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Hard Times
Hard Times

Chapter XX · Chapter 20

Chapter 20 of Hard Times is here in full — 214 sentences across 43 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Hard Times
Context Illustration Reading 1/42 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
PHILOSOPHICAL THEY went back into the booth, Sleary shutting the door to keep intruders out.
Bitzer, still holding the paralysed culprit by the collar, stood in the Ring, blinking at his old patron through the darkness of the twilight.
Bitzer,’ said Mr. Gradgrind, broken down, and miserably submissive to him, have you a heart?’
The circulation, sir,’ returned Bitzer, smiling at the oddity of the question, couldn’t be carried on without one.
No man, sir, acquainted with the facts established by Harvey relating to the circulation of the blood, can doubt that I have a heart.’
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AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Hard Times

Chapter XX · Chapter 20

Chapter 20 of Hard Times is here in full — 214 sentences across 43 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/42 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
PHILOSOPHICAL THEY went back into the booth, Sleary shutting the door to keep intruders out.
Line 2
Bitzer, still holding the paralysed culprit by the collar, stood in the Ring, blinking at his old patron through the darkness of the twilight.
Line 3
Bitzer,’ said Mr. Gradgrind, broken down, and miserably submissive to him, ‘have you a heart?’
Line 4
The circulation, sir,’ returned Bitzer, smiling at the oddity of the question, ‘couldn’t be carried on without one.
Line 5
No man, sir, acquainted with the facts established by Harvey relating to the circulation of the blood, can doubt that I have a heart.’
/noʊ mæn sɜːr əˈkweɪntɪd wɪð ðə fækts ɪˈstæblɪʃt baɪ ˈhɑːrvi rɪˈleɪtɪŋ tuː ðə ˈsɜːrkjəleɪʃən ʌv ðə blʌd kæn daʊt ðæt aɪ hæv ə hɑːrt/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

blinking adjective US /ˈblɪŋkɪŋ/

closing the eyes intermittently and rapidly

From this reading “Bitzer, still holding the paralysed culprit by the collar, stood in the Ring, blinking at his old patron through the darkness of the twilight.”

circulation noun US /ˈsɜːrkjəleɪʃən/

the dissemination of copies of periodicals (as newspapers or magazines)

From this reading “‘The circulation, sir,’ returned Bitzer, smiling at the oddity of the question, ‘couldn’t be carried on without one.”

culprit noun US /ˈkʌlprɪt/

someone who perpetrates wrongdoing

From this reading “Bitzer, still holding the paralysed culprit by the collar, stood in the Ring, blinking at his old patron through the darkness of the twilight.”

Harvey noun US /ˈhɑːrvi/

English physician and scientist who described the circulation of the blood; he later proposed that all animals originate from an ovum produced by the female of the species (1578-1657)

From this reading “No man, sir, acquainted with the facts established by Harvey relating to the circulation of the blood, can doubt that I have a heart.’”

intruders noun US /ˌɪnˈtruːdərz/

plural of “intruder” — someone who intrudes on the privacy or property of another without permission

From this reading “PHILOSOPHICAL THEY went back into the booth, Sleary shutting the door to keep intruders out.”

oddity noun US /ˈɑːdəti/

eccentricity that is not easily explained

From this reading “‘The circulation, sir,’ returned Bitzer, smiling at the oddity of the question, ‘couldn’t be carried on without one.”

philosophical adjective US /ˌfɪləˈsɑːfɪkəl/

of or relating to philosophy or philosophers

From this reading “PHILOSOPHICAL THEY went back into the booth, Sleary shutting the door to keep intruders out.”

submissive adjective US /səbˈmɪsɪv/

inclined or willing to submit to orders or wishes of others or showing such inclination

From this reading “‘Bitzer,’ said Mr. Gradgrind, broken down, and miserably submissive to him, ‘have you a heart?’”

All words in this reading · 71

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading ‘Bitzer,’ said Mr. Gradgrind, broken down, and miserably submissive to him, ‘have you a heart?’

acquaintedadjectiveUS /əˈkweɪntɪd/

having fair knowledge of

From this reading No man, sir, acquainted with the facts established by Harvey relating to the circulation of the blood, can doubt that I have a heart.’

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading ‘Bitzer,’ said Mr. Gradgrind, broken down, and miserably submissive to him, ‘have you a heart?’

