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Hardscrabble
Hardscrabble

Chapter II · Chapter 2

Chapter 2 of Hardscrabble is here in full — 91 sentences across 19 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/18 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
The Fort of Chicago, at that period, stood upon a portion of the same ground occupied by its successor, and was, in fact, a very epitome of a fortress.
On the western side, two block-houses constituted its chief defence, while on the north, a subterranean passage led from the parade-ground to the river, near the banks of which it had been erected.
The uses of this sally port were two-fold--firstly, to afford the garrison a supply of water in the event of a siege--secondly, to facilitate escape, if necessary.
The country around, now the seat of fruitfulness and industry, was at that time a wilderness, tenanted only by the savage, and by the few daring and adventurous whites who had devoted their lives to purposes of traffic, yet whose numbers was so small as to induce them, with a view to their safety, to establish themselves as near the Fort as possible.
Roads, there were none, and the half formed trail of the Indian furnished the only means of communication between this distant port, and the less thinly-settled portions of Michigan.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Hardscrabble

Chapter II · Chapter 2

Chapter 2 of Hardscrabble is here in full — 91 sentences across 19 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/18 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
The Fort of Chicago, at that period, stood upon a portion of the same ground occupied by its successor, and was, in fact, a very epitome of a fortress.
/ðə fɔːrt ʌv ʃəˈkɑːɡoʊ æt ðæt ˈpɪriəd stʊd əˈpɑːn ə ˈpɔːrʃən ʌv ðə seɪm ɡraʊnd ˈɑːkjəpaɪd baɪ ɪts səkˈsesər ənd wɑːz ɪn fækt ə ˈveri ɪˈpɪtəmi ʌv ə ˈfɔːrtrəs/
Line 2
On the western side, two block-houses constituted its chief defence, while on the north, a subterranean passage led from the parade-ground to the river, near the banks of which it had been erected.
Line 3
The uses of this sally port were two-fold--firstly, to afford the garrison a supply of water in the event of a siege--secondly, to facilitate escape, if necessary.
Line 4
The country around, now the seat of fruitfulness and industry, was at that time a wilderness, tenanted only by the savage, and by the few daring and adventurous whites who had devoted their lives to purposes of traffic, yet whose numbers was so small as to induce them, with a view to their safety, to establish themselves as near the Fort as possible.
Line 5
Roads, there were none, and the half formed trail of the Indian furnished the only means of communication between this distant port, and the less thinly-settled portions of Michigan.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

adventurous adjective US /ædˈventʃərəs/

willing to undertake or seeking out new and daring enterprises

From this reading “The country around, now the seat of fruitfulness and industry, was at that time a wilderness, tenanted only by the savage, and by the few daring and adventurous whites who had devoted their lives to purposes of traffic, yet whose numbers was so small as to induce them, with a view to their safety, to establish themselves as near the Fort as possible.”

epitome noun US /ɪˈpɪtəmi/

a standard or typical example

From this reading “The Fort of Chicago, at that period, stood upon a portion of the same ground occupied by its successor, and was, in fact, a very epitome of a fortress.”

facilitate verb US /fəˈsɪləteɪt/

make easier

From this reading “The uses of this sally port were two-fold--firstly, to afford the garrison a supply of water in the event of a siege--secondly, to facilitate escape, if necessary.”

firstly adverb US /ˈfɜːrstli/

before anything else

From this reading “The uses of this sally port were two-fold--firstly, to afford the garrison a supply of water in the event of a siege--secondly, to facilitate escape, if necessary.”

Michigan noun US /ˈmɪʃɪɡən/

a midwestern state in north central United States in the Great Lakes region

From this reading “Roads, there were none, and the half formed trail of the Indian furnished the only means of communication between this distant port, and the less thinly-settled portions of Michigan.”

secondly adverb US /ˈsekəndli/

in the second place

From this reading “The uses of this sally port were two-fold--firstly, to afford the garrison a supply of water in the event of a siege--secondly, to facilitate escape, if necessary.”

subterranean adjective US /ˌsʌb.təˈreɪ.ni.ən/

Existing, occurring, or done under the earth's surface.

