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Happy England
Happy England

Chapter XV

Chapter 15 of Happy England is here in full — 85 sentences across 17 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/17 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
GARDENS AND ORCHARDS One is nearer God's heart in a garden Than anywhere else on earth.
The practice of painting gardens is almost as modern as that of painting by ladies.
The Flemings of the fifteenth century, it is true, introduced in a delightful fashion conventional borders of flowers into some of their pictures, probably because they felt that ornament must be presented from end to end of them, and that in no way could they do this better than by adding the gaiety of flowers to their foregrounds.
But all through the later dreary days no one touched the garden, for the conglomeration of flowers in the pieces of the Dutchmen of the seventeenth century cannot be treated as such.
Flowers certainly flourished in the gardens of the well-to-do in England in the century between 1750 and 1850, but none of the limners of the drawings of noblemen or of gentlemen's seats which were produced in such quantities during that period ever condescended to introduce them.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Happy England

Chapter XV

Chapter 15 of Happy England is here in full — 85 sentences across 17 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/17 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
GARDENS AND ORCHARDS One is nearer God's heart in a garden Than anywhere else on earth.
Line 2
The practice of painting gardens is almost as modern as that of painting by ladies.
/ðə ˈpræktəs ʌv ˈpeɪntɪŋ ˈɡɑːrdənz ɪz ˈɔːlmoʊst æz ˈmɑːdərn æz ðæt ʌv ˈpeɪntɪŋ baɪ ˈleɪdiz/
Line 3
The Flemings of the fifteenth century, it is true, introduced in a delightful fashion conventional borders of flowers into some of their pictures, probably because they felt that ornament must be presented from end to end of them, and that in no way could they do this better than by adding the gaiety of flowers to their foregrounds.
Line 4
But all through the later dreary days no one touched the garden, for the conglomeration of flowers in the pieces of the Dutchmen of the seventeenth century cannot be treated as such.
Line 5
Flowers certainly flourished in the gardens of the well-to-do in England in the century between 1750 and 1850, but none of the limners of the drawings of noblemen or of gentlemen's seats which were produced in such quantities during that period ever condescended to introduce them.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

condescended verb US /ˌkɑːndɪˈsendɪd/

past form of “condescend” — behave in a patronizing and condescending manner

From this reading “Flowers certainly flourished in the gardens of the well-to-do in England in the century between 1750 and 1850, but none of the limners of the drawings of noblemen or of gentlemen's seats which were produced in such quantities during that period ever condescended to introduce them.”

conglomeration noun US /kənˌɡlɑːmərˈeɪʃən/

a rounded spherical form

From this reading “But all through the later dreary days no one touched the garden, for the conglomeration of flowers in the pieces of the Dutchmen of the seventeenth century cannot be treated as such.”

drawings noun US /ˈdrɔːɪŋz/

plural of “drawing” — an illustration that is drawn by hand and published in a book, magazine, or newspaper

From this reading “Flowers certainly flourished in the gardens of the well-to-do in England in the century between 1750 and 1850, but none of the limners of the drawings of noblemen or of gentlemen's seats which were produced in such quantities during that period ever condescended to introduce them.”

fifteenth adjective US /fɪfˈtiːnθ/

coming next after the fourteenth and just before the sixteenth in position

From this reading “The Flemings of the fifteenth century, it is true, introduced in a delightful fashion conventional borders of flowers into some of their pictures, probably because they felt that ornament must be presented from end to end of them, and that in no way could they do this better than by adding the gaiety of flowers to their foregrounds.”