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Bitzer, still holding the paralysed culprit by the collar, stood in the Ring, blinking at his old patron through the darkness of the twilight.

backadverbUS /bæk/

in or to or toward a former location

From this reading PHILOSOPHICAL THEY went back into the booth, Sleary shutting the door to keep intruders out.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading ‘The circulation, sir,’ returned Bitzer, smiling at the oddity of the question, ‘couldn’t be carried on without one.

Bitzer

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Bitzer, still holding the paralysed culprit by the collar, stood in the Ring, blinking at his old patron through the darkness of the twilight.

blinkingadjectiveUS /ˈblɪŋkɪŋ/

closing the eyes intermittently and rapidly

From this reading Bitzer, still holding the paralysed culprit by the collar, stood in the Ring, blinking at his old patron through the darkness of the twilight.

bloodnounUS /blʌd/

The red fluid that circulates in the heart and blood vessels.

From this reading No man, sir, acquainted with the facts established by Harvey relating to the circulation of the blood, can doubt that I have a heart.’

boothnounUS /buːθ/

a table (in a restaurant or bar) surrounded by two high-backed benches

From this reading PHILOSOPHICAL THEY went back into the booth, Sleary shutting the door to keep intruders out.

brokenadjectiveUS /ˈbroʊkən/

physically and forcibly separated into pieces or cracked or split

From this reading ‘Bitzer,’ said Mr. Gradgrind, broken down, and miserably submissive to him, ‘have you a heart?’

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Bitzer, still holding the paralysed culprit by the collar, stood in the Ring, blinking at his old patron through the darkness of the twilight.

canmodal verbUS /kæn/

to be able to, or to be allowed to

From this reading No man, sir, acquainted with the facts established by Harvey relating to the circulation of the blood, can doubt that I have a heart.’

carriedverbUS /ˈkærid/

inflected form of “carry” — move while supporting, either in a vehicle or in one's hands or on one's body

From this reading ‘The circulation, sir,’ returned Bitzer, smiling at the oddity of the question, ‘couldn’t be carried on without one.

circulationnounUS /ˈsɜːrkjəleɪʃən/

the dissemination of copies of periodicals (as newspapers or magazines)

From this reading ‘The circulation, sir,’ returned Bitzer, smiling at the oddity of the question, ‘couldn’t be carried on without one.

collarnounUS /ˈkɑːlər/

a band that fits around the neck and is usually folded over

From this reading Bitzer, still holding the paralysed culprit by the collar, stood in the Ring, blinking at his old patron through the darkness of the twilight.

couldn't

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading ‘The circulation, sir,’ returned Bitzer, smiling at the oddity of the question, ‘couldn’t be carried on without one.

culpritnounUS /ˈkʌlprɪt/

someone who perpetrates wrongdoing

From this reading Bitzer, still holding the paralysed culprit by the collar, stood in the Ring, blinking at his old patron through the darkness of the twilight.

darknessnounUS /ˈdɑːrknəs/

absence of light or illumination

From this reading Bitzer, still holding the paralysed culprit by the collar, stood in the Ring, blinking at his old patron through the darkness of the twilight.

doornounUS /dɔːr/

a swinging or sliding barrier that will close the entrance to a room or building or vehicle

From this reading PHILOSOPHICAL THEY went back into the booth, Sleary shutting the door to keep intruders out.

doubtnounUS /daʊt/

the state of being unsure of something

From this reading No man, sir, acquainted with the facts established by Harvey relating to the circulation of the blood, can doubt that I have a heart.’

downadjectiveUS /daʊn/

being or moving lower in position or less in some value

From this reading ‘Bitzer,’ said Mr. Gradgrind, broken down, and miserably submissive to him, ‘have you a heart?’

establishedadjectiveUS /ɪˈstæblɪʃt/

brought about or set up or accepted; especially long established

From this reading No man, sir, acquainted with the facts established by Harvey relating to the circulation of the blood, can doubt that I have a heart.’

factsnounUS /fækts/

plural of “fact” — a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred

From this reading No man, sir, acquainted with the facts established by Harvey relating to the circulation of the blood, can doubt that I have a heart.’

Gradgrind

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading ‘Bitzer,’ said Mr. Gradgrind, broken down, and miserably submissive to him, ‘have you a heart?’

