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Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic
Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic is here in full — 295 sentences across 59 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/59 · 5 lines
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[963] Then all her friends together wept for the lovely maid, None could there be happy; for what could be more sad Than to see the king’s own daughter handled thus so roughly?
The thought to them was rising: “To us they now will bear themselves more gruffly.”
[964] Then said the knightly Hartmut: “Why drown my hoped-for wife, Gu-drun, the lovely maiden, dear to me as life?
If any but my father so foul a wrong had done her, Sore would be my anger, and I from him would take both life and honor.”
[965] To him King Ludwig answered: “Ever free from shame Have I till age been living, and still a worthy name And rank among my fellows will hold till life is ending.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic is here in full — 295 sentences across 59 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/59 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
[963] Then all her friends together wept for the lovely maid, None could there be happy; for what could be more sad Than to see the king’s own daughter handled thus so roughly?
Line 2
The thought to them was rising: “To us they now will bear themselves more gruffly.”
/ðə θɔːt tuː ðem wɑːz ˈraɪzɪŋ tuː ʌs ðeɪ naʊ wɪl ber ðemˈselvz mɔːr ˈɡrʌfli/
Line 3
[964] Then said the knightly Hartmut: “Why drown my hoped-for wife, Gu-drun, the lovely maiden, dear to me as life?
Line 4
If any but my father so foul a wrong had done her, Sore would be my anger, and I from him would take both life and honor.”
/ɪf ˈeni bʌt maɪ ˈfɑːðər soʊ faʊl ə rɔːŋ hæd dʌn hɜːr sɔːr wʊd biː maɪ ˈæŋɡər ənd aɪ frʌm hɪm wʊd teɪk boʊθ laɪf ənd ˈɑːnər/
Line 5
[965] To him King Ludwig answered: “Ever free from shame Have I till age been living, and still a worthy name And rank among my fellows will hold till life is ending.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

drown verb US /draʊn/

cover completely or make imperceptible

From this reading “[964] Then said the knightly Hartmut: “Why drown my hoped-for wife, Gu-drun, the lovely maiden, dear to me as life?”

ending noun US /ˈendɪŋ/

the end of a word (a suffix or inflectional ending or final morpheme)

From this reading “[965] To him King Ludwig answered: “Ever free from shame Have I till age been living, and still a worthy name And rank among my fellows will hold till life is ending.”

foul adjective US /faʊl/

highly offensive; arousing aversion or disgust

From this reading “If any but my father so foul a wrong had done her, Sore would be my anger, and I from him would take both life and honor.””

gruffly adverb US /ˈɡrʌfli/

in a gruff manner

From this reading “The thought to them was rising: “To us they now will bear themselves more gruffly.””

handled adjective US /ˈhændəld/

having a usually specified type of handle

From this reading “[963] Then all her friends together wept for the lovely maid, None could there be happy; for what could be more sad Than to see the king’s own daughter handled thus so roughly?”

knightly adjective US /ˈnaɪtli/

characteristic of the time of chivalry and knighthood in the Middle Ages

From this reading “[964] Then said the knightly Hartmut: “Why drown my hoped-for wife, Gu-drun, the lovely maiden, dear to me as life?”

roughly adverb US /ˈrʌfli/

(of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct

From this reading “[963] Then all her friends together wept for the lovely maid, None could there be happy; for what could be more sad Than to see the king’s own daughter handled thus so roughly?”

wept verb US /wept/

inflected form of “weep” — shed tears because of sadness, rage, or pain

From this reading “[963] Then all her friends together wept for the lovely maid, None could there be happy; for what could be more sad Than to see the king’s own daughter handled thus so roughly?”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

lovely maiden adjective + noun

In this reading “[964] Then said the knightly Hartmut: “Why drown my hoped-for wife, Gu-drun, the lovely maiden, dear to me as life?”

lovely maid adjective + noun

In this reading “[963] Then all her friends together wept for the lovely maid, None could there be happy; for what could be more sad Than to see the king’s own daughter handled thus so roughly?”

free from verb + particle

In this reading “[965] To him King Ludwig answered: “Ever free from shame Have I till age been living, and still a worthy name And rank among my fellows will hold till life is ending.”

own daughter verb + noun

In this reading “[963] Then all her friends together wept for the lovely maid, None could there be happy; for what could be more sad Than to see the king’s own daughter handled thus so roughly?”

wept for verb + particle counted as “weep for”

In this reading “[963] Then all her friends together wept for the lovely maid, None could there be happy; for what could be more sad Than to see the king’s own daughter handled thus so roughly?”