Flemings noun US /ˈflemɪŋz/

plural of “fleming” — British writer famous for writing spy novels about secret agent James Bond (1908-1964)

From this reading “The Flemings of the fifteenth century, it is true, introduced in a delightful fashion conventional borders of flowers into some of their pictures, probably because they felt that ornament must be presented from end to end of them, and that in no way could they do this better than by adding the gaiety of flowers to their foregrounds.”

flourished verb US /ˈflɜːrɪʃt/

past form of “flourish” — grow vigorously

From this reading “Flowers certainly flourished in the gardens of the well-to-do in England in the century between 1750 and 1850, but none of the limners of the drawings of noblemen or of gentlemen's seats which were produced in such quantities during that period ever condescended to introduce them.”

orchards noun US /ˈɔːrtʃərdz/

plural of “orchard” — garden consisting of a small cultivated wood without undergrowth

From this reading “GARDENS AND ORCHARDS One is nearer God's heart in a garden Than anywhere else on earth.”

seventeenth adjective US /ˈsevənˈtiːnθ/

coming next after the sixteenth in position

From this reading “But all through the later dreary days no one touched the garden, for the conglomeration of flowers in the pieces of the Dutchmen of the seventeenth century cannot be treated as such.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

seventeenth century adjective + noun

In this reading “But all through the later dreary days no one touched the garden, for the conglomeration of flowers in the pieces of the Dutchmen of the seventeenth century cannot be treated as such.”

fifteenth century adjective + noun

In this reading “The Flemings of the fifteenth century, it is true, introduced in a delightful fashion conventional borders of flowers into some of their pictures, probably because they felt that ornament must be presented from end to end of them, and that in no way could they do this better than by adding the gaiety of flowers to their foregrounds.”

on earth preposition + noun

used with question words to convey surprise

In this reading “GARDENS AND ORCHARDS One is nearer God's heart in a garden Than anywhere else on earth.”

dreary days adjective + noun

In this reading “But all through the later dreary days no one touched the garden, for the conglomeration of flowers in the pieces of the Dutchmen of the seventeenth century cannot be treated as such.”

in a garden preposition + article + noun counted as “in … garden”

In this reading “GARDENS AND ORCHARDS One is nearer God's heart in a garden Than anywhere else on earth.”

All words in this reading · 100

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1750

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Flowers certainly flourished in the gardens of the well-to-do in England in the century between 1750 and 1850, but none of the limners of the drawings of noblemen or of gentlemen's seats which were produced in such quantities during that period ever condescended to introduce them.

1850

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Flowers certainly flourished in the gardens of the well-to-do in England in the century between 1750 and 1850, but none of the limners of the drawings of noblemen or of gentlemen's seats which were produced in such quantities during that period ever condescended to introduce them.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading GARDENS AND ORCHARDS One is nearer God's heart in a garden Than anywhere else on earth.

addingverbUS /ˈædɪŋ/

-ing form of “add” — make an addition (to); join or combine or unite with others; increase the quality, quantity, size or scope of

From this reading The Flemings of the fifteenth century, it is true, introduced in a delightful fashion conventional borders of flowers into some of their pictures, probably because they felt that ornament must be presented from end to end of them, and that in no way could they do this better than by adding the gaiety of flowers to their foregrounds.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading But all through the later dreary days no one touched the garden, for the conglomeration of flowers in the pieces of the Dutchmen of the seventeenth century cannot be treated as such.

almostadverbUS /ˈɔːlmoʊst/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading The practice of painting gardens is almost as modern as that of painting by ladies.

ANDconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading GARDENS AND ORCHARDS One is nearer God's heart in a garden Than anywhere else on earth.

anywhereadverbUS /ˈeniwer/

at or in or to any place

From this reading GARDENS AND ORCHARDS One is nearer God's heart in a garden Than anywhere else on earth.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The practice of painting gardens is almost as modern as that of painting by ladies.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading The Flemings of the fifteenth century, it is true, introduced in a delightful fashion conventional borders of flowers into some of their pictures, probably because they felt that ornament must be presented from end to end of them, and that in no way could they do this better than by adding the gaiety of flowers to their foregrounds.