From this reading “On the western side, two block-houses constituted its chief defence, while on the north, a subterranean passage led from the parade-ground to the river, near the banks of which it had been erected.”

successor noun US /səkˈsesər/

a person who follows next in order

From this reading “The Fort of Chicago, at that period, stood upon a portion of the same ground occupied by its successor, and was, in fact, a very epitome of a fortress.”

All words in this reading · 117

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The Fort of Chicago, at that period, stood upon a portion of the same ground occupied by its successor, and was, in fact, a very epitome of a fortress.

adventurousadjectiveUS /ædˈventʃərəs/

willing to undertake or seeking out new and daring enterprises

From this reading The country around, now the seat of fruitfulness and industry, was at that time a wilderness, tenanted only by the savage, and by the few daring and adventurous whites who had devoted their lives to purposes of traffic, yet whose numbers was so small as to induce them, with a view to their safety, to establish themselves as near the Fort as possible.

affordverbUS /əˈfɔːrd/

be able to spare or give up

From this reading The uses of this sally port were two-fold--firstly, to afford the garrison a supply of water in the event of a siege--secondly, to facilitate escape, if necessary.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The Fort of Chicago, at that period, stood upon a portion of the same ground occupied by its successor, and was, in fact, a very epitome of a fortress.

aroundprepositionUS /ərˈaʊnd/

surrounding, or on every side of, something

From this reading The country around, now the seat of fruitfulness and industry, was at that time a wilderness, tenanted only by the savage, and by the few daring and adventurous whites who had devoted their lives to purposes of traffic, yet whose numbers was so small as to induce them, with a view to their safety, to establish themselves as near the Fort as possible.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The country around, now the seat of fruitfulness and industry, was at that time a wilderness, tenanted only by the savage, and by the few daring and adventurous whites who had devoted their lives to purposes of traffic, yet whose numbers was so small as to induce them, with a view to their safety, to establish themselves as near the Fort as possible.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading The Fort of Chicago, at that period, stood upon a portion of the same ground occupied by its successor, and was, in fact, a very epitome of a fortress.

banksnounUS /bæŋks/

English botanist who accompanied Captain Cook on his first voyage to the Pacific Ocean (1743-1820)

From this reading On the western side, two block-houses constituted its chief defence, while on the north, a subterranean passage led from the parade-ground to the river, near the banks of which it had been erected.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading On the western side, two block-houses constituted its chief defence, while on the north, a subterranean passage led from the parade-ground to the river, near the banks of which it had been erected.

betweenprepositionUS /bɪˈtwiːn/

in the space, time, or range separating two things

From this reading Roads, there were none, and the half formed trail of the Indian furnished the only means of communication between this distant port, and the less thinly-settled portions of Michigan.

block-houses

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading On the western side, two block-houses constituted its chief defence, while on the north, a subterranean passage led from the parade-ground to the river, near the banks of which it had been erected.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading The Fort of Chicago, at that period, stood upon a portion of the same ground occupied by its successor, and was, in fact, a very epitome of a fortress.

ChicagonounUS /ʃəˈkɑːɡoʊ/

largest city in Illinois; a bustling Great Lakes port that extends 26 miles along the southwestern shoreline of Lake Michigan

From this reading The Fort of Chicago, at that period, stood upon a portion of the same ground occupied by its successor, and was, in fact, a very epitome of a fortress.

chiefnounUS /tʃiːf/

a person who is in charge

From this reading On the western side, two block-houses constituted its chief defence, while on the north, a subterranean passage led from the parade-ground to the river, near the banks of which it had been erected.

communicationnounUS /kəˌmjuːnəˈkeɪʃən/

the activity of communicating; the activity of conveying information

From this reading Roads, there were none, and the half formed trail of the Indian furnished the only means of communication between this distant port, and the less thinly-settled portions of Michigan.

constitutedadjectiveUS /ˈkɑːnstətuːtəd/

brought about or set up or accepted; especially long established

From this reading On the western side, two block-houses constituted its chief defence, while on the north, a subterranean passage led from the parade-ground to the river, near the banks of which it had been erected.

countrynounUS /ˈkʌntri/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading The country around, now the seat of fruitfulness and industry, was at that time a wilderness, tenanted only by the savage, and by the few daring and adventurous whites who had devoted their lives to purposes of traffic, yet whose numbers was so small as to induce them, with a view to their safety, to establish themselves as near the Fort as possible.