HarveynounUS /ˈhɑːrvi/

English physician and scientist who described the circulation of the blood; he later proposed that all animals originate from an ovum produced by the female of the species (1578-1657)

From this reading No man, sir, acquainted with the facts established by Harvey relating to the circulation of the blood, can doubt that I have a heart.’

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading ‘Bitzer,’ said Mr. Gradgrind, broken down, and miserably submissive to him, ‘have you a heart?’

heartnounUS /hɑːrt/

the locus of feelings and intuitions

From this reading ‘Bitzer,’ said Mr. Gradgrind, broken down, and miserably submissive to him, ‘have you a heart?’

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading ‘Bitzer,’ said Mr. Gradgrind, broken down, and miserably submissive to him, ‘have you a heart?’

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Bitzer, still holding the paralysed culprit by the collar, stood in the Ring, blinking at his old patron through the darkness of the twilight.

holdingnounUS /ˈhoʊldɪŋ/

the act of retaining something

From this reading Bitzer, still holding the paralysed culprit by the collar, stood in the Ring, blinking at his old patron through the darkness of the twilight.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading No man, sir, acquainted with the facts established by Harvey relating to the circulation of the blood, can doubt that I have a heart.’

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Bitzer, still holding the paralysed culprit by the collar, stood in the Ring, blinking at his old patron through the darkness of the twilight.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading PHILOSOPHICAL THEY went back into the booth, Sleary shutting the door to keep intruders out.

intrudersnounUS /ˌɪnˈtruːdərz/

plural of “intruder” — someone who intrudes on the privacy or property of another without permission

From this reading PHILOSOPHICAL THEY went back into the booth, Sleary shutting the door to keep intruders out.

keepverbUS /kiːp/

cause to continue in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., “keep clean”

From this reading PHILOSOPHICAL THEY went back into the booth, Sleary shutting the door to keep intruders out.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading No man, sir, acquainted with the facts established by Harvey relating to the circulation of the blood, can doubt that I have a heart.’

miserablyadverbUS /ˈmɪzərəbli/

in a miserable manner

From this reading ‘Bitzer,’ said Mr. Gradgrind, broken down, and miserably submissive to him, ‘have you a heart?’

MrnounUS /ˈmɪstər/

a form of address for a man

From this reading ‘Bitzer,’ said Mr. Gradgrind, broken down, and miserably submissive to him, ‘have you a heart?’

NodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading No man, sir, acquainted with the facts established by Harvey relating to the circulation of the blood, can doubt that I have a heart.’

odditynounUS /ˈɑːdəti/

eccentricity that is not easily explained

From this reading ‘The circulation, sir,’ returned Bitzer, smiling at the oddity of the question, ‘couldn’t be carried on without one.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Bitzer, still holding the paralysed culprit by the collar, stood in the Ring, blinking at his old patron through the darkness of the twilight.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading Bitzer, still holding the paralysed culprit by the collar, stood in the Ring, blinking at his old patron through the darkness of the twilight.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading ‘The circulation, sir,’ returned Bitzer, smiling at the oddity of the question, ‘couldn’t be carried on without one.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading ‘The circulation, sir,’ returned Bitzer, smiling at the oddity of the question, ‘couldn’t be carried on without one.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading PHILOSOPHICAL THEY went back into the booth, Sleary shutting the door to keep intruders out.

paralysed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Bitzer, still holding the paralysed culprit by the collar, stood in the Ring, blinking at his old patron through the darkness of the twilight.

patronnounUS /ˈpeɪtrən/

a regular customer

From this reading Bitzer, still holding the paralysed culprit by the collar, stood in the Ring, blinking at his old patron through the darkness of the twilight.

PHILOSOPHICALadjectiveUS /ˌfɪləˈsɑːfɪkəl/

of or relating to philosophy or philosophers

From this reading PHILOSOPHICAL THEY went back into the booth, Sleary shutting the door to keep intruders out.

questionverbUS /ˈkwestʃən/

challenge the accuracy, probity, or propriety of

From this reading ‘The circulation, sir,’ returned Bitzer, smiling at the oddity of the question, ‘couldn’t be carried on without one.

relatingverbUS /rɪˈleɪtɪŋ/

-ing form of “relate” — make a logical or causal connection

From this reading No man, sir, acquainted with the facts established by Harvey relating to the circulation of the blood, can doubt that I have a heart.’

returnedverbUS /rɪˈtɜːrnd/

past form of “return” — go or come back to place, condition, or activity where one has been before

From this reading ‘The circulation, sir,’ returned Bitzer, smiling at the oddity of the question, ‘couldn’t be carried on without one.