becauseconjunctionUS /bɪˈkɔːz/

for the reason that

From this reading The Flemings of the fifteenth century, it is true, introduced in a delightful fashion conventional borders of flowers into some of their pictures, probably because they felt that ornament must be presented from end to end of them, and that in no way could they do this better than by adding the gaiety of flowers to their foregrounds.

betteradjectiveUS /ˈbetər/

(comparative of “good”) superior to another (of the same class or set or kind) in excellence or quality or desirability or suitability; more highly skilled than another

From this reading The Flemings of the fifteenth century, it is true, introduced in a delightful fashion conventional borders of flowers into some of their pictures, probably because they felt that ornament must be presented from end to end of them, and that in no way could they do this better than by adding the gaiety of flowers to their foregrounds.

betweenprepositionUS /bɪˈtwiːn/

in the space, time, or range separating two things

From this reading Flowers certainly flourished in the gardens of the well-to-do in England in the century between 1750 and 1850, but none of the limners of the drawings of noblemen or of gentlemen's seats which were produced in such quantities during that period ever condescended to introduce them.

bordersnounUS /ˈbɔːrdərz/

plural of “border” — a line that indicates a boundary

From this reading The Flemings of the fifteenth century, it is true, introduced in a delightful fashion conventional borders of flowers into some of their pictures, probably because they felt that ornament must be presented from end to end of them, and that in no way could they do this better than by adding the gaiety of flowers to their foregrounds.

ButconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading But all through the later dreary days no one touched the garden, for the conglomeration of flowers in the pieces of the Dutchmen of the seventeenth century cannot be treated as such.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading The practice of painting gardens is almost as modern as that of painting by ladies.

cannot

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But all through the later dreary days no one touched the garden, for the conglomeration of flowers in the pieces of the Dutchmen of the seventeenth century cannot be treated as such.

centurynounUS /ˈsentʃəri/

a period of 100 years

From this reading The Flemings of the fifteenth century, it is true, introduced in a delightful fashion conventional borders of flowers into some of their pictures, probably because they felt that ornament must be presented from end to end of them, and that in no way could they do this better than by adding the gaiety of flowers to their foregrounds.

certainlyadverbUS /ˈsɜːrtənli/

definitely or positively (“sure” is sometimes used informally for “surely”)

From this reading Flowers certainly flourished in the gardens of the well-to-do in England in the century between 1750 and 1850, but none of the limners of the drawings of noblemen or of gentlemen's seats which were produced in such quantities during that period ever condescended to introduce them.

condescendedverbUS /ˌkɑːndɪˈsendɪd/

past form of “condescend” — behave in a patronizing and condescending manner

From this reading Flowers certainly flourished in the gardens of the well-to-do in England in the century between 1750 and 1850, but none of the limners of the drawings of noblemen or of gentlemen's seats which were produced in such quantities during that period ever condescended to introduce them.

conglomerationnounUS /kənˌɡlɑːmərˈeɪʃən/

a rounded spherical form

From this reading But all through the later dreary days no one touched the garden, for the conglomeration of flowers in the pieces of the Dutchmen of the seventeenth century cannot be treated as such.

conventionaladjectiveUS /kənˈvenʃənəl/

following accepted customs and proprieties

From this reading The Flemings of the fifteenth century, it is true, introduced in a delightful fashion conventional borders of flowers into some of their pictures, probably because they felt that ornament must be presented from end to end of them, and that in no way could they do this better than by adding the gaiety of flowers to their foregrounds.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading The Flemings of the fifteenth century, it is true, introduced in a delightful fashion conventional borders of flowers into some of their pictures, probably because they felt that ornament must be presented from end to end of them, and that in no way could they do this better than by adding the gaiety of flowers to their foregrounds.

daysnounUS /deɪz/

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading But all through the later dreary days no one touched the garden, for the conglomeration of flowers in the pieces of the Dutchmen of the seventeenth century cannot be treated as such.