daringnounUS /ˈderɪŋ/

a challenge to do something dangerous or foolhardy

From this reading The country around, now the seat of fruitfulness and industry, was at that time a wilderness, tenanted only by the savage, and by the few daring and adventurous whites who had devoted their lives to purposes of traffic, yet whose numbers was so small as to induce them, with a view to their safety, to establish themselves as near the Fort as possible.

defencenounUS /dɪˈfens/

(psychiatry) an unconscious process that tries to reduce the anxiety associated with instinctive desires

From this reading On the western side, two block-houses constituted its chief defence, while on the north, a subterranean passage led from the parade-ground to the river, near the banks of which it had been erected.

devotedadjectiveUS /dɪˈvoʊtɪd/

zealous in devotion or affection

From this reading The country around, now the seat of fruitfulness and industry, was at that time a wilderness, tenanted only by the savage, and by the few daring and adventurous whites who had devoted their lives to purposes of traffic, yet whose numbers was so small as to induce them, with a view to their safety, to establish themselves as near the Fort as possible.

distantadjectiveUS /ˈdɪstənt/

separated in space or coming from or going to a distance

From this reading Roads, there were none, and the half formed trail of the Indian furnished the only means of communication between this distant port, and the less thinly-settled portions of Michigan.

epitomenounUS /ɪˈpɪtəmi/

a standard or typical example

From this reading The Fort of Chicago, at that period, stood upon a portion of the same ground occupied by its successor, and was, in fact, a very epitome of a fortress.

erectedverbUS /ɪˈrektəd/

past form of “erect” — construct, build, or erect

From this reading On the western side, two block-houses constituted its chief defence, while on the north, a subterranean passage led from the parade-ground to the river, near the banks of which it had been erected.

escapenounUS /ɪˈskeɪp/

the act of escaping physically

From this reading The uses of this sally port were two-fold--firstly, to afford the garrison a supply of water in the event of a siege--secondly, to facilitate escape, if necessary.

establishverbUS /ɪˈstæblɪʃ/

set up or found

From this reading The country around, now the seat of fruitfulness and industry, was at that time a wilderness, tenanted only by the savage, and by the few daring and adventurous whites who had devoted their lives to purposes of traffic, yet whose numbers was so small as to induce them, with a view to their safety, to establish themselves as near the Fort as possible.

eventnounUS /ɪˈvent/

something that happens at a given place and time

From this reading The uses of this sally port were two-fold--firstly, to afford the garrison a supply of water in the event of a siege--secondly, to facilitate escape, if necessary.

facilitateverbUS /fəˈsɪləteɪt/

make easier

From this reading The uses of this sally port were two-fold--firstly, to afford the garrison a supply of water in the event of a siege--secondly, to facilitate escape, if necessary.

factnounUS /fækt/

a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred

From this reading The Fort of Chicago, at that period, stood upon a portion of the same ground occupied by its successor, and was, in fact, a very epitome of a fortress.

fewadjectiveUS /fjuː/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “a”; a small but indefinite number

From this reading The country around, now the seat of fruitfulness and industry, was at that time a wilderness, tenanted only by the savage, and by the few daring and adventurous whites who had devoted their lives to purposes of traffic, yet whose numbers was so small as to induce them, with a view to their safety, to establish themselves as near the Fort as possible.

firstlyadverbUS /ˈfɜːrstli/

before anything else

From this reading The uses of this sally port were two-fold--firstly, to afford the garrison a supply of water in the event of a siege--secondly, to facilitate escape, if necessary.

formedadjectiveUS /fɔːrmd/

having or given a form or shape

From this reading Roads, there were none, and the half formed trail of the Indian furnished the only means of communication between this distant port, and the less thinly-settled portions of Michigan.

