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Harold — Volume 12
Harold — Volume 12

Chapter VII · Chapter 7

Chapter 7 of Harold — Volume 12 is here in full — 108 sentences across 22 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/21 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
On the fourteenth of October, 1066, the day of St. Calixtus, the Norman force was drawn out in battle array.
Mass had been said; Odo and the Bishop of Coutance had blessed the troops; and received their vow never more to eat flesh on the anniversary of that day.
And Odo had mounted his snow-white charger, and already drawn up the cavalry against the coming of his brother the Duke.
The army was marshalled in three great divisions.
Roger de Montgommeri and William Fitzosborne led the first; and with them were the forces from Picardy and the countship of Boulogne, and the fiery Franks; Geoffric Martel and the German Hugues (a prince of fame); Aimeri, Lord of Thouars, and the sons of Alain Fergant, Duke of Bretagne, led the second, which comprised the main bulk of the allies from Bretagne, and Maine, and Poitou.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Harold — Volume 12

Chapter VII · Chapter 7

Chapter 7 of Harold — Volume 12 is here in full — 108 sentences across 22 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/21 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
On the fourteenth of October, 1066, the day of St. Calixtus, the Norman force was drawn out in battle array.
Line 2
Mass had been said; Odo and the Bishop of Coutance had blessed the troops; and received their vow never more to eat flesh on the anniversary of that day.
Line 3
And Odo had mounted his snow-white charger, and already drawn up the cavalry against the coming of his brother the Duke.
Line 4
The army was marshalled in three great divisions.
/ðə ˈɑːrmi wɑːz ˈmɑːrʃəld ɪn θriː ɡreɪt dɪˈvɪʒənz/
Line 5
Roger de Montgommeri and William Fitzosborne led the first; and with them were the forces from Picardy and the countship of Boulogne, and the fiery Franks; Geoffric Martel and the German Hugues (a prince of fame); Aimeri, Lord of Thouars, and the sons of Alain Fergant, Duke of Bretagne, led the second, which comprised the main bulk of the allies from Bretagne, and Maine, and Poitou.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

anniversary noun US /ˌænəˈvɜːrsəri/

the date on which an event occurred in some previous year (or the celebration of it)

From this reading “Mass had been said; Odo and the Bishop of Coutance had blessed the troops; and received their vow never more to eat flesh on the anniversary of that day.”

charger noun US /ˈtʃɑːrdʒər/

formerly a strong swift horse ridden into battle

From this reading “And Odo had mounted his snow-white charger, and already drawn up the cavalry against the coming of his brother the Duke.”

comprised verb US /kəmˈpraɪzd/

past form of “comprise” — be composed of

From this reading “Roger de Montgommeri and William Fitzosborne led the first; and with them were the forces from Picardy and the countship of Boulogne, and the fiery Franks; Geoffric Martel and the German Hugues (a prince of fame); Aimeri, Lord of Thouars, and the sons of Alain Fergant, Duke of Bretagne, led the second, which comprised the main bulk of the allies from Bretagne, and Maine, and Poitou.”

divisions noun US /dɪˈvɪʒənz/

plural of “division” — an army unit large enough to sustain combat

From this reading “The army was marshalled in three great divisions.”

fourteenth adjective US /ˈfɔːrˈtiːnθ/

coming next after the thirteenth in position

From this reading “On the fourteenth of October, 1066, the day of St. Calixtus, the Norman force was drawn out in battle array.”

Franks noun US /fræŋks/

plural of “frank” — a member of the ancient Germanic peoples who spread from the Rhine into the Roman Empire in the 4th century

From this reading “Roger de Montgommeri and William Fitzosborne led the first; and with them were the forces from Picardy and the countship of Boulogne, and the fiery Franks; Geoffric Martel and the German Hugues (a prince of fame); Aimeri, Lord of Thouars, and the sons of Alain Fergant, Duke of Bretagne, led the second, which comprised the main bulk of the allies from Bretagne, and Maine, and Poitou.”

