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Hard Times
Hard Times

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of Hard Times is here in full — 270 sentences across 54 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/54 · 5 lines
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THE GREAT MANUFACTURER TIME went on in Coketown like its own machinery: so much material wrought up, so much fuel consumed, so many powers worn out, so much money made.
But, less inexorable than iron, steel, and brass, it brought its varying seasons even into that wilderness of smoke and brick, and made the only stand that ever _was_ made in the place against its direful uniformity.
Louisa is becoming,’ said Mr. Gradgrind, almost a young woman.’
Time, with his innumerable horse-power, worked away, not minding what anybody said, and presently turned out young Thomas a foot taller than when his father had last taken particular notice of him.
Thomas is becoming,’ said Mr. Gradgrind, almost a young man.’
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Hard Times

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of Hard Times is here in full — 270 sentences across 54 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/54 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE GREAT MANUFACTURER TIME went on in Coketown like its own machinery: so much material wrought up, so much fuel consumed, so many powers worn out, so much money made.
Line 2
But, less inexorable than iron, steel, and brass, it brought its varying seasons even into that wilderness of smoke and brick, and made the only stand that ever _was_ made in the place against its direful uniformity.
Line 3
Louisa is becoming,’ said Mr. Gradgrind, ‘almost a young woman.’
Line 4
Time, with his innumerable horse-power, worked away, not minding what anybody said, and presently turned out young Thomas a foot taller than when his father had last taken particular notice of him.
Line 5
Thomas is becoming,’ said Mr. Gradgrind, ‘almost a young man.’

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

consumed verb US /kənˈsuːmd/

past form of “consume” — eat up completely, as with great appetite

From this reading “THE GREAT MANUFACTURER TIME went on in Coketown like its own machinery: so much material wrought up, so much fuel consumed, so many powers worn out, so much money made.”

fuel verb US /ˈfjuːəl/

provide with a combustible substance that provides energy

From this reading “THE GREAT MANUFACTURER TIME went on in Coketown like its own machinery: so much material wrought up, so much fuel consumed, so many powers worn out, so much money made.”

inexorable adjective US /ˌɪˈneksərəbəl/

not to be placated or appeased or moved by entreaty

From this reading “But, less inexorable than iron, steel, and brass, it brought its varying seasons even into that wilderness of smoke and brick, and made the only stand that ever _was_ made in the place against its direful uniformity.”

manufacturer noun US /ˌmænjəˈfæktʃərər/

a business engaged in manufacturing some product

From this reading “THE GREAT MANUFACTURER TIME went on in Coketown like its own machinery: so much material wrought up, so much fuel consumed, so many powers worn out, so much money made.”

minding verb US /ˈmaɪndɪŋ/

-ing form of “mind” — be offended or bothered by; take offense with, be bothered by

From this reading “Time, with his innumerable horse-power, worked away, not minding what anybody said, and presently turned out young Thomas a foot taller than when his father had last taken particular notice of him.”

taller adjective US /ˈtɔːlər/

comparative of “tall” — great in vertical dimension; high in stature

From this reading “Time, with his innumerable horse-power, worked away, not minding what anybody said, and presently turned out young Thomas a foot taller than when his father had last taken particular notice of him.”

uniformity noun US /ˌjuːnəˈfɔːrməti/

a condition in which everything is regular and unvarying

From this reading “But, less inexorable than iron, steel, and brass, it brought its varying seasons even into that wilderness of smoke and brick, and made the only stand that ever _was_ made in the place against its direful uniformity.”

varying adjective US /ˈveriɪŋ/

marked by diversity or difference

From this reading “But, less inexorable than iron, steel, and brass, it brought its varying seasons even into that wilderness of smoke and brick, and made the only stand that ever _was_ made in the place against its direful uniformity.”

All words in this reading · 86

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading ‘Louisa is becoming,’ said Mr. Gradgrind, ‘almost a young woman.’

againstprepositionUS /əˈɡenst/

touching and pressing; in opposition to

From this reading But, less inexorable than iron, steel, and brass, it brought its varying seasons even into that wilderness of smoke and brick, and made the only stand that ever _was_ made in the place against its direful uniformity.

almostadverbUS /ˈɔːlmoʊst/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading ‘Louisa is becoming,’ said Mr. Gradgrind, ‘almost a young woman.’