delightfuladjectiveUS /dɪˈlaɪtfəl/

greatly pleasing or entertaining

From this reading The Flemings of the fifteenth century, it is true, introduced in a delightful fashion conventional borders of flowers into some of their pictures, probably because they felt that ornament must be presented from end to end of them, and that in no way could they do this better than by adding the gaiety of flowers to their foregrounds.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading The Flemings of the fifteenth century, it is true, introduced in a delightful fashion conventional borders of flowers into some of their pictures, probably because they felt that ornament must be presented from end to end of them, and that in no way could they do this better than by adding the gaiety of flowers to their foregrounds.

drawingsnounUS /ˈdrɔːɪŋz/

plural of “drawing” — an illustration that is drawn by hand and published in a book, magazine, or newspaper

From this reading Flowers certainly flourished in the gardens of the well-to-do in England in the century between 1750 and 1850, but none of the limners of the drawings of noblemen or of gentlemen's seats which were produced in such quantities during that period ever condescended to introduce them.

drearyadjectiveUS /ˈdrɪri/

lacking in liveliness or charm or surprise

From this reading But all through the later dreary days no one touched the garden, for the conglomeration of flowers in the pieces of the Dutchmen of the seventeenth century cannot be treated as such.

duringprepositionUS /ˈdʊrɪŋ/

all through a period, or at some point within it

From this reading Flowers certainly flourished in the gardens of the well-to-do in England in the century between 1750 and 1850, but none of the limners of the drawings of noblemen or of gentlemen's seats which were produced in such quantities during that period ever condescended to introduce them.

Dutchmen

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But all through the later dreary days no one touched the garden, for the conglomeration of flowers in the pieces of the Dutchmen of the seventeenth century cannot be treated as such.

earthnounUS /ɜːrθ/

the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on

From this reading GARDENS AND ORCHARDS One is nearer God's heart in a garden Than anywhere else on earth.

else

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading GARDENS AND ORCHARDS One is nearer God's heart in a garden Than anywhere else on earth.

endnounUS /end/

either extremity of something that has length

From this reading The Flemings of the fifteenth century, it is true, introduced in a delightful fashion conventional borders of flowers into some of their pictures, probably because they felt that ornament must be presented from end to end of them, and that in no way could they do this better than by adding the gaiety of flowers to their foregrounds.

EnglandnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlənd/

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading Flowers certainly flourished in the gardens of the well-to-do in England in the century between 1750 and 1850, but none of the limners of the drawings of noblemen or of gentlemen's seats which were produced in such quantities during that period ever condescended to introduce them.

everadverbUS /ˈevər/

at any time

From this reading Flowers certainly flourished in the gardens of the well-to-do in England in the century between 1750 and 1850, but none of the limners of the drawings of noblemen or of gentlemen's seats which were produced in such quantities during that period ever condescended to introduce them.

fashionnounUS /ˈfæʃən/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading The Flemings of the fifteenth century, it is true, introduced in a delightful fashion conventional borders of flowers into some of their pictures, probably because they felt that ornament must be presented from end to end of them, and that in no way could they do this better than by adding the gaiety of flowers to their foregrounds.

feltverbUS /felt/

mat together and make felt-like

From this reading The Flemings of the fifteenth century, it is true, introduced in a delightful fashion conventional borders of flowers into some of their pictures, probably because they felt that ornament must be presented from end to end of them, and that in no way could they do this better than by adding the gaiety of flowers to their foregrounds.

fifteenthadjectiveUS /fɪfˈtiːnθ/

coming next after the fourteenth and just before the sixteenth in position

From this reading The Flemings of the fifteenth century, it is true, introduced in a delightful fashion conventional borders of flowers into some of their pictures, probably because they felt that ornament must be presented from end to end of them, and that in no way could they do this better than by adding the gaiety of flowers to their foregrounds.