FortnounUS /fɔːrt/

a fortified military post where troops are stationed

From this reading The Fort of Chicago, at that period, stood upon a portion of the same ground occupied by its successor, and was, in fact, a very epitome of a fortress.

fortressnounUS /ˈfɔːrtrəs/

a fortified defensive structure

From this reading The Fort of Chicago, at that period, stood upon a portion of the same ground occupied by its successor, and was, in fact, a very epitome of a fortress.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading On the western side, two block-houses constituted its chief defence, while on the north, a subterranean passage led from the parade-ground to the river, near the banks of which it had been erected.

fruitfulnessnoun

the quality of something that causes or assists healthy growth

From this reading The country around, now the seat of fruitfulness and industry, was at that time a wilderness, tenanted only by the savage, and by the few daring and adventurous whites who had devoted their lives to purposes of traffic, yet whose numbers was so small as to induce them, with a view to their safety, to establish themselves as near the Fort as possible.

furnishedadjectiveUS /ˈfɜːrnɪʃt/

provided with whatever is necessary for a purpose (as furniture or equipment or authority)

From this reading Roads, there were none, and the half formed trail of the Indian furnished the only means of communication between this distant port, and the less thinly-settled portions of Michigan.

garrisonnounUS /ˈɡærɪsən/

a fortified military post where troops are stationed

From this reading The uses of this sally port were two-fold--firstly, to afford the garrison a supply of water in the event of a siege--secondly, to facilitate escape, if necessary.

groundnounUS /ɡraʊnd/

the solid part of the earth's surface

From this reading The Fort of Chicago, at that period, stood upon a portion of the same ground occupied by its successor, and was, in fact, a very epitome of a fortress.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading On the western side, two block-houses constituted its chief defence, while on the north, a subterranean passage led from the parade-ground to the river, near the banks of which it had been erected.

halfadjectiveUS /hæf/

consisting of one of two equivalent parts in value or quantity

From this reading Roads, there were none, and the half formed trail of the Indian furnished the only means of communication between this distant port, and the less thinly-settled portions of Michigan.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading The uses of this sally port were two-fold--firstly, to afford the garrison a supply of water in the event of a siege--secondly, to facilitate escape, if necessary.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The Fort of Chicago, at that period, stood upon a portion of the same ground occupied by its successor, and was, in fact, a very epitome of a fortress.

IndianadjectiveUS /ˈɪndiən/

of or relating to or characteristic of India or the East Indies or their peoples or languages or cultures

From this reading Roads, there were none, and the half formed trail of the Indian furnished the only means of communication between this distant port, and the less thinly-settled portions of Michigan.

induceverbUS /ˌɪnˈduːs/

cause to arise

From this reading The country around, now the seat of fruitfulness and industry, was at that time a wilderness, tenanted only by the savage, and by the few daring and adventurous whites who had devoted their lives to purposes of traffic, yet whose numbers was so small as to induce them, with a view to their safety, to establish themselves as near the Fort as possible.

industrynounUS /ˈɪndəstri/

the people or companies engaged in a particular kind of commercial enterprise

From this reading The country around, now the seat of fruitfulness and industry, was at that time a wilderness, tenanted only by the savage, and by the few daring and adventurous whites who had devoted their lives to purposes of traffic, yet whose numbers was so small as to induce them, with a view to their safety, to establish themselves as near the Fort as possible.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading On the western side, two block-houses constituted its chief defence, while on the north, a subterranean passage led from the parade-ground to the river, near the banks of which it had been erected.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading The Fort of Chicago, at that period, stood upon a portion of the same ground occupied by its successor, and was, in fact, a very epitome of a fortress.

lednounUS /led/

diode such that light emitted at a p-n junction is proportional to the bias current; color depends on the material used

From this reading On the western side, two block-houses constituted its chief defence, while on the north, a subterranean passage led from the parade-ground to the river, near the banks of which it had been erected.

lessadverbUS /les/

used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs

From this reading Roads, there were none, and the half formed trail of the Indian furnished the only means of communication between this distant port, and the less thinly-settled portions of Michigan.

livesnounUS /lɪvz/

plural of “life” — a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading The country around, now the seat of fruitfulness and industry, was at that time a wilderness, tenanted only by the savage, and by the few daring and adventurous whites who had devoted their lives to purposes of traffic, yet whose numbers was so small as to induce them, with a view to their safety, to establish themselves as near the Fort as possible.

meansnounUS /miːnz/

thing or person that acts to produce a particular effect or achieve an end

From this reading Roads, there were none, and the half formed trail of the Indian furnished the only means of communication between this distant port, and the less thinly-settled portions of Michigan.

