally a person of noble birth trained to arms and chivalry; today in Great Britain a person honored by the sovereign for personal merit

From this reading [817] “This must I say, moreover, we are in straitest need; Now of your men and kindred a thousand there lie dead; And into far-off kingdoms have foes your riches carried; Your hoard of wealth is scattered: it shames good knights that thus your lands are harried.”

knownadjectiveUS /noʊn/

apprehended with certainty

From this reading One among them answered, and their names to him made known: “Ludwig was one, the Norman; with many knights he fought us; Hartmut, his son, was the other: ’twas they the inroad made, and havoc wrought us.”

ladynounUS /ˈleɪdi/

a polite name for any woman

From this reading [816] Said one: “Your lady sent us; to you for help she turns: Wasted are your castles; your lands the foeman burns.

landsnounUS /lændz/

plural of “land” — the land on which real estate is located

From this reading [816] Said one: “Your lady sent us; to you for help she turns: Wasted are your castles; your lands the foeman burns.

lieverbUS /laɪ/

be located or situated somewhere; occupy a certain position

From this reading [817] “This must I say, moreover, we are in straitest need; Now of your men and kindred a thousand there lie dead; And into far-off kingdoms have foes your riches carried; Your hoard of wealth is scattered: it shames good knights that thus your lands are harried.”

Ludwig

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading One among them answered, and their names to him made known: “Ludwig was one, the Norman; with many knights he fought us; Hartmut, his son, was the other: ’twas they the inroad made, and havoc wrought us.”

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading One among them answered, and their names to him made known: “Ludwig was one, the Norman; with many knights he fought us; Hartmut, his son, was the other: ’twas they the inroad made, and havoc wrought us.”

maidensnounUS /ˈmeɪdənz/

plural of “maiden” — an unmarried girl (especially a virgin)

From this reading Gu-drun from thence is carried; her maidens, too, are taken: Never can your kingdom from all these woes and ills again awaken.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading One among them answered, and their names to him made known: “Ludwig was one, the Norman; with many knights he fought us; Hartmut, his son, was the other: ’twas they the inroad made, and havoc wrought us.”

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading [817] “This must I say, moreover, we are in straitest need; Now of your men and kindred a thousand there lie dead; And into far-off kingdoms have foes your riches carried; Your hoard of wealth is scattered: it shames good knights that thus your lands are harried.”

moreoveradverbUS /mɔːˈroʊvər/

in addition to what has just been said

From this reading [817] “This must I say, moreover, we are in straitest need; Now of your men and kindred a thousand there lie dead; And into far-off kingdoms have foes your riches carried; Your hoard of wealth is scattered: it shames good knights that thus your lands are harried.”

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading [817] “This must I say, moreover, we are in straitest need; Now of your men and kindred a thousand there lie dead; And into far-off kingdoms have foes your riches carried; Your hoard of wealth is scattered: it shames good knights that thus your lands are harried.”

namesnounUS /neɪmz/

verbal abuse; a crude substitute for argument

From this reading One among them answered, and their names to him made known: “Ludwig was one, the Norman; with many knights he fought us; Hartmut, his son, was the other: ’twas they the inroad made, and havoc wrought us.”

neednounUS /niːd/

a condition requiring relief

From this reading [817] “This must I say, moreover, we are in straitest need; Now of your men and kindred a thousand there lie dead; And into far-off kingdoms have foes your riches carried; Your hoard of wealth is scattered: it shames good knights that thus your lands are harried.”

NeveradverbUS /ˈnevər/

not ever; at no time in the past or future

From this reading Gu-drun from thence is carried; her maidens, too, are taken: Never can your kingdom from all these woes and ills again awaken.

NormannounUS /ˈnɔːrmən/

United States operatic soprano (born in 1945)

From this reading One among them answered, and their names to him made known: “Ludwig was one, the Norman; with many knights he fought us; Hartmut, his son, was the other: ’twas they the inroad made, and havoc wrought us.”

NowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading [817] “This must I say, moreover, we are in straitest need; Now of your men and kindred a thousand there lie dead; And into far-off kingdoms have foes your riches carried; Your hoard of wealth is scattered: it shames good knights that thus your lands are harried.”

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading [817] “This must I say, moreover, we are in straitest need; Now of your men and kindred a thousand there lie dead; And into far-off kingdoms have foes your riches carried; Your hoard of wealth is scattered: it shames good knights that thus your lands are harried.”