FlemingsnounUS /ˈflemɪŋz/

plural of “fleming” — British writer famous for writing spy novels about secret agent James Bond (1908-1964)

From this reading The Flemings of the fifteenth century, it is true, introduced in a delightful fashion conventional borders of flowers into some of their pictures, probably because they felt that ornament must be presented from end to end of them, and that in no way could they do this better than by adding the gaiety of flowers to their foregrounds.

flourishedverbUS /ˈflɜːrɪʃt/

past form of “flourish” — grow vigorously

From this reading Flowers certainly flourished in the gardens of the well-to-do in England in the century between 1750 and 1850, but none of the limners of the drawings of noblemen or of gentlemen's seats which were produced in such quantities during that period ever condescended to introduce them.

flowersnounUS /ˈflaʊərz/

plural of “flower” — a plant cultivated for its blooms or blossoms

From this reading The Flemings of the fifteenth century, it is true, introduced in a delightful fashion conventional borders of flowers into some of their pictures, probably because they felt that ornament must be presented from end to end of them, and that in no way could they do this better than by adding the gaiety of flowers to their foregrounds.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading But all through the later dreary days no one touched the garden, for the conglomeration of flowers in the pieces of the Dutchmen of the seventeenth century cannot be treated as such.

foregrounds

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Flemings of the fifteenth century, it is true, introduced in a delightful fashion conventional borders of flowers into some of their pictures, probably because they felt that ornament must be presented from end to end of them, and that in no way could they do this better than by adding the gaiety of flowers to their foregrounds.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading The Flemings of the fifteenth century, it is true, introduced in a delightful fashion conventional borders of flowers into some of their pictures, probably because they felt that ornament must be presented from end to end of them, and that in no way could they do this better than by adding the gaiety of flowers to their foregrounds.

gaietynoun

a gay feeling

From this reading The Flemings of the fifteenth century, it is true, introduced in a delightful fashion conventional borders of flowers into some of their pictures, probably because they felt that ornament must be presented from end to end of them, and that in no way could they do this better than by adding the gaiety of flowers to their foregrounds.

gardennounUS /ˈɡɑːrdən/

a plot of ground where plants are cultivated

From this reading GARDENS AND ORCHARDS One is nearer God's heart in a garden Than anywhere else on earth.

GARDENSnounUS /ˈɡɑːrdənz/

plural of “garden” — a plot of ground where plants are cultivated

From this reading GARDENS AND ORCHARDS One is nearer God's heart in a garden Than anywhere else on earth.

gentlemen's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Flowers certainly flourished in the gardens of the well-to-do in England in the century between 1750 and 1850, but none of the limners of the drawings of noblemen or of gentlemen's seats which were produced in such quantities during that period ever condescended to introduce them.

God'snounUS /ɡɑːdz/

possessive form of “god” — the supernatural being conceived as the perfect and omnipotent and omniscient originator and ruler of the universe; the object of worship in monotheistic religions

From this reading GARDENS AND ORCHARDS One is nearer God's heart in a garden Than anywhere else on earth.

heartnounUS /hɑːrt/

the locus of feelings and intuitions

From this reading GARDENS AND ORCHARDS One is nearer God's heart in a garden Than anywhere else on earth.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading GARDENS AND ORCHARDS One is nearer God's heart in a garden Than anywhere else on earth.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading The Flemings of the fifteenth century, it is true, introduced in a delightful fashion conventional borders of flowers into some of their pictures, probably because they felt that ornament must be presented from end to end of them, and that in no way could they do this better than by adding the gaiety of flowers to their foregrounds.

introduceverbUS /ˌɪntrəˈduːs/

cause to come to know personally

From this reading Flowers certainly flourished in the gardens of the well-to-do in England in the century between 1750 and 1850, but none of the limners of the drawings of noblemen or of gentlemen's seats which were produced in such quantities during that period ever condescended to introduce them.