MichigannounUS /ˈmɪʃɪɡən/

a midwestern state in north central United States in the Great Lakes region

From this reading Roads, there were none, and the half formed trail of the Indian furnished the only means of communication between this distant port, and the less thinly-settled portions of Michigan.

nearadverbUS /nɪr/

near in time or place or relationship

From this reading On the western side, two block-houses constituted its chief defence, while on the north, a subterranean passage led from the parade-ground to the river, near the banks of which it had been erected.

necessaryadjectiveUS /ˈnesəseri/

absolutely essential

From this reading The uses of this sally port were two-fold--firstly, to afford the garrison a supply of water in the event of a siege--secondly, to facilitate escape, if necessary.

nonepronounUS /nʌn/

not one, and not any

From this reading Roads, there were none, and the half formed trail of the Indian furnished the only means of communication between this distant port, and the less thinly-settled portions of Michigan.

northnounUS /nɔːrθ/

the region of the United States lying to the north of the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading On the western side, two block-houses constituted its chief defence, while on the north, a subterranean passage led from the parade-ground to the river, near the banks of which it had been erected.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading The country around, now the seat of fruitfulness and industry, was at that time a wilderness, tenanted only by the savage, and by the few daring and adventurous whites who had devoted their lives to purposes of traffic, yet whose numbers was so small as to induce them, with a view to their safety, to establish themselves as near the Fort as possible.

numbersnounUS /ˈnʌmbərz/

the fourth book of the Old Testament; contains a record of the number of Israelites who followed Moses out of Egypt

From this reading The country around, now the seat of fruitfulness and industry, was at that time a wilderness, tenanted only by the savage, and by the few daring and adventurous whites who had devoted their lives to purposes of traffic, yet whose numbers was so small as to induce them, with a view to their safety, to establish themselves as near the Fort as possible.

occupiedadjectiveUS /ˈɑːkjəpaɪd/

held or filled or in use

From this reading The Fort of Chicago, at that period, stood upon a portion of the same ground occupied by its successor, and was, in fact, a very epitome of a fortress.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The Fort of Chicago, at that period, stood upon a portion of the same ground occupied by its successor, and was, in fact, a very epitome of a fortress.

OnprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading On the western side, two block-houses constituted its chief defence, while on the north, a subterranean passage led from the parade-ground to the river, near the banks of which it had been erected.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading The country around, now the seat of fruitfulness and industry, was at that time a wilderness, tenanted only by the savage, and by the few daring and adventurous whites who had devoted their lives to purposes of traffic, yet whose numbers was so small as to induce them, with a view to their safety, to establish themselves as near the Fort as possible.

parade-ground

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading On the western side, two block-houses constituted its chief defence, while on the north, a subterranean passage led from the parade-ground to the river, near the banks of which it had been erected.

passagenounUS /ˈpæsədʒ/

the act of passing from one state or place to the next

From this reading On the western side, two block-houses constituted its chief defence, while on the north, a subterranean passage led from the parade-ground to the river, near the banks of which it had been erected.

periodnounUS /ˈpɪriəd/

an amount of time

From this reading The Fort of Chicago, at that period, stood upon a portion of the same ground occupied by its successor, and was, in fact, a very epitome of a fortress.

portnounUS /pɔːrt/

a place (seaport or airport) where people and merchandise can enter or leave a country

From this reading The uses of this sally port were two-fold--firstly, to afford the garrison a supply of water in the event of a siege--secondly, to facilitate escape, if necessary.

portionnounUS /ˈpɔːrʃən/

something determined in relation to something that includes it

From this reading The Fort of Chicago, at that period, stood upon a portion of the same ground occupied by its successor, and was, in fact, a very epitome of a fortress.

portionsnounUS /ˈpɔːrʃənz/

plural of “portion” — something determined in relation to something that includes it

From this reading Roads, there were none, and the half formed trail of the Indian furnished the only means of communication between this distant port, and the less thinly-settled portions of Michigan.

possibleadjectiveUS /ˈpɑːsəbəl/

capable of happening or existing

From this reading The country around, now the seat of fruitfulness and industry, was at that time a wilderness, tenanted only by the savage, and by the few daring and adventurous whites who had devoted their lives to purposes of traffic, yet whose numbers was so small as to induce them, with a view to their safety, to establish themselves as near the Fort as possible.

purposesnounUS /ˈpɜːrpəsəz/

plural of “purpose” — an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions

From this reading The country around, now the seat of fruitfulness and industry, was at that time a wilderness, tenanted only by the savage, and by the few daring and adventurous whites who had devoted their lives to purposes of traffic, yet whose numbers was so small as to induce them, with a view to their safety, to establish themselves as near the Fort as possible.

rivernounUS /ˈrɪvər/

a large natural stream of water (larger than a creek)

From this reading On the western side, two block-houses constituted its chief defence, while on the north, a subterranean passage led from the parade-ground to the river, near the banks of which it had been erected.