All words in this reading · 95

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

963

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [963] Then all her friends together wept for the lovely maid, None could there be happy; for what could be more sad Than to see the king’s own daughter handled thus so roughly?

964

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [964] Then said the knightly Hartmut: “Why drown my hoped-for wife, Gu-drun, the lovely maiden, dear to me as life?

965

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [965] To him King Ludwig answered: “Ever free from shame Have I till age been living, and still a worthy name And rank among my fellows will hold till life is ending.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading If any but my father so foul a wrong had done her, Sore would be my anger, and I from him would take both life and honor.”

agenounUS /eɪdʒ/

how long something has existed

From this reading [965] To him King Ludwig answered: “Ever free from shame Have I till age been living, and still a worthy name And rank among my fellows will hold till life is ending.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading [963] Then all her friends together wept for the lovely maid, None could there be happy; for what could be more sad Than to see the king’s own daughter handled thus so roughly?

amongprepositionUS /əˈmʌŋ/

surrounded by; in the middle of a group

From this reading [965] To him King Ludwig answered: “Ever free from shame Have I till age been living, and still a worthy name And rank among my fellows will hold till life is ending.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading If any but my father so foul a wrong had done her, Sore would be my anger, and I from him would take both life and honor.”

angernounUS /ˈæŋɡər/

a strong emotion; a feeling that is oriented toward some real or supposed grievance

From this reading If any but my father so foul a wrong had done her, Sore would be my anger, and I from him would take both life and honor.”

answeredverbUS /ˈænsərd/

past form of “answer” — react verbally

From this reading [965] To him King Ludwig answered: “Ever free from shame Have I till age been living, and still a worthy name And rank among my fellows will hold till life is ending.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading If any but my father so foul a wrong had done her, Sore would be my anger, and I from him would take both life and honor.”

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading [964] Then said the knightly Hartmut: “Why drown my hoped-for wife, Gu-drun, the lovely maiden, dear to me as life?

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading [963] Then all her friends together wept for the lovely maid, None could there be happy; for what could be more sad Than to see the king’s own daughter handled thus so roughly?

bearverbUS /ber/

have

From this reading The thought to them was rising: “To us they now will bear themselves more gruffly.”

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading [965] To him King Ludwig answered: “Ever free from shame Have I till age been living, and still a worthy name And rank among my fellows will hold till life is ending.

bothdeterminerUS /boʊθ/

the two together, not just one

From this reading If any but my father so foul a wrong had done her, Sore would be my anger, and I from him would take both life and honor.”

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading If any but my father so foul a wrong had done her, Sore would be my anger, and I from him would take both life and honor.”

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading [963] Then all her friends together wept for the lovely maid, None could there be happy; for what could be more sad Than to see the king’s own daughter handled thus so roughly?

daughternounUS /ˈdɔːtər/

a female human offspring

From this reading [963] Then all her friends together wept for the lovely maid, None could there be happy; for what could be more sad Than to see the king’s own daughter handled thus so roughly?

dearadjectiveUS /dɪr/

dearly loved

From this reading [964] Then said the knightly Hartmut: “Why drown my hoped-for wife, Gu-drun, the lovely maiden, dear to me as life?

doneadjectiveUS /dʌn/

having finished or arrived at completion

From this reading If any but my father so foul a wrong had done her, Sore would be my anger, and I from him would take both life and honor.”

drownverbUS /draʊn/

cover completely or make imperceptible

From this reading [964] Then said the knightly Hartmut: “Why drown my hoped-for wife, Gu-drun, the lovely maiden, dear to me as life?

endingnounUS /ˈendɪŋ/

the end of a word (a suffix or inflectional ending or final morpheme)

From this reading [965] To him King Ludwig answered: “Ever free from shame Have I till age been living, and still a worthy name And rank among my fellows will hold till life is ending.