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading But, less inexorable than iron, steel, and brass, it brought its varying seasons even into that wilderness of smoke and brick, and made the only stand that ever _was_ made in the place against its direful uniformity.

anybodypronounUS /ˈenibədi/

any person at all

From this reading Time, with his innumerable horse-power, worked away, not minding what anybody said, and presently turned out young Thomas a foot taller than when his father had last taken particular notice of him.

awayadverbUS /əˈweɪ/

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading Time, with his innumerable horse-power, worked away, not minding what anybody said, and presently turned out young Thomas a foot taller than when his father had last taken particular notice of him.

becomingadjectiveUS /bɪˈkʌmɪŋ/

according with custom or propriety

From this reading ‘Louisa is becoming,’ said Mr. Gradgrind, ‘almost a young woman.’

brassnounUS /bræs/

an alloy of copper and zinc

From this reading But, less inexorable than iron, steel, and brass, it brought its varying seasons even into that wilderness of smoke and brick, and made the only stand that ever _was_ made in the place against its direful uniformity.

bricknounUS /brɪk/

rectangular block of clay baked by the sun or in a kiln; used as a building or paving material

From this reading But, less inexorable than iron, steel, and brass, it brought its varying seasons even into that wilderness of smoke and brick, and made the only stand that ever _was_ made in the place against its direful uniformity.

broughtverbUS /brɔːt/

inflected form of “bring” — take something or somebody with oneself somewhere

From this reading But, less inexorable than iron, steel, and brass, it brought its varying seasons even into that wilderness of smoke and brick, and made the only stand that ever _was_ made in the place against its direful uniformity.

ButconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading But, less inexorable than iron, steel, and brass, it brought its varying seasons even into that wilderness of smoke and brick, and made the only stand that ever _was_ made in the place against its direful uniformity.

Coketown

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE GREAT MANUFACTURER TIME went on in Coketown like its own machinery: so much material wrought up, so much fuel consumed, so many powers worn out, so much money made.

consumedverbUS /kənˈsuːmd/

past form of “consume” — eat up completely, as with great appetite

From this reading THE GREAT MANUFACTURER TIME went on in Coketown like its own machinery: so much material wrought up, so much fuel consumed, so many powers worn out, so much money made.

direfuladjective

causing fear or dread or terror

From this reading But, less inexorable than iron, steel, and brass, it brought its varying seasons even into that wilderness of smoke and brick, and made the only stand that ever _was_ made in the place against its direful uniformity.

evenadjectiveUS /ˈiːvɪn/

divisible by two

From this reading But, less inexorable than iron, steel, and brass, it brought its varying seasons even into that wilderness of smoke and brick, and made the only stand that ever _was_ made in the place against its direful uniformity.

everadverbUS /ˈevər/

at any time

From this reading But, less inexorable than iron, steel, and brass, it brought its varying seasons even into that wilderness of smoke and brick, and made the only stand that ever _was_ made in the place against its direful uniformity.

fathernounUS /ˈfɑːðər/

a male parent (also used as a term of address to your father)

From this reading Time, with his innumerable horse-power, worked away, not minding what anybody said, and presently turned out young Thomas a foot taller than when his father had last taken particular notice of him.

footnounUS /fʊt/

the part of the leg of a human being below the ankle joint

From this reading Time, with his innumerable horse-power, worked away, not minding what anybody said, and presently turned out young Thomas a foot taller than when his father had last taken particular notice of him.

fuelverbUS /ˈfjuːəl/

provide with a combustible substance that provides energy

From this reading THE GREAT MANUFACTURER TIME went on in Coketown like its own machinery: so much material wrought up, so much fuel consumed, so many powers worn out, so much money made.

Gradgrind

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading ‘Louisa is becoming,’ said Mr. Gradgrind, ‘almost a young woman.’

GREATadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading THE GREAT MANUFACTURER TIME went on in Coketown like its own machinery: so much material wrought up, so much fuel consumed, so many powers worn out, so much money made.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Time, with his innumerable horse-power, worked away, not minding what anybody said, and presently turned out young Thomas a foot taller than when his father had last taken particular notice of him.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Time, with his innumerable horse-power, worked away, not minding what anybody said, and presently turned out young Thomas a foot taller than when his father had last taken particular notice of him.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Time, with his innumerable horse-power, worked away, not minding what anybody said, and presently turned out young Thomas a foot taller than when his father had last taken particular notice of him.

horse-power

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Time, with his innumerable horse-power, worked away, not minding what anybody said, and presently turned out young Thomas a foot taller than when his father had last taken particular notice of him.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading THE GREAT MANUFACTURER TIME went on in Coketown like its own machinery: so much material wrought up, so much fuel consumed, so many powers worn out, so much money made.