RoadsnounUS /roʊdz/

a partly sheltered anchorage

From this reading Roads, there were none, and the half formed trail of the Indian furnished the only means of communication between this distant port, and the less thinly-settled portions of Michigan.

safetynounUS /ˈseɪfti/

the state of being certain that adverse effects will not be caused by some agent under defined conditions

From this reading The country around, now the seat of fruitfulness and industry, was at that time a wilderness, tenanted only by the savage, and by the few daring and adventurous whites who had devoted their lives to purposes of traffic, yet whose numbers was so small as to induce them, with a view to their safety, to establish themselves as near the Fort as possible.

sallynounUS /ˈsæli/

witty remark

From this reading The uses of this sally port were two-fold--firstly, to afford the garrison a supply of water in the event of a siege--secondly, to facilitate escape, if necessary.

sameadjectiveUS /seɪm/

Identical; not different.

From this reading The Fort of Chicago, at that period, stood upon a portion of the same ground occupied by its successor, and was, in fact, a very epitome of a fortress.

savageadjectiveUS /ˈsævədʒ/

(of persons or their actions) able or disposed to inflict pain or suffering

From this reading The country around, now the seat of fruitfulness and industry, was at that time a wilderness, tenanted only by the savage, and by the few daring and adventurous whites who had devoted their lives to purposes of traffic, yet whose numbers was so small as to induce them, with a view to their safety, to establish themselves as near the Fort as possible.

seatnounUS /siːt/

a space reserved for sitting (as in a theater or on a train or airplane)

From this reading The country around, now the seat of fruitfulness and industry, was at that time a wilderness, tenanted only by the savage, and by the few daring and adventurous whites who had devoted their lives to purposes of traffic, yet whose numbers was so small as to induce them, with a view to their safety, to establish themselves as near the Fort as possible.

secondlyadverbUS /ˈsekəndli/

in the second place

From this reading The uses of this sally port were two-fold--firstly, to afford the garrison a supply of water in the event of a siege--secondly, to facilitate escape, if necessary.

sidenounUS /saɪd/

a place within a region identified relative to a center or reference location

From this reading On the western side, two block-houses constituted its chief defence, while on the north, a subterranean passage led from the parade-ground to the river, near the banks of which it had been erected.

siegenounUS /siːdʒ/

the action of an armed force that surrounds a fortified place and isolates it while continuing to attack

From this reading The uses of this sally port were two-fold--firstly, to afford the garrison a supply of water in the event of a siege--secondly, to facilitate escape, if necessary.

smalladjectiveUS /smɔːl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading The country around, now the seat of fruitfulness and industry, was at that time a wilderness, tenanted only by the savage, and by the few daring and adventurous whites who had devoted their lives to purposes of traffic, yet whose numbers was so small as to induce them, with a view to their safety, to establish themselves as near the Fort as possible.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading The country around, now the seat of fruitfulness and industry, was at that time a wilderness, tenanted only by the savage, and by the few daring and adventurous whites who had devoted their lives to purposes of traffic, yet whose numbers was so small as to induce them, with a view to their safety, to establish themselves as near the Fort as possible.

stoodverbUS /stʊd/

Maintained an upright posture.

From this reading The Fort of Chicago, at that period, stood upon a portion of the same ground occupied by its successor, and was, in fact, a very epitome of a fortress.

subterraneanadjectiveUS /ˌsʌb.təˈreɪ.ni.ən/

Existing, occurring, or done under the earth's surface.