Maine noun US /meɪn/

a state in New England

From this reading “Roger de Montgommeri and William Fitzosborne led the first; and with them were the forces from Picardy and the countship of Boulogne, and the fiery Franks; Geoffric Martel and the German Hugues (a prince of fame); Aimeri, Lord of Thouars, and the sons of Alain Fergant, Duke of Bretagne, led the second, which comprised the main bulk of the allies from Bretagne, and Maine, and Poitou.”

marshalled verb US /ˈmɑːrʃəld/

inflected form of “marshal” — place in proper rank

From this reading “The army was marshalled in three great divisions.”

All words in this reading · 92

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1066

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading On the fourteenth of October, 1066, the day of St. Calixtus, the Norman force was drawn out in battle array.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Roger de Montgommeri and William Fitzosborne led the first; and with them were the forces from Picardy and the countship of Boulogne, and the fiery Franks; Geoffric Martel and the German Hugues (a prince of fame); Aimeri, Lord of Thouars, and the sons of Alain Fergant, Duke of Bretagne, led the second, which comprised the main bulk of the allies from Bretagne, and Maine, and Poitou.

againstprepositionUS /əˈɡenst/

touching and pressing; in opposition to

From this reading And Odo had mounted his snow-white charger, and already drawn up the cavalry against the coming of his brother the Duke.

Aimeri

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Roger de Montgommeri and William Fitzosborne led the first; and with them were the forces from Picardy and the countship of Boulogne, and the fiery Franks; Geoffric Martel and the German Hugues (a prince of fame); Aimeri, Lord of Thouars, and the sons of Alain Fergant, Duke of Bretagne, led the second, which comprised the main bulk of the allies from Bretagne, and Maine, and Poitou.

Alain

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Roger de Montgommeri and William Fitzosborne led the first; and with them were the forces from Picardy and the countship of Boulogne, and the fiery Franks; Geoffric Martel and the German Hugues (a prince of fame); Aimeri, Lord of Thouars, and the sons of Alain Fergant, Duke of Bretagne, led the second, which comprised the main bulk of the allies from Bretagne, and Maine, and Poitou.

alliesnounUS /ˈælaɪz/

the alliance of nations that fought the Axis in World War II and which (with subsequent additions) signed the charter of the United Nations in 1945

From this reading Roger de Montgommeri and William Fitzosborne led the first; and with them were the forces from Picardy and the countship of Boulogne, and the fiery Franks; Geoffric Martel and the German Hugues (a prince of fame); Aimeri, Lord of Thouars, and the sons of Alain Fergant, Duke of Bretagne, led the second, which comprised the main bulk of the allies from Bretagne, and Maine, and Poitou.

alreadyadverbUS /ɔːlˈredi/

prior to a specified or implied time

From this reading And Odo had mounted his snow-white charger, and already drawn up the cavalry against the coming of his brother the Duke.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Mass had been said; Odo and the Bishop of Coutance had blessed the troops; and received their vow never more to eat flesh on the anniversary of that day.

anniversarynounUS /ˌænəˈvɜːrsəri/

the date on which an event occurred in some previous year (or the celebration of it)

From this reading Mass had been said; Odo and the Bishop of Coutance had blessed the troops; and received their vow never more to eat flesh on the anniversary of that day.

armynounUS /ˈɑːrmi/

a permanent organization of the military land forces of a nation or state

From this reading The army was marshalled in three great divisions.

arraynounUS /ərˈeɪ/

an orderly arrangement

From this reading On the fourteenth of October, 1066, the day of St. Calixtus, the Norman force was drawn out in battle array.

battlenounUS /ˈbætəl/

a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war

From this reading On the fourteenth of October, 1066, the day of St. Calixtus, the Norman force was drawn out in battle array.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Mass had been said; Odo and the Bishop of Coutance had blessed the troops; and received their vow never more to eat flesh on the anniversary of that day.

BishopnounUS /ˈbɪʃəp/

a senior member of the Christian clergy having spiritual and administrative authority; appointed in Christian churches to oversee priests or ministers; considered in some churches to be successors of the twelve Apostles of Christ

From this reading Mass had been said; Odo and the Bishop of Coutance had blessed the troops; and received their vow never more to eat flesh on the anniversary of that day.

blessedadjectiveUS /blest/

highly favored or fortunate (as e.g. by divine grace)

From this reading Mass had been said; Odo and the Bishop of Coutance had blessed the troops; and received their vow never more to eat flesh on the anniversary of that day.

