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Hannibal's daughter
Hannibal's daughter

Chapter XXXIX · Zama

Chapter XXXIX of Hannibal's daughter, “Zama,” is here in full — 70 sentences across 14 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/14 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
The following morning the opposing armies were drawn up in battle array as follows.
Scipio placed in front the Hastati, with an interval between their maniples.
The Principes came next, but these, contrary to the usual plan, were not placed so as to cover the intervals behind the Hastati.
On the contrary, Scipio placed the maniples of the Principes directly behind the maniples of the spearmen in the front line.
In the rear of these two lines he placed the Triarii, still leaving intervals.
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Hannibal's daughter

Chapter XXXIX · Zama

Chapter XXXIX of Hannibal's daughter, “Zama,” is here in full — 70 sentences across 14 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/14 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
The following morning the opposing armies were drawn up in battle array as follows.
/ðə ˈfɑːloʊɪŋ ˈmɔːrnɪŋ ðə əˈpoʊzɪŋ ˈɑːrmiz wɜːr drɔːn ʌp ɪn ˈbætəl ərˈeɪ æz ˈfɑːloʊz/
Line 2
Scipio placed in front the Hastati, with an interval between their maniples.
Line 3
The Principes came next, but these, contrary to the usual plan, were not placed so as to cover the intervals behind the Hastati.
Line 4
On the contrary, Scipio placed the maniples of the Principes directly behind the maniples of the spearmen in the front line.
Line 5
In the rear of these two lines he placed the Triarii, still leaving intervals.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

armies noun US /ˈɑːrmiz/

plural of “army” — a permanent organization of the military land forces of a nation or state

From this reading “The following morning the opposing armies were drawn up in battle array as follows.”

array noun US /ərˈeɪ/

an orderly arrangement

From this reading “The following morning the opposing armies were drawn up in battle array as follows.”

follows verb US /ˈfɑːloʊz/

third-person singular of “follow” — to travel behind, go after, come after

From this reading “The following morning the opposing armies were drawn up in battle array as follows.”

interval noun US /ˈɪntərvəl/

a definite length of time marked off by two instants

From this reading “Scipio placed in front the Hastati, with an interval between their maniples.”

intervals noun US /ˈɪntərvəlz/

plural of “interval” — a definite length of time marked off by two instants

From this reading “The Principes came next, but these, contrary to the usual plan, were not placed so as to cover the intervals behind the Hastati.”

opposing adjective US /əˈpoʊzɪŋ/

characterized by active hostility

From this reading “The following morning the opposing armies were drawn up in battle array as follows.”

rear noun US /rɪr/

the back of a military formation or procession

From this reading “In the rear of these two lines he placed the Triarii, still leaving intervals.”

Scipio noun US /ˈsɪpioʊ/

Roman general who commanded the invasion of Carthage in the second Punic War and defeated Hannibal at Zama (circa 237-183 BC)

From this reading “Scipio placed in front the Hastati, with an interval between their maniples.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

battle array noun + noun

In this reading “The following morning the opposing armies were drawn up in battle array as follows.”

following morning adjective + noun

In this reading “The following morning the opposing armies were drawn up in battle array as follows.”

in front preposition + noun

at or in the front

In this reading “Scipio placed in front the Hastati, with an interval between their maniples.”

In the rear preposition + article + noun counted as “in … rear”

In this reading “In the rear of these two lines he placed the Triarii, still leaving intervals.”

two lines noun + noun counted as “two line”

In this reading “In the rear of these two lines he placed the Triarii, still leaving intervals.”

All words in this reading · 49

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Scipio placed in front the Hastati, with an interval between their maniples.

armiesnounUS /ˈɑːrmiz/

plural of “army” — a permanent organization of the military land forces of a nation or state

From this reading The following morning the opposing armies were drawn up in battle array as follows.

arraynounUS /ərˈeɪ/

an orderly arrangement

From this reading The following morning the opposing armies were drawn up in battle array as follows.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The following morning the opposing armies were drawn up in battle array as follows.

battlenounUS /ˈbætəl/

a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war

From this reading The following morning the opposing armies were drawn up in battle array as follows.

behindprepositionUS /bɪˈhaɪnd/

at or toward the back of something

From this reading The Principes came next, but these, contrary to the usual plan, were not placed so as to cover the intervals behind the Hastati.

betweenprepositionUS /bɪˈtwiːn/

in the space, time, or range separating two things

From this reading Scipio placed in front the Hastati, with an interval between their maniples.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading The Principes came next, but these, contrary to the usual plan, were not placed so as to cover the intervals behind the Hastati.

cameverbUS /keɪm/

inflected form of “come” — move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading The Principes came next, but these, contrary to the usual plan, were not placed so as to cover the intervals behind the Hastati.

contraryadjectiveUS /ˈkɑːntreri/

very opposed in nature or character or purpose

From this reading The Principes came next, but these, contrary to the usual plan, were not placed so as to cover the intervals behind the Hastati.

coververbUS /ˈkʌvər/

provide with a covering or cause to be covered

From this reading The Principes came next, but these, contrary to the usual plan, were not placed so as to cover the intervals behind the Hastati.

directlyadverbUS /dərˈektli/

without deviation

From this reading On the contrary, Scipio placed the maniples of the Principes directly behind the maniples of the spearmen in the front line.

drawnadjectiveUS /drɔːn/

showing the wearing effects of overwork or care or suffering

From this reading The following morning the opposing armies were drawn up in battle array as follows.

followingadjectiveUS /ˈfɑːloʊɪŋ/

about to be mentioned or specified

From this reading The following morning the opposing armies were drawn up in battle array as follows.

followsverbUS /ˈfɑːloʊz/

third-person singular of “follow” — to travel behind, go after, come after

From this reading The following morning the opposing armies were drawn up in battle array as follows.

frontnounUS /frʌnt/

the side that is forward or prominent

From this reading Scipio placed in front the Hastati, with an interval between their maniples.