From this reading On the western side, two block-houses constituted its chief defence, while on the north, a subterranean passage led from the parade-ground to the river, near the banks of which it had been erected.

successornounUS /səkˈsesər/

a person who follows next in order

From this reading The Fort of Chicago, at that period, stood upon a portion of the same ground occupied by its successor, and was, in fact, a very epitome of a fortress.

supplyverbUS /səˈplaɪ/

give something useful or necessary to

From this reading The uses of this sally port were two-fold--firstly, to afford the garrison a supply of water in the event of a siege--secondly, to facilitate escape, if necessary.

tenantedadjective

resided in; having tenants

From this reading The country around, now the seat of fruitfulness and industry, was at that time a wilderness, tenanted only by the savage, and by the few daring and adventurous whites who had devoted their lives to purposes of traffic, yet whose numbers was so small as to induce them, with a view to their safety, to establish themselves as near the Fort as possible.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading The Fort of Chicago, at that period, stood upon a portion of the same ground occupied by its successor, and was, in fact, a very epitome of a fortress.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The Fort of Chicago, at that period, stood upon a portion of the same ground occupied by its successor, and was, in fact, a very epitome of a fortress.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading The country around, now the seat of fruitfulness and industry, was at that time a wilderness, tenanted only by the savage, and by the few daring and adventurous whites who had devoted their lives to purposes of traffic, yet whose numbers was so small as to induce them, with a view to their safety, to establish themselves as near the Fort as possible.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading The country around, now the seat of fruitfulness and industry, was at that time a wilderness, tenanted only by the savage, and by the few daring and adventurous whites who had devoted their lives to purposes of traffic, yet whose numbers was so small as to induce them, with a view to their safety, to establish themselves as near the Fort as possible.

themselvespronounUS /ðemˈselvz/

used when the people doing the action are also its object

From this reading The country around, now the seat of fruitfulness and industry, was at that time a wilderness, tenanted only by the savage, and by the few daring and adventurous whites who had devoted their lives to purposes of traffic, yet whose numbers was so small as to induce them, with a view to their safety, to establish themselves as near the Fort as possible.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading Roads, there were none, and the half formed trail of the Indian furnished the only means of communication between this distant port, and the less thinly-settled portions of Michigan.

thinly-settled

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Roads, there were none, and the half formed trail of the Indian furnished the only means of communication between this distant port, and the less thinly-settled portions of Michigan.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading The uses of this sally port were two-fold--firstly, to afford the garrison a supply of water in the event of a siege--secondly, to facilitate escape, if necessary.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading The country around, now the seat of fruitfulness and industry, was at that time a wilderness, tenanted only by the savage, and by the few daring and adventurous whites who had devoted their lives to purposes of traffic, yet whose numbers was so small as to induce them, with a view to their safety, to establish themselves as near the Fort as possible.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading On the western side, two block-houses constituted its chief defence, while on the north, a subterranean passage led from the parade-ground to the river, near the banks of which it had been erected.

trafficnounUS /ˈtræfɪk/

the aggregation of things (pedestrians or vehicles) coming and going in a particular locality during a specified period of time

From this reading The country around, now the seat of fruitfulness and industry, was at that time a wilderness, tenanted only by the savage, and by the few daring and adventurous whites who had devoted their lives to purposes of traffic, yet whose numbers was so small as to induce them, with a view to their safety, to establish themselves as near the Fort as possible.

trailnounUS /treɪl/

a track or mark left by something that has passed

From this reading Roads, there were none, and the half formed trail of the Indian furnished the only means of communication between this distant port, and the less thinly-settled portions of Michigan.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading On the western side, two block-houses constituted its chief defence, while on the north, a subterranean passage led from the parade-ground to the river, near the banks of which it had been erected.

two-foldadjective

having more than one decidedly dissimilar aspects or qualities

From this reading The uses of this sally port were two-fold--firstly, to afford the garrison a supply of water in the event of a siege--secondly, to facilitate escape, if necessary.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading The Fort of Chicago, at that period, stood upon a portion of the same ground occupied by its successor, and was, in fact, a very epitome of a fortress.

usesnounUS /ˈjuːsəz/

plural of “use” — the act of using

From this reading The uses of this sally port were two-fold--firstly, to afford the garrison a supply of water in the event of a siege--secondly, to facilitate escape, if necessary.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading The Fort of Chicago, at that period, stood upon a portion of the same ground occupied by its successor, and was, in fact, a very epitome of a fortress.

viewnounUS /vjuː/

a way of regarding situations or topics etc.