inexorableadjectiveUS /ˌɪˈneksərəbəl/

not to be placated or appeased or moved by entreaty

From this reading But, less inexorable than iron, steel, and brass, it brought its varying seasons even into that wilderness of smoke and brick, and made the only stand that ever _was_ made in the place against its direful uniformity.

innumerableadjectiveUS /ˌɪˈnuːmərəbəl/

too numerous to be counted

From this reading Time, with his innumerable horse-power, worked away, not minding what anybody said, and presently turned out young Thomas a foot taller than when his father had last taken particular notice of him.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading But, less inexorable than iron, steel, and brass, it brought its varying seasons even into that wilderness of smoke and brick, and made the only stand that ever _was_ made in the place against its direful uniformity.

ironnounUS /ˈaɪərn/

a heavy ductile magnetic metallic element; is silver-white in pure form but readily rusts; used in construction and tools and armament; plays a role in the transport of oxygen by the blood

From this reading But, less inexorable than iron, steel, and brass, it brought its varying seasons even into that wilderness of smoke and brick, and made the only stand that ever _was_ made in the place against its direful uniformity.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading ‘Louisa is becoming,’ said Mr. Gradgrind, ‘almost a young woman.’

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading But, less inexorable than iron, steel, and brass, it brought its varying seasons even into that wilderness of smoke and brick, and made the only stand that ever _was_ made in the place against its direful uniformity.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading THE GREAT MANUFACTURER TIME went on in Coketown like its own machinery: so much material wrought up, so much fuel consumed, so many powers worn out, so much money made.

lastadjectiveUS /læst/

immediately past

From this reading Time, with his innumerable horse-power, worked away, not minding what anybody said, and presently turned out young Thomas a foot taller than when his father had last taken particular notice of him.

lessadverbUS /les/

used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs

From this reading But, less inexorable than iron, steel, and brass, it brought its varying seasons even into that wilderness of smoke and brick, and made the only stand that ever _was_ made in the place against its direful uniformity.

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading THE GREAT MANUFACTURER TIME went on in Coketown like its own machinery: so much material wrought up, so much fuel consumed, so many powers worn out, so much money made.

Louisa

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading ‘Louisa is becoming,’ said Mr. Gradgrind, ‘almost a young woman.’

machinerynounUS /məˈʃiːnəri/

machines or machine systems collectively

From this reading THE GREAT MANUFACTURER TIME went on in Coketown like its own machinery: so much material wrought up, so much fuel consumed, so many powers worn out, so much money made.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading THE GREAT MANUFACTURER TIME went on in Coketown like its own machinery: so much material wrought up, so much fuel consumed, so many powers worn out, so much money made.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading ‘Thomas is becoming,’ said Mr. Gradgrind, ‘almost a young man.’

MANUFACTURERnounUS /ˌmænjəˈfæktʃərər/

a business engaged in manufacturing some product

From this reading THE GREAT MANUFACTURER TIME went on in Coketown like its own machinery: so much material wrought up, so much fuel consumed, so many powers worn out, so much money made.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading THE GREAT MANUFACTURER TIME went on in Coketown like its own machinery: so much material wrought up, so much fuel consumed, so many powers worn out, so much money made.

materialadjectiveUS /məˈtɪriəl/

concerned with worldly rather than spiritual interests

From this reading THE GREAT MANUFACTURER TIME went on in Coketown like its own machinery: so much material wrought up, so much fuel consumed, so many powers worn out, so much money made.

mindingverbUS /ˈmaɪndɪŋ/

-ing form of “mind” — be offended or bothered by; take offense with, be bothered by

From this reading Time, with his innumerable horse-power, worked away, not minding what anybody said, and presently turned out young Thomas a foot taller than when his father had last taken particular notice of him.

moneynounUS /ˈmʌni/

the most common medium of exchange; functions as legal tender

From this reading THE GREAT MANUFACTURER TIME went on in Coketown like its own machinery: so much material wrought up, so much fuel consumed, so many powers worn out, so much money made.

MrnounUS /ˈmɪstər/

a form of address for a man

From this reading ‘Louisa is becoming,’ said Mr. Gradgrind, ‘almost a young woman.’