Boulogne

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Roger de Montgommeri and William Fitzosborne led the first; and with them were the forces from Picardy and the countship of Boulogne, and the fiery Franks; Geoffric Martel and the German Hugues (a prince of fame); Aimeri, Lord of Thouars, and the sons of Alain Fergant, Duke of Bretagne, led the second, which comprised the main bulk of the allies from Bretagne, and Maine, and Poitou.

Bretagnenoun

a former province of northwestern France on a peninsula between the English Channel and the Bay of Biscay

From this reading Roger de Montgommeri and William Fitzosborne led the first; and with them were the forces from Picardy and the countship of Boulogne, and the fiery Franks; Geoffric Martel and the German Hugues (a prince of fame); Aimeri, Lord of Thouars, and the sons of Alain Fergant, Duke of Bretagne, led the second, which comprised the main bulk of the allies from Bretagne, and Maine, and Poitou.

brothernounUS /ˈbrʌðər/

a male with the same parents as someone else

From this reading And Odo had mounted his snow-white charger, and already drawn up the cavalry against the coming of his brother the Duke.

bulknounUS /bʌlk/

the property resulting from being or relating to the greater in number of two parts; the main part

From this reading Roger de Montgommeri and William Fitzosborne led the first; and with them were the forces from Picardy and the countship of Boulogne, and the fiery Franks; Geoffric Martel and the German Hugues (a prince of fame); Aimeri, Lord of Thouars, and the sons of Alain Fergant, Duke of Bretagne, led the second, which comprised the main bulk of the allies from Bretagne, and Maine, and Poitou.

Calixtus

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading On the fourteenth of October, 1066, the day of St. Calixtus, the Norman force was drawn out in battle array.

cavalrynounUS /ˈkævəlri/

troops trained to fight on horseback

From this reading And Odo had mounted his snow-white charger, and already drawn up the cavalry against the coming of his brother the Duke.

chargernounUS /ˈtʃɑːrdʒər/

formerly a strong swift horse ridden into battle

From this reading And Odo had mounted his snow-white charger, and already drawn up the cavalry against the coming of his brother the Duke.

comingnounUS /ˈkʌmɪŋ/

the act of drawing spatially closer to something

From this reading And Odo had mounted his snow-white charger, and already drawn up the cavalry against the coming of his brother the Duke.

comprisedverbUS /kəmˈpraɪzd/

past form of “comprise” — be composed of

From this reading Roger de Montgommeri and William Fitzosborne led the first; and with them were the forces from Picardy and the countship of Boulogne, and the fiery Franks; Geoffric Martel and the German Hugues (a prince of fame); Aimeri, Lord of Thouars, and the sons of Alain Fergant, Duke of Bretagne, led the second, which comprised the main bulk of the allies from Bretagne, and Maine, and Poitou.

countship

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Roger de Montgommeri and William Fitzosborne led the first; and with them were the forces from Picardy and the countship of Boulogne, and the fiery Franks; Geoffric Martel and the German Hugues (a prince of fame); Aimeri, Lord of Thouars, and the sons of Alain Fergant, Duke of Bretagne, led the second, which comprised the main bulk of the allies from Bretagne, and Maine, and Poitou.

Coutance

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Mass had been said; Odo and the Bishop of Coutance had blessed the troops; and received their vow never more to eat flesh on the anniversary of that day.

daynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading On the fourteenth of October, 1066, the day of St. Calixtus, the Norman force was drawn out in battle array.

denounUS /diː/

a Mid-Atlantic state; one of the original 13 colonies

From this reading Roger de Montgommeri and William Fitzosborne led the first; and with them were the forces from Picardy and the countship of Boulogne, and the fiery Franks; Geoffric Martel and the German Hugues (a prince of fame); Aimeri, Lord of Thouars, and the sons of Alain Fergant, Duke of Bretagne, led the second, which comprised the main bulk of the allies from Bretagne, and Maine, and Poitou.

divisionsnounUS /dɪˈvɪʒənz/

plural of “division” — an army unit large enough to sustain combat

From this reading The army was marshalled in three great divisions.

drawnadjectiveUS /drɔːn/

showing the wearing effects of overwork or care or suffering

From this reading On the fourteenth of October, 1066, the day of St. Calixtus, the Norman force was drawn out in battle array.