introducedverbUS /ˌɪntrəˈduːst/

past form of “introduce” — cause to come to know personally

From this reading The Flemings of the fifteenth century, it is true, introduced in a delightful fashion conventional borders of flowers into some of their pictures, probably because they felt that ornament must be presented from end to end of them, and that in no way could they do this better than by adding the gaiety of flowers to their foregrounds.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading GARDENS AND ORCHARDS One is nearer God's heart in a garden Than anywhere else on earth.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading The Flemings of the fifteenth century, it is true, introduced in a delightful fashion conventional borders of flowers into some of their pictures, probably because they felt that ornament must be presented from end to end of them, and that in no way could they do this better than by adding the gaiety of flowers to their foregrounds.

ladiesnounUS /ˈleɪdiz/

plural of “lady” — a polite name for any woman

From this reading The practice of painting gardens is almost as modern as that of painting by ladies.

lateradverbUS /ˈleɪtər/

happening at a time subsequent to a reference time

From this reading But all through the later dreary days no one touched the garden, for the conglomeration of flowers in the pieces of the Dutchmen of the seventeenth century cannot be treated as such.

limners

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Flowers certainly flourished in the gardens of the well-to-do in England in the century between 1750 and 1850, but none of the limners of the drawings of noblemen or of gentlemen's seats which were produced in such quantities during that period ever condescended to introduce them.

modernadjectiveUS /ˈmɑːdərn/

belonging to the modern era; since the Middle Ages

From this reading The practice of painting gardens is almost as modern as that of painting by ladies.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading The Flemings of the fifteenth century, it is true, introduced in a delightful fashion conventional borders of flowers into some of their pictures, probably because they felt that ornament must be presented from end to end of them, and that in no way could they do this better than by adding the gaiety of flowers to their foregrounds.

neareradverbUS /ˈnɪrər/

(comparative of “near” or “close”) within a shorter distance

From this reading GARDENS AND ORCHARDS One is nearer God's heart in a garden Than anywhere else on earth.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading The Flemings of the fifteenth century, it is true, introduced in a delightful fashion conventional borders of flowers into some of their pictures, probably because they felt that ornament must be presented from end to end of them, and that in no way could they do this better than by adding the gaiety of flowers to their foregrounds.

noblemen

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Flowers certainly flourished in the gardens of the well-to-do in England in the century between 1750 and 1850, but none of the limners of the drawings of noblemen or of gentlemen's seats which were produced in such quantities during that period ever condescended to introduce them.

nonepronounUS /nʌn/

not one, and not any

From this reading Flowers certainly flourished in the gardens of the well-to-do in England in the century between 1750 and 1850, but none of the limners of the drawings of noblemen or of gentlemen's seats which were produced in such quantities during that period ever condescended to introduce them.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The practice of painting gardens is almost as modern as that of painting by ladies.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading GARDENS AND ORCHARDS One is nearer God's heart in a garden Than anywhere else on earth.

OnepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading GARDENS AND ORCHARDS One is nearer God's heart in a garden Than anywhere else on earth.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Flowers certainly flourished in the gardens of the well-to-do in England in the century between 1750 and 1850, but none of the limners of the drawings of noblemen or of gentlemen's seats which were produced in such quantities during that period ever condescended to introduce them.

ORCHARDSnounUS /ˈɔːrtʃərdz/

plural of “orchard” — garden consisting of a small cultivated wood without undergrowth

From this reading GARDENS AND ORCHARDS One is nearer God's heart in a garden Than anywhere else on earth.

ornamentverbUS /ˈɔːrnəmənt/

make more attractive by adding ornament, colour, etc.