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading THE GREAT MANUFACTURER TIME went on in Coketown like its own machinery: so much material wrought up, so much fuel consumed, so many powers worn out, so much money made.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Time, with his innumerable horse-power, worked away, not minding what anybody said, and presently turned out young Thomas a foot taller than when his father had last taken particular notice of him.

noticenounUS /ˈnoʊtəs/

an announcement containing information about an event

From this reading Time, with his innumerable horse-power, worked away, not minding what anybody said, and presently turned out young Thomas a foot taller than when his father had last taken particular notice of him.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading But, less inexorable than iron, steel, and brass, it brought its varying seasons even into that wilderness of smoke and brick, and made the only stand that ever _was_ made in the place against its direful uniformity.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading THE GREAT MANUFACTURER TIME went on in Coketown like its own machinery: so much material wrought up, so much fuel consumed, so many powers worn out, so much money made.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading But, less inexorable than iron, steel, and brass, it brought its varying seasons even into that wilderness of smoke and brick, and made the only stand that ever _was_ made in the place against its direful uniformity.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading THE GREAT MANUFACTURER TIME went on in Coketown like its own machinery: so much material wrought up, so much fuel consumed, so many powers worn out, so much money made.

ownverbUS /oʊn/

have ownership or possession of

From this reading THE GREAT MANUFACTURER TIME went on in Coketown like its own machinery: so much material wrought up, so much fuel consumed, so many powers worn out, so much money made.

particularadjectiveUS /pərˈtɪkjələr/

unique or specific to a person or thing or category

From this reading Time, with his innumerable horse-power, worked away, not minding what anybody said, and presently turned out young Thomas a foot taller than when his father had last taken particular notice of him.

placenounUS /pleɪs/

a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading But, less inexorable than iron, steel, and brass, it brought its varying seasons even into that wilderness of smoke and brick, and made the only stand that ever _was_ made in the place against its direful uniformity.

powersnounUS /ˈpaʊərz/

plural of “power” — possession of controlling influence

From this reading THE GREAT MANUFACTURER TIME went on in Coketown like its own machinery: so much material wrought up, so much fuel consumed, so many powers worn out, so much money made.

presentlyadverbUS /ˈprezəntli/

in the near future

From this reading Time, with his innumerable horse-power, worked away, not minding what anybody said, and presently turned out young Thomas a foot taller than when his father had last taken particular notice of him.

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading ‘Louisa is becoming,’ said Mr. Gradgrind, ‘almost a young woman.’

seasonsnounUS /ˈsiːzənz/

plural of “season” — a period of the year marked by special events or activities in some field

From this reading But, less inexorable than iron, steel, and brass, it brought its varying seasons even into that wilderness of smoke and brick, and made the only stand that ever _was_ made in the place against its direful uniformity.

smokenounUS /smoʊk/

a cloud of fine particles suspended in a gas

From this reading But, less inexorable than iron, steel, and brass, it brought its varying seasons even into that wilderness of smoke and brick, and made the only stand that ever _was_ made in the place against its direful uniformity.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading THE GREAT MANUFACTURER TIME went on in Coketown like its own machinery: so much material wrought up, so much fuel consumed, so many powers worn out, so much money made.

standverbUS /stænd/

be standing; be upright

From this reading But, less inexorable than iron, steel, and brass, it brought its varying seasons even into that wilderness of smoke and brick, and made the only stand that ever _was_ made in the place against its direful uniformity.

steelnounUS /stiːl/

an alloy of iron with small amounts of carbon; widely used in construction; mechanical properties can be varied over a wide range

From this reading But, less inexorable than iron, steel, and brass, it brought its varying seasons even into that wilderness of smoke and brick, and made the only stand that ever _was_ made in the place against its direful uniformity.

takenadjectiveUS /ˈteɪkən/

understood in a certain way; made sense of

From this reading Time, with his innumerable horse-power, worked away, not minding what anybody said, and presently turned out young Thomas a foot taller than when his father had last taken particular notice of him.

talleradjectiveUS /ˈtɔːlər/

comparative of “tall” — great in vertical dimension; high in stature

From this reading Time, with his innumerable horse-power, worked away, not minding what anybody said, and presently turned out young Thomas a foot taller than when his father had last taken particular notice of him.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading But, less inexorable than iron, steel, and brass, it brought its varying seasons even into that wilderness of smoke and brick, and made the only stand that ever _was_ made in the place against its direful uniformity.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading But, less inexorable than iron, steel, and brass, it brought its varying seasons even into that wilderness of smoke and brick, and made the only stand that ever _was_ made in the place against its direful uniformity.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE GREAT MANUFACTURER TIME went on in Coketown like its own machinery: so much material wrought up, so much fuel consumed, so many powers worn out, so much money made.