DukenounUS /duːk/

a British peer of the highest rank

From this reading And Odo had mounted his snow-white charger, and already drawn up the cavalry against the coming of his brother the Duke.

eatverbUS /iːt/

take in solid food

From this reading Mass had been said; Odo and the Bishop of Coutance had blessed the troops; and received their vow never more to eat flesh on the anniversary of that day.

famenounUS /feɪm/

the state or quality of being widely honored and acclaimed

From this reading Roger de Montgommeri and William Fitzosborne led the first; and with them were the forces from Picardy and the countship of Boulogne, and the fiery Franks; Geoffric Martel and the German Hugues (a prince of fame); Aimeri, Lord of Thouars, and the sons of Alain Fergant, Duke of Bretagne, led the second, which comprised the main bulk of the allies from Bretagne, and Maine, and Poitou.

Fergant

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Roger de Montgommeri and William Fitzosborne led the first; and with them were the forces from Picardy and the countship of Boulogne, and the fiery Franks; Geoffric Martel and the German Hugues (a prince of fame); Aimeri, Lord of Thouars, and the sons of Alain Fergant, Duke of Bretagne, led the second, which comprised the main bulk of the allies from Bretagne, and Maine, and Poitou.

fieryadjectiveUS /ˈfaɪəri/

characterized by intense emotion

From this reading Roger de Montgommeri and William Fitzosborne led the first; and with them were the forces from Picardy and the countship of Boulogne, and the fiery Franks; Geoffric Martel and the German Hugues (a prince of fame); Aimeri, Lord of Thouars, and the sons of Alain Fergant, Duke of Bretagne, led the second, which comprised the main bulk of the allies from Bretagne, and Maine, and Poitou.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading Roger de Montgommeri and William Fitzosborne led the first; and with them were the forces from Picardy and the countship of Boulogne, and the fiery Franks; Geoffric Martel and the German Hugues (a prince of fame); Aimeri, Lord of Thouars, and the sons of Alain Fergant, Duke of Bretagne, led the second, which comprised the main bulk of the allies from Bretagne, and Maine, and Poitou.

Fitzosborne

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Roger de Montgommeri and William Fitzosborne led the first; and with them were the forces from Picardy and the countship of Boulogne, and the fiery Franks; Geoffric Martel and the German Hugues (a prince of fame); Aimeri, Lord of Thouars, and the sons of Alain Fergant, Duke of Bretagne, led the second, which comprised the main bulk of the allies from Bretagne, and Maine, and Poitou.

fleshnounUS /fleʃ/

the soft tissue of the body of a vertebrate: mainly muscle tissue and fat

From this reading Mass had been said; Odo and the Bishop of Coutance had blessed the troops; and received their vow never more to eat flesh on the anniversary of that day.

forcenounUS /fɔːrs/

a powerful effect or influence

From this reading On the fourteenth of October, 1066, the day of St. Calixtus, the Norman force was drawn out in battle array.

forcesnounUS /ˈfɔːrsɪz/

plural of “force” — a powerful effect or influence

From this reading Roger de Montgommeri and William Fitzosborne led the first; and with them were the forces from Picardy and the countship of Boulogne, and the fiery Franks; Geoffric Martel and the German Hugues (a prince of fame); Aimeri, Lord of Thouars, and the sons of Alain Fergant, Duke of Bretagne, led the second, which comprised the main bulk of the allies from Bretagne, and Maine, and Poitou.

fourteenthadjectiveUS /ˈfɔːrˈtiːnθ/

coming next after the thirteenth in position

From this reading On the fourteenth of October, 1066, the day of St. Calixtus, the Norman force was drawn out in battle array.