EveradverbUS /ˈevər/

at any time

From this reading [965] To him King Ludwig answered: “Ever free from shame Have I till age been living, and still a worthy name And rank among my fellows will hold till life is ending.

fathernounUS /ˈfɑːðər/

a male parent (also used as a term of address to your father)

From this reading If any but my father so foul a wrong had done her, Sore would be my anger, and I from him would take both life and honor.”

fellowsnounUS /ˈfeloʊz/

plural of “fellow” — a boy or man

From this reading [965] To him King Ludwig answered: “Ever free from shame Have I till age been living, and still a worthy name And rank among my fellows will hold till life is ending.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading [963] Then all her friends together wept for the lovely maid, None could there be happy; for what could be more sad Than to see the king’s own daughter handled thus so roughly?

fouladjectiveUS /faʊl/

highly offensive; arousing aversion or disgust

From this reading If any but my father so foul a wrong had done her, Sore would be my anger, and I from him would take both life and honor.”

freeverbUS /friː/

grant freedom to; free from confinement

From this reading [965] To him King Ludwig answered: “Ever free from shame Have I till age been living, and still a worthy name And rank among my fellows will hold till life is ending.

friendsnounUS /frendz/

plural of “friend” — a person you know well and regard with affection and trust

From this reading [963] Then all her friends together wept for the lovely maid, None could there be happy; for what could be more sad Than to see the king’s own daughter handled thus so roughly?

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading If any but my father so foul a wrong had done her, Sore would be my anger, and I from him would take both life and honor.”

grufflyadverbUS /ˈɡrʌfli/

in a gruff manner

From this reading The thought to them was rising: “To us they now will bear themselves more gruffly.”

Gu-drun

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [964] Then said the knightly Hartmut: “Why drown my hoped-for wife, Gu-drun, the lovely maiden, dear to me as life?

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading If any but my father so foul a wrong had done her, Sore would be my anger, and I from him would take both life and honor.”

handledadjectiveUS /ˈhændəld/

having a usually specified type of handle

From this reading [963] Then all her friends together wept for the lovely maid, None could there be happy; for what could be more sad Than to see the king’s own daughter handled thus so roughly?

happyadjectiveUS /ˈhæpi/

enjoying or showing or marked by joy or pleasure

From this reading [963] Then all her friends together wept for the lovely maid, None could there be happy; for what could be more sad Than to see the king’s own daughter handled thus so roughly?

Hartmut

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [964] Then said the knightly Hartmut: “Why drown my hoped-for wife, Gu-drun, the lovely maiden, dear to me as life?

Haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading [965] To him King Ludwig answered: “Ever free from shame Have I till age been living, and still a worthy name And rank among my fellows will hold till life is ending.

herdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading [963] Then all her friends together wept for the lovely maid, None could there be happy; for what could be more sad Than to see the king’s own daughter handled thus so roughly?

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading If any but my father so foul a wrong had done her, Sore would be my anger, and I from him would take both life and honor.”

holdverbUS /hoʊld/

cause to continue in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., “keep clean”

From this reading [965] To him King Ludwig answered: “Ever free from shame Have I till age been living, and still a worthy name And rank among my fellows will hold till life is ending.

honornounUS /ˈɑːnər/

a tangible symbol signifying approval or distinction

From this reading If any but my father so foul a wrong had done her, Sore would be my anger, and I from him would take both life and honor.”

hoped-foradjective

expected hopefully

From this reading [964] Then said the knightly Hartmut: “Why drown my hoped-for wife, Gu-drun, the lovely maiden, dear to me as life?

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading If any but my father so foul a wrong had done her, Sore would be my anger, and I from him would take both life and honor.”

IfconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading If any but my father so foul a wrong had done her, Sore would be my anger, and I from him would take both life and honor.”

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading [965] To him King Ludwig answered: “Ever free from shame Have I till age been living, and still a worthy name And rank among my fellows will hold till life is ending.

KingnounUS /kɪŋ/

a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading [965] To him King Ludwig answered: “Ever free from shame Have I till age been living, and still a worthy name And rank among my fellows will hold till life is ending.

king'snounUS /kɪŋz/

possessive form of “king” — a male sovereign; ruler of a kingdom

From this reading [963] Then all her friends together wept for the lovely maid, None could there be happy; for what could be more sad Than to see the king’s own daughter handled thus so roughly?

knightlyadjectiveUS /ˈnaɪtli/

characteristic of the time of chivalry and knighthood in the Middle Ages

From this reading [964] Then said the knightly Hartmut: “Why drown my hoped-for wife, Gu-drun, the lovely maiden, dear to me as life?

lifenounUS /laɪf/

a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading [964] Then said the knightly Hartmut: “Why drown my hoped-for wife, Gu-drun, the lovely maiden, dear to me as life?

livingnounUS /ˈlɪvɪŋ/

the experience of being alive; the course of human events and activities

From this reading [965] To him King Ludwig answered: “Ever free from shame Have I till age been living, and still a worthy name And rank among my fellows will hold till life is ending.

lovelyadjectiveUS /ˈlʌvli/

appealing to the emotions as well as the eye

From this reading [963] Then all her friends together wept for the lovely maid, None could there be happy; for what could be more sad Than to see the king’s own daughter handled thus so roughly?

