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Halleck's New English Literature
Halleck's New English Literature

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of Halleck's New English Literature is here in full — 1104 sentences across 221 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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History of the Period.--Much of the English history of this period was affected directly or indirectly by the French Revolution (1789).
The object of this movement was to free men from oppression by the aristocracy and to restore to them their natural rights.
The new watchwords were "Liberty, Fraternity, Equality."
The professed principles of the French revolutionists were in many respects similar to those embodied in the American _Declaration of Independence_.
At first the movement was applauded by the liberal-minded Englishmen; but the confiscation of property, executions, and ensuing reign of terror soon made England recoil from this Revolution.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Halleck's New English Literature

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of Halleck's New English Literature is here in full — 1104 sentences across 221 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/220 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
History of the Period.--Much of the English history of this period was affected directly or indirectly by the French Revolution (1789).
Line 2
The object of this movement was to free men from oppression by the aristocracy and to restore to them their natural rights.
/ðə ˈɑːbdʒekt ʌv ðɪs ˈmuːvmənt wɑːz tuː friː men frʌm əˈpreʃən baɪ ðə ˌerəˈstɑːkrəsi ənd tuː rɪˈstɔːr tuː ðem ðer ˈnætʃərəl raɪts/
Line 3
The new watchwords were "Liberty, Fraternity, Equality."
/ðə nuː ˈwɑːtʃwɜːrdz wɜːr ˈlɪb.ər.ti frəˈtɜːrnəti ɪˈkwɑːləti/
Line 4
The professed principles of the French revolutionists were in many respects similar to those embodied in the American _Declaration of Independence_.
/ðə prəˈfest ˈprɪnsəpəlz ʌv ðə frentʃ ˌrevəˈluːʃənɪsts wɜːr ɪn ˈmeni rɪˈspekts ˈsɪmələr tuː ðoʊz ɪmˈbɑːdid ɪn ðə əˈmerəkən ˌdeklərˈeɪʃən ʌv ˌɪndɪˈpendəns/
Line 5
At first the movement was applauded by the liberal-minded Englishmen; but the confiscation of property, executions, and ensuing reign of terror soon made England recoil from this Revolution.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

confiscation noun US /ˌkɑːnfəˈskeɪʃən/

seizure by the government

From this reading “At first the movement was applauded by the liberal-minded Englishmen; but the confiscation of property, executions, and ensuing reign of terror soon made England recoil from this Revolution.”

embodied adjective US /ɪmˈbɑːdid/

possessing or existing in bodily form

From this reading “The professed principles of the French revolutionists were in many respects similar to those embodied in the American _Declaration of Independence_.”

executions noun US /ˌeksəˈkjuːʃənz/

plural of “execution” — putting a condemned person to death

From this reading “At first the movement was applauded by the liberal-minded Englishmen; but the confiscation of property, executions, and ensuing reign of terror soon made England recoil from this Revolution.”

Fraternity noun US /frəˈtɜːrnəti/

a social club for male undergraduates

From this reading “The new watchwords were "Liberty, Fraternity, Equality."”

indirectly adverb US /ˌɪndərˈektliː/

not in a forthright manner

From this reading “History of the Period.--Much of the English history of this period was affected directly or indirectly by the French Revolution (1789).”

recoil verb US /riˈkɔɪl/

draw back, as with fear or pain

From this reading “At first the movement was applauded by the liberal-minded Englishmen; but the confiscation of property, executions, and ensuing reign of terror soon made England recoil from this Revolution.”

revolutionists noun US /ˌrevəˈluːʃənɪsts/

plural of “revolutionist” — a radical supporter of political or social revolution

From this reading “The professed principles of the French revolutionists were in many respects similar to those embodied in the American _Declaration of Independence_.”

watchwords noun US /ˈwɑːtʃwɜːrdz/

plural of “watchword” — a slogan used to rally support for a cause

From this reading “The new watchwords were "Liberty, Fraternity, Equality."”