FranksnounUS /fræŋks/

plural of “frank” — a member of the ancient Germanic peoples who spread from the Rhine into the Roman Empire in the 4th century

From this reading Roger de Montgommeri and William Fitzosborne led the first; and with them were the forces from Picardy and the countship of Boulogne, and the fiery Franks; Geoffric Martel and the German Hugues (a prince of fame); Aimeri, Lord of Thouars, and the sons of Alain Fergant, Duke of Bretagne, led the second, which comprised the main bulk of the allies from Bretagne, and Maine, and Poitou.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Roger de Montgommeri and William Fitzosborne led the first; and with them were the forces from Picardy and the countship of Boulogne, and the fiery Franks; Geoffric Martel and the German Hugues (a prince of fame); Aimeri, Lord of Thouars, and the sons of Alain Fergant, Duke of Bretagne, led the second, which comprised the main bulk of the allies from Bretagne, and Maine, and Poitou.

Geoffric

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Roger de Montgommeri and William Fitzosborne led the first; and with them were the forces from Picardy and the countship of Boulogne, and the fiery Franks; Geoffric Martel and the German Hugues (a prince of fame); Aimeri, Lord of Thouars, and the sons of Alain Fergant, Duke of Bretagne, led the second, which comprised the main bulk of the allies from Bretagne, and Maine, and Poitou.

GermannounUS /ˈdʒɜːrmən/

a person of German nationality

From this reading Roger de Montgommeri and William Fitzosborne led the first; and with them were the forces from Picardy and the countship of Boulogne, and the fiery Franks; Geoffric Martel and the German Hugues (a prince of fame); Aimeri, Lord of Thouars, and the sons of Alain Fergant, Duke of Bretagne, led the second, which comprised the main bulk of the allies from Bretagne, and Maine, and Poitou.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading The army was marshalled in three great divisions.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Mass had been said; Odo and the Bishop of Coutance had blessed the troops; and received their vow never more to eat flesh on the anniversary of that day.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading And Odo had mounted his snow-white charger, and already drawn up the cavalry against the coming of his brother the Duke.

Hugues

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Roger de Montgommeri and William Fitzosborne led the first; and with them were the forces from Picardy and the countship of Boulogne, and the fiery Franks; Geoffric Martel and the German Hugues (a prince of fame); Aimeri, Lord of Thouars, and the sons of Alain Fergant, Duke of Bretagne, led the second, which comprised the main bulk of the allies from Bretagne, and Maine, and Poitou.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading On the fourteenth of October, 1066, the day of St. Calixtus, the Norman force was drawn out in battle array.

lednounUS /led/

diode such that light emitted at a p-n junction is proportional to the bias current; color depends on the material used

From this reading Roger de Montgommeri and William Fitzosborne led the first; and with them were the forces from Picardy and the countship of Boulogne, and the fiery Franks; Geoffric Martel and the German Hugues (a prince of fame); Aimeri, Lord of Thouars, and the sons of Alain Fergant, Duke of Bretagne, led the second, which comprised the main bulk of the allies from Bretagne, and Maine, and Poitou.

LordnounUS /lɔːrd/

terms referring to the Judeo-Christian God

From this reading Roger de Montgommeri and William Fitzosborne led the first; and with them were the forces from Picardy and the countship of Boulogne, and the fiery Franks; Geoffric Martel and the German Hugues (a prince of fame); Aimeri, Lord of Thouars, and the sons of Alain Fergant, Duke of Bretagne, led the second, which comprised the main bulk of the allies from Bretagne, and Maine, and Poitou.

mainadjectiveUS /meɪn/

most important element

From this reading Roger de Montgommeri and William Fitzosborne led the first; and with them were the forces from Picardy and the countship of Boulogne, and the fiery Franks; Geoffric Martel and the German Hugues (a prince of fame); Aimeri, Lord of Thouars, and the sons of Alain Fergant, Duke of Bretagne, led the second, which comprised the main bulk of the allies from Bretagne, and Maine, and Poitou.