Ludwig

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading [965] To him King Ludwig answered: “Ever free from shame Have I till age been living, and still a worthy name And rank among my fellows will hold till life is ending.

maidnounUS /meɪd/

a female domestic

From this reading [963] Then all her friends together wept for the lovely maid, None could there be happy; for what could be more sad Than to see the king’s own daughter handled thus so roughly?

maidennounUS /ˈmeɪdən/

an unmarried girl (especially a virgin)

From this reading [964] Then said the knightly Hartmut: “Why drown my hoped-for wife, Gu-drun, the lovely maiden, dear to me as life?

mepronounUS /miː/

the person speaking, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading [964] Then said the knightly Hartmut: “Why drown my hoped-for wife, Gu-drun, the lovely maiden, dear to me as life?

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading [963] Then all her friends together wept for the lovely maid, None could there be happy; for what could be more sad Than to see the king’s own daughter handled thus so roughly?

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading [964] Then said the knightly Hartmut: “Why drown my hoped-for wife, Gu-drun, the lovely maiden, dear to me as life?

nameverbUS /neɪm/

assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading [965] To him King Ludwig answered: “Ever free from shame Have I till age been living, and still a worthy name And rank among my fellows will hold till life is ending.

NonepronounUS /nʌn/

not one, and not any

From this reading [963] Then all her friends together wept for the lovely maid, None could there be happy; for what could be more sad Than to see the king’s own daughter handled thus so roughly?

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading The thought to them was rising: “To us they now will bear themselves more gruffly.”

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading [963] Then all her friends together wept for the lovely maid, None could there be happy; for what could be more sad Than to see the king’s own daughter handled thus so roughly?

ranknounUS /ræŋk/

a row or line of people (especially soldiers or police) standing abreast of one another

From this reading [965] To him King Ludwig answered: “Ever free from shame Have I till age been living, and still a worthy name And rank among my fellows will hold till life is ending.

risingadjectiveUS /ˈraɪzɪŋ/

advancing or becoming higher or greater in degree or value or status

From this reading The thought to them was rising: “To us they now will bear themselves more gruffly.”

roughlyadverbUS /ˈrʌfli/

(of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct

From this reading [963] Then all her friends together wept for the lovely maid, None could there be happy; for what could be more sad Than to see the king’s own daughter handled thus so roughly?

sadadjectiveUS /sæd/

experiencing or showing sorrow or unhappiness

From this reading [963] Then all her friends together wept for the lovely maid, None could there be happy; for what could be more sad Than to see the king’s own daughter handled thus so roughly?

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading [964] Then said the knightly Hartmut: “Why drown my hoped-for wife, Gu-drun, the lovely maiden, dear to me as life?

seeverbUS /siː/

perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading [963] Then all her friends together wept for the lovely maid, None could there be happy; for what could be more sad Than to see the king’s own daughter handled thus so roughly?

shamenounUS /ʃeɪm/

a painful emotion resulting from an awareness of inadequacy or guilt

From this reading [965] To him King Ludwig answered: “Ever free from shame Have I till age been living, and still a worthy name And rank among my fellows will hold till life is ending.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading [963] Then all her friends together wept for the lovely maid, None could there be happy; for what could be more sad Than to see the king’s own daughter handled thus so roughly?

SoreadjectiveUS /sɔːr/

hurting

From this reading If any but my father so foul a wrong had done her, Sore would be my anger, and I from him would take both life and honor.”

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading [965] To him King Ludwig answered: “Ever free from shame Have I till age been living, and still a worthy name And rank among my fellows will hold till life is ending.

takeverbUS /teɪk/

carry out

From this reading If any but my father so foul a wrong had done her, Sore would be my anger, and I from him would take both life and honor.”

ThanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading [963] Then all her friends together wept for the lovely maid, None could there be happy; for what could be more sad Than to see the king’s own daughter handled thus so roughly?

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading [963] Then all her friends together wept for the lovely maid, None could there be happy; for what could be more sad Than to see the king’s own daughter handled thus so roughly?

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading The thought to them was rising: “To us they now will bear themselves more gruffly.”

themselvespronounUS /ðemˈselvz/

used when the people doing the action are also its object

From this reading The thought to them was rising: “To us they now will bear themselves more gruffly.”

ThenadverbUS /ðen/

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading [963] Then all her friends together wept for the lovely maid, None could there be happy; for what could be more sad Than to see the king’s own daughter handled thus so roughly?

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading [963] Then all her friends together wept for the lovely maid, None could there be happy; for what could be more sad Than to see the king’s own daughter handled thus so roughly?

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading The thought to them was rising: “To us they now will bear themselves more gruffly.”

thoughtnounUS /θɔːt/

the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about

From this reading The thought to them was rising: “To us they now will bear themselves more gruffly.”

thusadverbUS /ðʌs/

(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result

From this reading [963] Then all her friends together wept for the lovely maid, None could there be happy; for what could be more sad Than to see the king’s own daughter handled thus so roughly?

tillprepositionUS /tɪl/

up to a particular time

From this reading [965] To him King Ludwig answered: “Ever free from shame Have I till age been living, and still a worthy name And rank among my fellows will hold till life is ending.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading [963] Then all her friends together wept for the lovely maid, None could there be happy; for what could be more sad Than to see the king’s own daughter handled thus so roughly?

togetheradverbUS /təˈɡeðər/

in contact with each other or in proximity

From this reading [963] Then all her friends together wept for the lovely maid, None could there be happy; for what could be more sad Than to see the king’s own daughter handled thus so roughly?

uspronounUS /ʌs/

the speaker and others, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading The thought to them was rising: “To us they now will bear themselves more gruffly.”

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The thought to them was rising: “To us they now will bear themselves more gruffly.”

weptverbUS /wept/

inflected form of “weep” — shed tears because of sadness, rage, or pain

From this reading [963] Then all her friends together wept for the lovely maid, None could there be happy; for what could be more sad Than to see the king’s own daughter handled thus so roughly?

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading [963] Then all her friends together wept for the lovely maid, None could there be happy; for what could be more sad Than to see the king’s own daughter handled thus so roughly?

WhynounUS /waɪ/

the cause or intention underlying an action or situation, especially in the phrase “the whys and wherefores”

From this reading [964] Then said the knightly Hartmut: “Why drown my hoped-for wife, Gu-drun, the lovely maiden, dear to me as life?

wifenounUS /waɪf/

a married woman; a man's partner in marriage

From this reading [964] Then said the knightly Hartmut: “Why drown my hoped-for wife, Gu-drun, the lovely maiden, dear to me as life?

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading The thought to them was rising: “To us they now will bear themselves more gruffly.”

worthyadjectiveUS /ˈwɜːr.ði/

Having or showing the qualities or abilities that merit recognition in character or magic.

From this reading [965] To him King Ludwig answered: “Ever free from shame Have I till age been living, and still a worthy name And rank among my fellows will hold till life is ending.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading If any but my father so foul a wrong had done her, Sore would be my anger, and I from him would take both life and honor.”

wrongadjectiveUS /rɔːŋ/

not correct; not in conformity with fact or truth

From this reading If any but my father so foul a wrong had done her, Sore would be my anger, and I from him would take both life and honor.”

Chapter 8 of Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic by Mary Pickering [Translator] Nichols holds 295 sentences, grouped into 59 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic contain?

Chapter 8 holds 295 sentences of Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic, unabridged, divided into 59 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic by Mary Pickering [Translator] Nichols exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 295 sentences, grouped into 59 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic?

Work through the 59 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 59 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic

Common questions about reading Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic by Mary Pickering [Translator] Nichols on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic?

Yes. All 3513 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #46109 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #46109, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic take to read?

About 292 minutes of reading across 703 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic section by section

How to work through Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 12 chapters of Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic

Words and structures a reader meets early in Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Boston
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Houghton
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Mifflin
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Company
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Gudrun: A Mediaeval Epic; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.