All words in this reading · 64

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1789

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading History of the Period.--Much of the English history of this period was affected directly or indirectly by the French Revolution (1789).

affectedadjectiveUS /əˈfektɪd/

acted upon; influenced

From this reading History of the Period.--Much of the English history of this period was affected directly or indirectly by the French Revolution (1789).

AmericannounUS /əˈmerəkən/

a native or inhabitant of the United States

From this reading The professed principles of the French revolutionists were in many respects similar to those embodied in the American _Declaration of Independence_.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The object of this movement was to free men from oppression by the aristocracy and to restore to them their natural rights.

applaudedverbUS /əˈplɔːdɪd/

past form of “applaud” — clap one's hands or shout after performances to indicate approval

From this reading At first the movement was applauded by the liberal-minded Englishmen; but the confiscation of property, executions, and ensuing reign of terror soon made England recoil from this Revolution.

aristocracynounUS /ˌerəˈstɑːkrəsi/

a privileged class holding hereditary titles

From this reading The object of this movement was to free men from oppression by the aristocracy and to restore to them their natural rights.

AtprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading At first the movement was applauded by the liberal-minded Englishmen; but the confiscation of property, executions, and ensuing reign of terror soon made England recoil from this Revolution.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading At first the movement was applauded by the liberal-minded Englishmen; but the confiscation of property, executions, and ensuing reign of terror soon made England recoil from this Revolution.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading History of the Period.--Much of the English history of this period was affected directly or indirectly by the French Revolution (1789).

confiscationnounUS /ˌkɑːnfəˈskeɪʃən/

seizure by the government

From this reading At first the movement was applauded by the liberal-minded Englishmen; but the confiscation of property, executions, and ensuing reign of terror soon made England recoil from this Revolution.

DeclarationnounUS /ˌdeklərˈeɪʃən/

a statement that is emphatic and explicit (spoken or written)

From this reading The professed principles of the French revolutionists were in many respects similar to those embodied in the American _Declaration of Independence_.

directlyadverbUS /dərˈektli/

without deviation

From this reading History of the Period.--Much of the English history of this period was affected directly or indirectly by the French Revolution (1789).

embodiedadjectiveUS /ɪmˈbɑːdid/

possessing or existing in bodily form

From this reading The professed principles of the French revolutionists were in many respects similar to those embodied in the American _Declaration of Independence_.

EnglandnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlənd/

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading At first the movement was applauded by the liberal-minded Englishmen; but the confiscation of property, executions, and ensuing reign of terror soon made England recoil from this Revolution.

EnglishnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading History of the Period.--Much of the English history of this period was affected directly or indirectly by the French Revolution (1789).

EnglishmennounUS /ˌeŋˈlɪʃmən/

plural of “englishman” — a man who is a native or inhabitant of England

From this reading At first the movement was applauded by the liberal-minded Englishmen; but the confiscation of property, executions, and ensuing reign of terror soon made England recoil from this Revolution.

ensuingadjectiveUS /ˈensuːɪŋ/

following immediately and as a result of what went before

From this reading At first the movement was applauded by the liberal-minded Englishmen; but the confiscation of property, executions, and ensuing reign of terror soon made England recoil from this Revolution.

EqualitynounUS /ɪˈkwɑːləti/

the quality of being the same in quantity or measure or value or status

From this reading The new watchwords were "Liberty, Fraternity, Equality."

executionsnounUS /ˌeksəˈkjuːʃənz/

plural of “execution” — putting a condemned person to death

From this reading At first the movement was applauded by the liberal-minded Englishmen; but the confiscation of property, executions, and ensuing reign of terror soon made England recoil from this Revolution.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading At first the movement was applauded by the liberal-minded Englishmen; but the confiscation of property, executions, and ensuing reign of terror soon made England recoil from this Revolution.

FraternitynounUS /frəˈtɜːrnəti/

a social club for male undergraduates

From this reading The new watchwords were "Liberty, Fraternity, Equality."

freeverbUS /friː/

grant freedom to; free from confinement

From this reading The object of this movement was to free men from oppression by the aristocracy and to restore to them their natural rights.