From this reading The Flemings of the fifteenth century, it is true, introduced in a delightful fashion conventional borders of flowers into some of their pictures, probably because they felt that ornament must be presented from end to end of them, and that in no way could they do this better than by adding the gaiety of flowers to their foregrounds.

paintingnounUS /ˈpeɪntɪŋ/

graphic art consisting of an artistic composition made by applying paints to a surface

From this reading The practice of painting gardens is almost as modern as that of painting by ladies.

periodnounUS /ˈpɪriəd/

an amount of time

From this reading Flowers certainly flourished in the gardens of the well-to-do in England in the century between 1750 and 1850, but none of the limners of the drawings of noblemen or of gentlemen's seats which were produced in such quantities during that period ever condescended to introduce them.

picturesnounUS /ˈpɪktʃərz/

plural of “picture” — a visual representation (of an object or scene or person or abstraction) produced on a surface

From this reading The Flemings of the fifteenth century, it is true, introduced in a delightful fashion conventional borders of flowers into some of their pictures, probably because they felt that ornament must be presented from end to end of them, and that in no way could they do this better than by adding the gaiety of flowers to their foregrounds.

piecesnounUS /ˈpiːsəz/

plural of “piece” — a separate part of a whole

From this reading But all through the later dreary days no one touched the garden, for the conglomeration of flowers in the pieces of the Dutchmen of the seventeenth century cannot be treated as such.

practicenounUS /ˈpræktəs/

a customary way of operation or behavior

From this reading The practice of painting gardens is almost as modern as that of painting by ladies.

presentedverbUS /priˈzentɪd/

past form of “present” — give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading The Flemings of the fifteenth century, it is true, introduced in a delightful fashion conventional borders of flowers into some of their pictures, probably because they felt that ornament must be presented from end to end of them, and that in no way could they do this better than by adding the gaiety of flowers to their foregrounds.

probablyadverbUS /ˈprɑːbəbliː/

with considerable certainty; without much doubt

From this reading The Flemings of the fifteenth century, it is true, introduced in a delightful fashion conventional borders of flowers into some of their pictures, probably because they felt that ornament must be presented from end to end of them, and that in no way could they do this better than by adding the gaiety of flowers to their foregrounds.

producedverbUS /prəˈduːst/

past form of “produce” — bring forth or yield

From this reading Flowers certainly flourished in the gardens of the well-to-do in England in the century between 1750 and 1850, but none of the limners of the drawings of noblemen or of gentlemen's seats which were produced in such quantities during that period ever condescended to introduce them.

quantitiesnounUS /ˈkwɑːntətiz/

plural of “quantity” — how much there is or how many there are of something that you can quantify

From this reading Flowers certainly flourished in the gardens of the well-to-do in England in the century between 1750 and 1850, but none of the limners of the drawings of noblemen or of gentlemen's seats which were produced in such quantities during that period ever condescended to introduce them.

seatsnounUS /siːts/

an area that includes places where several people can sit

From this reading Flowers certainly flourished in the gardens of the well-to-do in England in the century between 1750 and 1850, but none of the limners of the drawings of noblemen or of gentlemen's seats which were produced in such quantities during that period ever condescended to introduce them.

seventeenthadjectiveUS /ˈsevənˈtiːnθ/

coming next after the sixteenth in position

From this reading But all through the later dreary days no one touched the garden, for the conglomeration of flowers in the pieces of the Dutchmen of the seventeenth century cannot be treated as such.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading The Flemings of the fifteenth century, it is true, introduced in a delightful fashion conventional borders of flowers into some of their pictures, probably because they felt that ornament must be presented from end to end of them, and that in no way could they do this better than by adding the gaiety of flowers to their foregrounds.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading But all through the later dreary days no one touched the garden, for the conglomeration of flowers in the pieces of the Dutchmen of the seventeenth century cannot be treated as such.

ThanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading GARDENS AND ORCHARDS One is nearer God's heart in a garden Than anywhere else on earth.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading The practice of painting gardens is almost as modern as that of painting by ladies.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The practice of painting gardens is almost as modern as that of painting by ladies.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading The Flemings of the fifteenth century, it is true, introduced in a delightful fashion conventional borders of flowers into some of their pictures, probably because they felt that ornament must be presented from end to end of them, and that in no way could they do this better than by adding the gaiety of flowers to their foregrounds.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading The Flemings of the fifteenth century, it is true, introduced in a delightful fashion conventional borders of flowers into some of their pictures, probably because they felt that ornament must be presented from end to end of them, and that in no way could they do this better than by adding the gaiety of flowers to their foregrounds.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading The Flemings of the fifteenth century, it is true, introduced in a delightful fashion conventional borders of flowers into some of their pictures, probably because they felt that ornament must be presented from end to end of them, and that in no way could they do this better than by adding the gaiety of flowers to their foregrounds.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading The Flemings of the fifteenth century, it is true, introduced in a delightful fashion conventional borders of flowers into some of their pictures, probably because they felt that ornament must be presented from end to end of them, and that in no way could they do this better than by adding the gaiety of flowers to their foregrounds.

throughprepositionUS /θruː/

from one end or side of something to the other

From this reading But all through the later dreary days no one touched the garden, for the conglomeration of flowers in the pieces of the Dutchmen of the seventeenth century cannot be treated as such.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The Flemings of the fifteenth century, it is true, introduced in a delightful fashion conventional borders of flowers into some of their pictures, probably because they felt that ornament must be presented from end to end of them, and that in no way could they do this better than by adding the gaiety of flowers to their foregrounds.

touchedadjectiveUS /tʌtʃt/

having come into contact

From this reading But all through the later dreary days no one touched the garden, for the conglomeration of flowers in the pieces of the Dutchmen of the seventeenth century cannot be treated as such.

treatedadjectiveUS /ˈtriːtɪd/

subjected to a physical (or chemical) treatment or action or agent

From this reading But all through the later dreary days no one touched the garden, for the conglomeration of flowers in the pieces of the Dutchmen of the seventeenth century cannot be treated as such.

trueadjectiveUS /truː/

consistent with fact or reality; not false

From this reading The Flemings of the fifteenth century, it is true, introduced in a delightful fashion conventional borders of flowers into some of their pictures, probably because they felt that ornament must be presented from end to end of them, and that in no way could they do this better than by adding the gaiety of flowers to their foregrounds.

waynounUS /weɪ/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading The Flemings of the fifteenth century, it is true, introduced in a delightful fashion conventional borders of flowers into some of their pictures, probably because they felt that ornament must be presented from end to end of them, and that in no way could they do this better than by adding the gaiety of flowers to their foregrounds.

well-to-doadjective

in fortunate circumstances financially; moderately rich

From this reading Flowers certainly flourished in the gardens of the well-to-do in England in the century between 1750 and 1850, but none of the limners of the drawings of noblemen or of gentlemen's seats which were produced in such quantities during that period ever condescended to introduce them.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Flowers certainly flourished in the gardens of the well-to-do in England in the century between 1750 and 1850, but none of the limners of the drawings of noblemen or of gentlemen's seats which were produced in such quantities during that period ever condescended to introduce them.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Flowers certainly flourished in the gardens of the well-to-do in England in the century between 1750 and 1850, but none of the limners of the drawings of noblemen or of gentlemen's seats which were produced in such quantities during that period ever condescended to introduce them.

Chapter 15 of Happy England by Marcus B. (Marcus Bourne) Huish holds 85 sentences, grouped into 17 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 15 of Happy England contain?

Chapter 15 holds 85 sentences of Happy England, unabridged, divided into 17 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 15 of Happy England by Marcus B. (Marcus Bourne) Huish exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 85 sentences, grouped into 17 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 15 of Happy England?

Work through the 17 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 17 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 15 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 15 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Happy England

Common questions about reading Happy England by Marcus B. (Marcus Bourne) Huish on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Happy England?

Yes. All 1204 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #54696 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Happy England is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #54696, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Happy England take to read?

About 100 minutes of reading across 241 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Happy England section by section

How to work through Happy England section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 17 chapters of Happy England to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Happy England

Words and structures a reader meets early in Happy England, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Witley
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Happy England; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Birks
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Happy England; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Hindhead
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Happy England; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Common
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Happy England; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.