From this reading The country around, now the seat of fruitfulness and industry, was at that time a wilderness, tenanted only by the savage, and by the few daring and adventurous whites who had devoted their lives to purposes of traffic, yet whose numbers was so small as to induce them, with a view to their safety, to establish themselves as near the Fort as possible.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The Fort of Chicago, at that period, stood upon a portion of the same ground occupied by its successor, and was, in fact, a very epitome of a fortress.

waternounUS /ˈwɔːtər/

binary compound that occurs at room temperature as a clear colorless odorless tasteless liquid; freezes into ice below 0 degrees centigrade and boils above 100 degrees centigrade; widely used as a solvent

From this reading The uses of this sally port were two-fold--firstly, to afford the garrison a supply of water in the event of a siege--secondly, to facilitate escape, if necessary.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The uses of this sally port were two-fold--firstly, to afford the garrison a supply of water in the event of a siege--secondly, to facilitate escape, if necessary.

westernadjectiveUS /ˈwestərn/

relating to or characteristic of the western parts of the world or the West as opposed to the eastern or oriental parts

From this reading On the western side, two block-houses constituted its chief defence, while on the north, a subterranean passage led from the parade-ground to the river, near the banks of which it had been erected.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading On the western side, two block-houses constituted its chief defence, while on the north, a subterranean passage led from the parade-ground to the river, near the banks of which it had been erected.

whileconjunctionUS /waɪl/

during the time that

From this reading On the western side, two block-houses constituted its chief defence, while on the north, a subterranean passage led from the parade-ground to the river, near the banks of which it had been erected.

whitesnounUS /waɪts/

plural of “white” — a Caucasian

From this reading The country around, now the seat of fruitfulness and industry, was at that time a wilderness, tenanted only by the savage, and by the few daring and adventurous whites who had devoted their lives to purposes of traffic, yet whose numbers was so small as to induce them, with a view to their safety, to establish themselves as near the Fort as possible.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading The country around, now the seat of fruitfulness and industry, was at that time a wilderness, tenanted only by the savage, and by the few daring and adventurous whites who had devoted their lives to purposes of traffic, yet whose numbers was so small as to induce them, with a view to their safety, to establish themselves as near the Fort as possible.

whosedeterminerUS /huːz/

belonging to which person

From this reading The country around, now the seat of fruitfulness and industry, was at that time a wilderness, tenanted only by the savage, and by the few daring and adventurous whites who had devoted their lives to purposes of traffic, yet whose numbers was so small as to induce them, with a view to their safety, to establish themselves as near the Fort as possible.

wildernessnounUS /ˈwɪldərnəs/

(politics) a state of disfavor

From this reading The country around, now the seat of fruitfulness and industry, was at that time a wilderness, tenanted only by the savage, and by the few daring and adventurous whites who had devoted their lives to purposes of traffic, yet whose numbers was so small as to induce them, with a view to their safety, to establish themselves as near the Fort as possible.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The country around, now the seat of fruitfulness and industry, was at that time a wilderness, tenanted only by the savage, and by the few daring and adventurous whites who had devoted their lives to purposes of traffic, yet whose numbers was so small as to induce them, with a view to their safety, to establish themselves as near the Fort as possible.

yetconjunctionUS /jet/

but in spite of that

From this reading The country around, now the seat of fruitfulness and industry, was at that time a wilderness, tenanted only by the savage, and by the few daring and adventurous whites who had devoted their lives to purposes of traffic, yet whose numbers was so small as to induce them, with a view to their safety, to establish themselves as near the Fort as possible.

Chapter 2 of Hardscrabble by Major (John) Richardson holds 91 sentences, grouped into 19 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 2 of Hardscrabble contain?

Chapter 2 holds 91 sentences of Hardscrabble, unabridged, divided into 19 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 2 of Hardscrabble by Major (John) Richardson exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 91 sentences, grouped into 19 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 2 of Hardscrabble?

Work through the 19 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 19 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

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Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 2 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Hardscrabble

Common questions about reading Hardscrabble by Major (John) Richardson on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Hardscrabble?

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Project Gutenberg eBook #5169, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Hardscrabble take to read?

About 166 minutes of reading across 400 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in Hardscrabble

Words and structures a reader meets early in Hardscrabble, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Beautiful
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Hardscrabble; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Early
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Hardscrabble; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Month
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Hardscrabble; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
April
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Hardscrabble; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.