ThomasnounUS /ˈtɑːməs/

United States clockmaker who introduced mass production (1785-1859)

From this reading Time, with his innumerable horse-power, worked away, not minding what anybody said, and presently turned out young Thomas a foot taller than when his father had last taken particular notice of him.

TIMEnounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading THE GREAT MANUFACTURER TIME went on in Coketown like its own machinery: so much material wrought up, so much fuel consumed, so many powers worn out, so much money made.

turnedadjectiveUS /tɜːrnd/

moved around an axis or center

From this reading Time, with his innumerable horse-power, worked away, not minding what anybody said, and presently turned out young Thomas a foot taller than when his father had last taken particular notice of him.

uniformitynounUS /ˌjuːnəˈfɔːrməti/

a condition in which everything is regular and unvarying

From this reading But, less inexorable than iron, steel, and brass, it brought its varying seasons even into that wilderness of smoke and brick, and made the only stand that ever _was_ made in the place against its direful uniformity.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading THE GREAT MANUFACTURER TIME went on in Coketown like its own machinery: so much material wrought up, so much fuel consumed, so many powers worn out, so much money made.

varyingadjectiveUS /ˈveriɪŋ/

marked by diversity or difference

From this reading But, less inexorable than iron, steel, and brass, it brought its varying seasons even into that wilderness of smoke and brick, and made the only stand that ever _was_ made in the place against its direful uniformity.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading But, less inexorable than iron, steel, and brass, it brought its varying seasons even into that wilderness of smoke and brick, and made the only stand that ever _was_ made in the place against its direful uniformity.

wentverbUS /went/

inflected form of “go” — change location; move, travel, or proceed, also metaphorically

From this reading THE GREAT MANUFACTURER TIME went on in Coketown like its own machinery: so much material wrought up, so much fuel consumed, so many powers worn out, so much money made.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading Time, with his innumerable horse-power, worked away, not minding what anybody said, and presently turned out young Thomas a foot taller than when his father had last taken particular notice of him.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading Time, with his innumerable horse-power, worked away, not minding what anybody said, and presently turned out young Thomas a foot taller than when his father had last taken particular notice of him.

wildernessnounUS /ˈwɪldərnəs/

(politics) a state of disfavor

From this reading But, less inexorable than iron, steel, and brass, it brought its varying seasons even into that wilderness of smoke and brick, and made the only stand that ever _was_ made in the place against its direful uniformity.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Time, with his innumerable horse-power, worked away, not minding what anybody said, and presently turned out young Thomas a foot taller than when his father had last taken particular notice of him.

womannounUS /ˈwʊmən/

an adult female person (as opposed to a man)

From this reading ‘Louisa is becoming,’ said Mr. Gradgrind, ‘almost a young woman.’

workedverbUS /wɜːrkt/

past form of “work” — exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity

From this reading Time, with his innumerable horse-power, worked away, not minding what anybody said, and presently turned out young Thomas a foot taller than when his father had last taken particular notice of him.

wornverbUS /wɔːrn/

Damaged or thinned by continuous use.

From this reading THE GREAT MANUFACTURER TIME went on in Coketown like its own machinery: so much material wrought up, so much fuel consumed, so many powers worn out, so much money made.

wroughtadjectiveUS /rɔːt/

shaped to fit by or as if by altering the contours of a pliable mass (as by work or effort)

From this reading THE GREAT MANUFACTURER TIME went on in Coketown like its own machinery: so much material wrought up, so much fuel consumed, so many powers worn out, so much money made.

youngadjectiveUS /jʌŋ/

(used of living things especially persons) in an early period of life or development or growth

From this reading ‘Louisa is becoming,’ said Mr. Gradgrind, ‘almost a young woman.’

Chapter 8 of Hard Times by Charles Dickens holds 270 sentences, grouped into 54 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of Hard Times contain?

Chapter 8 holds 270 sentences of Hard Times, unabridged, divided into 54 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of Hard Times by Charles Dickens exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 270 sentences, grouped into 54 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of Hard Times?

Work through the 54 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 54 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Hard Times

Common questions about reading Hard Times by Charles Dickens on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Hard Times?

Yes. All 5737 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #786 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Hard Times is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #786, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Hard Times take to read?

About 478 minutes of reading across 1148 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Hard Times section by section

How to work through Hard Times section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 20 chapters of Hard Times to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Hard Times

Words and structures a reader meets early in Hard Times, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Thing
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Hard Times; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Needful
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Hard Times; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Facts
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Hard Times; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Teach
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Hard Times; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.