Hastati

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Scipio placed in front the Hastati, with an interval between their maniples.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading In the rear of these two lines he placed the Triarii, still leaving intervals.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The following morning the opposing armies were drawn up in battle array as follows.

intervalnounUS /ˈɪntərvəl/

a definite length of time marked off by two instants

From this reading Scipio placed in front the Hastati, with an interval between their maniples.

intervalsnounUS /ˈɪntərvəlz/

plural of “interval” — a definite length of time marked off by two instants

From this reading The Principes came next, but these, contrary to the usual plan, were not placed so as to cover the intervals behind the Hastati.

leavingnounUS /ˈliːvɪŋ/

the act of departing

From this reading In the rear of these two lines he placed the Triarii, still leaving intervals.

linenounUS /laɪn/

a formation of people or things one beside another

From this reading On the contrary, Scipio placed the maniples of the Principes directly behind the maniples of the spearmen in the front line.

linesnounUS /laɪnz/

plural of “line” — a formation of people or things one beside another

From this reading In the rear of these two lines he placed the Triarii, still leaving intervals.

maniples

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Scipio placed in front the Hastati, with an interval between their maniples.

morningnounUS /ˈmɔːrnɪŋ/

the time period between dawn and noon

From this reading The following morning the opposing armies were drawn up in battle array as follows.

nextadjectiveUS /nekst/

immediately following in time or order

From this reading The Principes came next, but these, contrary to the usual plan, were not placed so as to cover the intervals behind the Hastati.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading The Principes came next, but these, contrary to the usual plan, were not placed so as to cover the intervals behind the Hastati.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading On the contrary, Scipio placed the maniples of the Principes directly behind the maniples of the spearmen in the front line.

OnprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading On the contrary, Scipio placed the maniples of the Principes directly behind the maniples of the spearmen in the front line.

opposingadjectiveUS /əˈpoʊzɪŋ/

characterized by active hostility

From this reading The following morning the opposing armies were drawn up in battle array as follows.

placedadjectiveUS /pleɪst/

situated in a particular spot or position

From this reading Scipio placed in front the Hastati, with an interval between their maniples.

planverbUS /plæn/

have the will and intention to carry out some action

From this reading The Principes came next, but these, contrary to the usual plan, were not placed so as to cover the intervals behind the Hastati.

Principes

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Principes came next, but these, contrary to the usual plan, were not placed so as to cover the intervals behind the Hastati.

rearnounUS /rɪr/

the back of a military formation or procession

From this reading In the rear of these two lines he placed the Triarii, still leaving intervals.

ScipionounUS /ˈsɪpioʊ/

Roman general who commanded the invasion of Carthage in the second Punic War and defeated Hannibal at Zama (circa 237-183 BC)

From this reading Scipio placed in front the Hastati, with an interval between their maniples.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading The Principes came next, but these, contrary to the usual plan, were not placed so as to cover the intervals behind the Hastati.

spearmen

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading On the contrary, Scipio placed the maniples of the Principes directly behind the maniples of the spearmen in the front line.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading In the rear of these two lines he placed the Triarii, still leaving intervals.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The following morning the opposing armies were drawn up in battle array as follows.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading Scipio placed in front the Hastati, with an interval between their maniples.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading The Principes came next, but these, contrary to the usual plan, were not placed so as to cover the intervals behind the Hastati.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The Principes came next, but these, contrary to the usual plan, were not placed so as to cover the intervals behind the Hastati.

Triarii

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the rear of these two lines he placed the Triarii, still leaving intervals.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading In the rear of these two lines he placed the Triarii, still leaving intervals.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading The following morning the opposing armies were drawn up in battle array as follows.

usualadjectiveUS /ˈjuːʒəwəl/

occurring or encountered or experienced or observed frequently or in accordance with regular practice or procedure

From this reading The Principes came next, but these, contrary to the usual plan, were not placed so as to cover the intervals behind the Hastati.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The following morning the opposing armies were drawn up in battle array as follows.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Scipio placed in front the Hastati, with an interval between their maniples.

Chapter 39 of Hannibal's daughter by Andrew Haggard holds 70 sentences, grouped into 14 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 39 of Hannibal's daughter contain?

Chapter 39 holds 70 sentences of Hannibal's daughter, unabridged, divided into 14 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 39 of Hannibal's daughter by Andrew Haggard exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 70 sentences, grouped into 14 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 39 of Hannibal's daughter?

Work through the 14 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 14 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

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Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 39 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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