FrenchnounUS /frentʃ/

the Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France

From this reading History of the Period.--Much of the English history of this period was affected directly or indirectly by the French Revolution (1789).

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading The object of this movement was to free men from oppression by the aristocracy and to restore to them their natural rights.

HistorynounUS /ˈhɪstəri/

the aggregate of past events

From this reading History of the Period.--Much of the English history of this period was affected directly or indirectly by the French Revolution (1789).

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The professed principles of the French revolutionists were in many respects similar to those embodied in the American _Declaration of Independence_.

IndependencenounUS /ˌɪndɪˈpendəns/

freedom from control or influence of another or others

From this reading The professed principles of the French revolutionists were in many respects similar to those embodied in the American _Declaration of Independence_.

indirectlyadverbUS /ˌɪndərˈektliː/

not in a forthright manner

From this reading History of the Period.--Much of the English history of this period was affected directly or indirectly by the French Revolution (1789).

liberal-minded

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading At first the movement was applauded by the liberal-minded Englishmen; but the confiscation of property, executions, and ensuing reign of terror soon made England recoil from this Revolution.

LibertynounUS /ˈlɪb.ər.ti/

The state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions on one's way of life.

From this reading The new watchwords were "Liberty, Fraternity, Equality."

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading At first the movement was applauded by the liberal-minded Englishmen; but the confiscation of property, executions, and ensuing reign of terror soon made England recoil from this Revolution.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading The professed principles of the French revolutionists were in many respects similar to those embodied in the American _Declaration of Independence_.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading The object of this movement was to free men from oppression by the aristocracy and to restore to them their natural rights.

movementnounUS /ˈmuːvmənt/

a change of position that does not entail a change of location

From this reading The object of this movement was to free men from oppression by the aristocracy and to restore to them their natural rights.

MuchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading History of the Period.--Much of the English history of this period was affected directly or indirectly by the French Revolution (1789).

naturaladjectiveUS /ˈnætʃərəl/

in accordance with nature; relating to or concerning nature

From this reading The object of this movement was to free men from oppression by the aristocracy and to restore to them their natural rights.

newadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading The new watchwords were "Liberty, Fraternity, Equality."

objectnounUS /ˈɑːbdʒekt/

a tangible and visible entity; an entity that can cast a shadow

From this reading The object of this movement was to free men from oppression by the aristocracy and to restore to them their natural rights.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading History of the Period.--Much of the English history of this period was affected directly or indirectly by the French Revolution (1789).

oppressionnounUS /əˈpreʃən/

the act of subjugating by cruelty

From this reading The object of this movement was to free men from oppression by the aristocracy and to restore to them their natural rights.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading History of the Period.--Much of the English history of this period was affected directly or indirectly by the French Revolution (1789).

PeriodnounUS /ˈpɪriəd/

an amount of time

From this reading History of the Period.--Much of the English history of this period was affected directly or indirectly by the French Revolution (1789).

principlesnounUS /ˈprɪnsəpəlz/

plural of “principle” — a basic generalization that is accepted as true and that can be used as a basis for reasoning or conduct

From this reading The professed principles of the French revolutionists were in many respects similar to those embodied in the American _Declaration of Independence_.

professedadjectiveUS /prəˈfest/

professing to be qualified

From this reading The professed principles of the French revolutionists were in many respects similar to those embodied in the American _Declaration of Independence_.

propertynounUS /ˈprɑːpərti/

something owned; any tangible or intangible possession that is owned by someone

From this reading At first the movement was applauded by the liberal-minded Englishmen; but the confiscation of property, executions, and ensuing reign of terror soon made England recoil from this Revolution.

recoilverbUS /riˈkɔɪl/

draw back, as with fear or pain

From this reading At first the movement was applauded by the liberal-minded Englishmen; but the confiscation of property, executions, and ensuing reign of terror soon made England recoil from this Revolution.