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading [816] Said one: “Your lady sent us; to you for help she turns: Wasted are your castles; your lands the foeman burns.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading One among them answered, and their names to him made known: “Ludwig was one, the Norman; with many knights he fought us; Hartmut, his son, was the other: ’twas they the inroad made, and havoc wrought us.”

richesnounUS /ˈrɪtʃəz/

an abundance of material possessions and resources

From this reading [817] “This must I say, moreover, we are in straitest need; Now of your men and kindred a thousand there lie dead; And into far-off kingdoms have foes your riches carried; Your hoard of wealth is scattered: it shames good knights that thus your lands are harried.”

SaidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading [816] Said one: “Your lady sent us; to you for help she turns: Wasted are your castles; your lands the foeman burns.

sayverbUS /seɪ/

express in words

From this reading [817] “This must I say, moreover, we are in straitest need; Now of your men and kindred a thousand there lie dead; And into far-off kingdoms have foes your riches carried; Your hoard of wealth is scattered: it shames good knights that thus your lands are harried.”

scatteredadjectiveUS /ˈskætərd/

occurring or distributed over widely spaced and irregular intervals in time or space

From this reading [817] “This must I say, moreover, we are in straitest need; Now of your men and kindred a thousand there lie dead; And into far-off kingdoms have foes your riches carried; Your hoard of wealth is scattered: it shames good knights that thus your lands are harried.”

sentnounUS /sent/

100 senti equal 1 kroon in Estonia

From this reading [816] Said one: “Your lady sent us; to you for help she turns: Wasted are your castles; your lands the foeman burns.

shamesnounUS /ʃeɪmz/

plural of “shame” — a painful emotion resulting from an awareness of inadequacy or guilt

From this reading [817] “This must I say, moreover, we are in straitest need; Now of your men and kindred a thousand there lie dead; And into far-off kingdoms have foes your riches carried; Your hoard of wealth is scattered: it shames good knights that thus your lands are harried.”

shepronounUS /ʃiː/

a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading [816] Said one: “Your lady sent us; to you for help she turns: Wasted are your castles; your lands the foeman burns.

sonnounUS /sʌn/

a male human offspring

From this reading One among them answered, and their names to him made known: “Ludwig was one, the Norman; with many knights he fought us; Hartmut, his son, was the other: ’twas they the inroad made, and havoc wrought us.”

straitest

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [817] “This must I say, moreover, we are in straitest need; Now of your men and kindred a thousand there lie dead; And into far-off kingdoms have foes your riches carried; Your hoard of wealth is scattered: it shames good knights that thus your lands are harried.”

takenadjectiveUS /ˈteɪkən/

understood in a certain way; made sense of

From this reading Gu-drun from thence is carried; her maidens, too, are taken: Never can your kingdom from all these woes and ills again awaken.

tellverbUS /tel/

express in words

From this reading [818] The king then bade them tell him who these deeds had done.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading [817] “This must I say, moreover, we are in straitest need; Now of your men and kindred a thousand there lie dead; And into far-off kingdoms have foes your riches carried; Your hoard of wealth is scattered: it shames good knights that thus your lands are harried.”

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading [816] Said one: “Your lady sent us; to you for help she turns: Wasted are your castles; your lands the foeman burns.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading One among them answered, and their names to him made known: “Ludwig was one, the Norman; with many knights he fought us; Hartmut, his son, was the other: ’twas they the inroad made, and havoc wrought us.”

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading [818] The king then bade them tell him who these deeds had done.

thenadverbUS /ðen/

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading [818] The king then bade them tell him who these deeds had done.

thenceadverbUS /ðens/

from that place or that time

From this reading Gu-drun from thence is carried; her maidens, too, are taken: Never can your kingdom from all these woes and ills again awaken.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading [817] “This must I say, moreover, we are in straitest need; Now of your men and kindred a thousand there lie dead; And into far-off kingdoms have foes your riches carried; Your hoard of wealth is scattered: it shames good knights that thus your lands are harried.”

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading Gu-drun from thence is carried; her maidens, too, are taken: Never can your kingdom from all these woes and ills again awaken.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading One among them answered, and their names to him made known: “Ludwig was one, the Norman; with many knights he fought us; Hartmut, his son, was the other: ’twas they the inroad made, and havoc wrought us.”

ThisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading [817] “This must I say, moreover, we are in straitest need; Now of your men and kindred a thousand there lie dead; And into far-off kingdoms have foes your riches carried; Your hoard of wealth is scattered: it shames good knights that thus your lands are harried.”

thousandnounUS /ˈθaʊzənd/

the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100

From this reading [817] “This must I say, moreover, we are in straitest need; Now of your men and kindred a thousand there lie dead; And into far-off kingdoms have foes your riches carried; Your hoard of wealth is scattered: it shames good knights that thus your lands are harried.”

thusadverbUS /ðʌs/

(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result

From this reading [817] “This must I say, moreover, we are in straitest need; Now of your men and kindred a thousand there lie dead; And into far-off kingdoms have foes your riches carried; Your hoard of wealth is scattered: it shames good knights that thus your lands are harried.”

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading [816] Said one: “Your lady sent us; to you for help she turns: Wasted are your castles; your lands the foeman burns.

tooadverbUS /tuː/

to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits

From this reading Gu-drun from thence is carried; her maidens, too, are taken: Never can your kingdom from all these woes and ills again awaken.

turnsnounUS /tɜːrnz/

plural of “turn” — a circular segment of a curve

From this reading [816] Said one: “Your lady sent us; to you for help she turns: Wasted are your castles; your lands the foeman burns.

twas

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading One among them answered, and their names to him made known: “Ludwig was one, the Norman; with many knights he fought us; Hartmut, his son, was the other: ’twas they the inroad made, and havoc wrought us.”

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading [816] Said one: “Your lady sent us; to you for help she turns: Wasted are your castles; your lands the foeman burns.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading One among them answered, and their names to him made known: “Ludwig was one, the Norman; with many knights he fought us; Hartmut, his son, was the other: ’twas they the inroad made, and havoc wrought us.”

WastedadjectiveUS /ˈweɪstɪd/

serving no useful purpose; having no excuse for being

From this reading [816] Said one: “Your lady sent us; to you for help she turns: Wasted are your castles; your lands the foeman burns.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading [817] “This must I say, moreover, we are in straitest need; Now of your men and kindred a thousand there lie dead; And into far-off kingdoms have foes your riches carried; Your hoard of wealth is scattered: it shames good knights that thus your lands are harried.”

wealthnounUS /welθ/

the state of being rich and affluent; having a plentiful supply of material goods and money

From this reading [817] “This must I say, moreover, we are in straitest need; Now of your men and kindred a thousand there lie dead; And into far-off kingdoms have foes your riches carried; Your hoard of wealth is scattered: it shames good knights that thus your lands are harried.”

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading [818] The king then bade them tell him who these deeds had done.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading One among them answered, and their names to him made known: “Ludwig was one, the Norman; with many knights he fought us; Hartmut, his son, was the other: ’twas they the inroad made, and havoc wrought us.”

woesnounUS /woʊz/

plural of “woe” — misery resulting from affliction

From this reading Gu-drun from thence is carried; her maidens, too, are taken: Never can your kingdom from all these woes and ills again awaken.

wroughtadjectiveUS /rɔːt/

shaped to fit by or as if by altering the contours of a pliable mass (as by work or effort)

From this reading One among them answered, and their names to him made known: “Ludwig was one, the Norman; with many knights he fought us; Hartmut, his son, was the other: ’twas they the inroad made, and havoc wrought us.”

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading [816] Said one: “Your lady sent us; to you for help she turns: Wasted are your castles; your lands the foeman burns.

YourdeterminerUS /jɔːr/

belonging to the person or people being spoken to

From this reading [816] Said one: “Your lady sent us; to you for help she turns: Wasted are your castles; your lands the foeman burns.

Chapter 7 of Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic by Mary Pickering [Translator] Nichols holds 289 sentences, grouped into 58 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 7 of Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic contain?

Chapter 7 holds 289 sentences of Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic, unabridged, divided into 58 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 7 of Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic by Mary Pickering [Translator] Nichols exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 289 sentences, grouped into 58 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 7 of Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic?

Work through the 58 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 58 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 7 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 7 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic

Common questions about reading Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic by Mary Pickering [Translator] Nichols on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic?

Yes. All 3513 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #46109 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #46109, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic take to read?

About 292 minutes of reading across 703 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic section by section

How to work through Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 12 chapters of Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic

Words and structures a reader meets early in Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Boston
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Houghton
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Mifflin
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Company
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.