RingverbUS /rɪŋ/

sound loudly and sonorously

From this reading Bitzer, still holding the paralysed culprit by the collar, stood in the Ring, blinking at his old patron through the darkness of the twilight.

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading ‘Bitzer,’ said Mr. Gradgrind, broken down, and miserably submissive to him, ‘have you a heart?’

shuttingnounUS /ˈʃʌtɪŋ/

the act of closing something

From this reading PHILOSOPHICAL THEY went back into the booth, Sleary shutting the door to keep intruders out.

sirnounUS /sɜːr/

term of address for a man

From this reading ‘The circulation, sir,’ returned Bitzer, smiling at the oddity of the question, ‘couldn’t be carried on without one.

Sleary

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading PHILOSOPHICAL THEY went back into the booth, Sleary shutting the door to keep intruders out.

smilingnounUS /ˈsmaɪlɪŋ/

a facial expression characterized by turning up the corners of the mouth; usually shows pleasure or amusement

From this reading ‘The circulation, sir,’ returned Bitzer, smiling at the oddity of the question, ‘couldn’t be carried on without one.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading Bitzer, still holding the paralysed culprit by the collar, stood in the Ring, blinking at his old patron through the darkness of the twilight.

stoodverbUS /stʊd/

Maintained an upright posture.

From this reading Bitzer, still holding the paralysed culprit by the collar, stood in the Ring, blinking at his old patron through the darkness of the twilight.

submissiveadjectiveUS /səbˈmɪsɪv/

inclined or willing to submit to orders or wishes of others or showing such inclination

From this reading ‘Bitzer,’ said Mr. Gradgrind, broken down, and miserably submissive to him, ‘have you a heart?’

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading No man, sir, acquainted with the facts established by Harvey relating to the circulation of the blood, can doubt that I have a heart.’

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading PHILOSOPHICAL THEY went back into the booth, Sleary shutting the door to keep intruders out.

THEYpronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading PHILOSOPHICAL THEY went back into the booth, Sleary shutting the door to keep intruders out.

throughprepositionUS /θruː/

from one end or side of something to the other

From this reading Bitzer, still holding the paralysed culprit by the collar, stood in the Ring, blinking at his old patron through the darkness of the twilight.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading PHILOSOPHICAL THEY went back into the booth, Sleary shutting the door to keep intruders out.

twilightnounUS /ˈtwaɪlaɪt/

the time of day immediately following sunset

From this reading Bitzer, still holding the paralysed culprit by the collar, stood in the Ring, blinking at his old patron through the darkness of the twilight.

wentverbUS /went/

inflected form of “go” — change location; move, travel, or proceed, also metaphorically

From this reading PHILOSOPHICAL THEY went back into the booth, Sleary shutting the door to keep intruders out.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading No man, sir, acquainted with the facts established by Harvey relating to the circulation of the blood, can doubt that I have a heart.’

withoutprepositionUS /wɪˈθaʊt/

not having, not using, or not accompanied by

From this reading ‘The circulation, sir,’ returned Bitzer, smiling at the oddity of the question, ‘couldn’t be carried on without one.

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading ‘Bitzer,’ said Mr. Gradgrind, broken down, and miserably submissive to him, ‘have you a heart?’

Chapter 20 of Hard Times by Charles Dickens holds 214 sentences, grouped into 43 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 20 of Hard Times contain?

Chapter 20 holds 214 sentences of Hard Times, unabridged, divided into 43 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 20 of Hard Times by Charles Dickens exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 214 sentences, grouped into 43 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 20 of Hard Times?

Work through the 43 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 43 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 20 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 20 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Hard Times

Common questions about reading Hard Times by Charles Dickens on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Hard Times?

Yes. All 5737 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #786 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Hard Times is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #786, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Hard Times take to read?

About 478 minutes of reading across 1148 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Hard Times section by section

How to work through Hard Times section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 20 chapters of Hard Times to begin.

  2. Read one section

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  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Hard Times

Words and structures a reader meets early in Hard Times, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Thing
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Hard Times; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Needful
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Hard Times; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Facts
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Hard Times; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Teach
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Hard Times; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.