reignverbUS /reɪn/

have sovereign power

From this reading At first the movement was applauded by the liberal-minded Englishmen; but the confiscation of property, executions, and ensuing reign of terror soon made England recoil from this Revolution.

respectsnounUS /rɪˈspekts/

(often used with “pay”) a formal expression of esteem

From this reading The professed principles of the French revolutionists were in many respects similar to those embodied in the American _Declaration of Independence_.

restoreverbUS /rɪˈstɔːr/

return to its original or usable and functioning condition

From this reading The object of this movement was to free men from oppression by the aristocracy and to restore to them their natural rights.

RevolutionnounUS /ˌrevəˈluːʃən/

a drastic and far-reaching change in ways of thinking and behaving

From this reading History of the Period.--Much of the English history of this period was affected directly or indirectly by the French Revolution (1789).

revolutionistsnounUS /ˌrevəˈluːʃənɪsts/

plural of “revolutionist” — a radical supporter of political or social revolution

From this reading The professed principles of the French revolutionists were in many respects similar to those embodied in the American _Declaration of Independence_.

rightsnounUS /raɪts/

plural of “right” — an abstract idea of that which is due to a person or governmental body by law or tradition or nature

From this reading The object of this movement was to free men from oppression by the aristocracy and to restore to them their natural rights.

similaradjectiveUS /ˈsɪmələr/

marked by correspondence or resemblance

From this reading The professed principles of the French revolutionists were in many respects similar to those embodied in the American _Declaration of Independence_.

soonadverbUS /suːn/

in the near future

From this reading At first the movement was applauded by the liberal-minded Englishmen; but the confiscation of property, executions, and ensuing reign of terror soon made England recoil from this Revolution.

terrornounUS /ˈterər/

an overwhelming feeling of fear and anxiety

From this reading At first the movement was applauded by the liberal-minded Englishmen; but the confiscation of property, executions, and ensuing reign of terror soon made England recoil from this Revolution.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading History of the Period.--Much of the English history of this period was affected directly or indirectly by the French Revolution (1789).

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading The object of this movement was to free men from oppression by the aristocracy and to restore to them their natural rights.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading The object of this movement was to free men from oppression by the aristocracy and to restore to them their natural rights.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading History of the Period.--Much of the English history of this period was affected directly or indirectly by the French Revolution (1789).

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading The professed principles of the French revolutionists were in many respects similar to those embodied in the American _Declaration of Independence_.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The object of this movement was to free men from oppression by the aristocracy and to restore to them their natural rights.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading History of the Period.--Much of the English history of this period was affected directly or indirectly by the French Revolution (1789).

watchwordsnounUS /ˈwɑːtʃwɜːrdz/

plural of “watchword” — a slogan used to rally support for a cause

From this reading The new watchwords were "Liberty, Fraternity, Equality."

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The new watchwords were "Liberty, Fraternity, Equality."

Chapter 8 of Halleck's New English Literature by Reuben Post Halleck holds 1104 sentences, grouped into 221 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of Halleck's New English Literature contain?

Chapter 8 holds 1104 sentences of Halleck's New English Literature, unabridged, divided into 221 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of Halleck's New English Literature by Reuben Post Halleck exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 1104 sentences, grouped into 221 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of Halleck's New English Literature?

Work through the 221 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 221 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Halleck's New English Literature

Common questions about reading Halleck's New English Literature by Reuben Post Halleck on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Halleck's New English Literature?

Yes. All 7893 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #10631 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Halleck's New English Literature is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #10631, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Halleck's New English Literature take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 1579 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Halleck's New English Literature section by section

How to work through Halleck's New English Literature section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  2. Read one section

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  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Halleck's New English Literature

Words and structures a reader meets early in Halleck's New English Literature, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Subject
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Halleck's New English Literature; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Matter
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Halleck's New English Literature; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
History
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Halleck's New English Literature; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
English
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Halleck's New English Literature; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.