MainenounUS /meɪn/

a state in New England

From this reading Roger de Montgommeri and William Fitzosborne led the first; and with them were the forces from Picardy and the countship of Boulogne, and the fiery Franks; Geoffric Martel and the German Hugues (a prince of fame); Aimeri, Lord of Thouars, and the sons of Alain Fergant, Duke of Bretagne, led the second, which comprised the main bulk of the allies from Bretagne, and Maine, and Poitou.

marshalledverbUS /ˈmɑːrʃəld/

inflected form of “marshal” — place in proper rank

From this reading The army was marshalled in three great divisions.

Martel

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Roger de Montgommeri and William Fitzosborne led the first; and with them were the forces from Picardy and the countship of Boulogne, and the fiery Franks; Geoffric Martel and the German Hugues (a prince of fame); Aimeri, Lord of Thouars, and the sons of Alain Fergant, Duke of Bretagne, led the second, which comprised the main bulk of the allies from Bretagne, and Maine, and Poitou.

MassnounUS /mæs/

the property of a body that causes it to have weight in a gravitational field

From this reading Mass had been said; Odo and the Bishop of Coutance had blessed the troops; and received their vow never more to eat flesh on the anniversary of that day.

Montgommeri

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Roger de Montgommeri and William Fitzosborne led the first; and with them were the forces from Picardy and the countship of Boulogne, and the fiery Franks; Geoffric Martel and the German Hugues (a prince of fame); Aimeri, Lord of Thouars, and the sons of Alain Fergant, Duke of Bretagne, led the second, which comprised the main bulk of the allies from Bretagne, and Maine, and Poitou.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading Mass had been said; Odo and the Bishop of Coutance had blessed the troops; and received their vow never more to eat flesh on the anniversary of that day.

mountedadjectiveUS /ˈmaʊntəd/

assembled for use; especially by being attached to a support

From this reading And Odo had mounted his snow-white charger, and already drawn up the cavalry against the coming of his brother the Duke.

neveradverbUS /ˈnevər/

not ever; at no time in the past or future

From this reading Mass had been said; Odo and the Bishop of Coutance had blessed the troops; and received their vow never more to eat flesh on the anniversary of that day.

NormannounUS /ˈnɔːrmən/

United States operatic soprano (born in 1945)

From this reading On the fourteenth of October, 1066, the day of St. Calixtus, the Norman force was drawn out in battle array.

OctobernounUS /ɑːkˈtoʊbər/

the month following September and preceding November

From this reading On the fourteenth of October, 1066, the day of St. Calixtus, the Norman force was drawn out in battle array.

Odonoun

French pope from 1088 to 1099 whose sermons called for the First Crusade (1042-1099)

From this reading Mass had been said; Odo and the Bishop of Coutance had blessed the troops; and received their vow never more to eat flesh on the anniversary of that day.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading On the fourteenth of October, 1066, the day of St. Calixtus, the Norman force was drawn out in battle array.

OnprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading On the fourteenth of October, 1066, the day of St. Calixtus, the Norman force was drawn out in battle array.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading On the fourteenth of October, 1066, the day of St. Calixtus, the Norman force was drawn out in battle array.

Picardynoun

a region of northern France on the English Channel

From this reading Roger de Montgommeri and William Fitzosborne led the first; and with them were the forces from Picardy and the countship of Boulogne, and the fiery Franks; Geoffric Martel and the German Hugues (a prince of fame); Aimeri, Lord of Thouars, and the sons of Alain Fergant, Duke of Bretagne, led the second, which comprised the main bulk of the allies from Bretagne, and Maine, and Poitou.

Poitounoun

a low-lying region of west central France on the Bay of Biscay

From this reading Roger de Montgommeri and William Fitzosborne led the first; and with them were the forces from Picardy and the countship of Boulogne, and the fiery Franks; Geoffric Martel and the German Hugues (a prince of fame); Aimeri, Lord of Thouars, and the sons of Alain Fergant, Duke of Bretagne, led the second, which comprised the main bulk of the allies from Bretagne, and Maine, and Poitou.

princenounUS /prɪns/

a male member of a royal family other than the sovereign (especially the son of a sovereign)

From this reading Roger de Montgommeri and William Fitzosborne led the first; and with them were the forces from Picardy and the countship of Boulogne, and the fiery Franks; Geoffric Martel and the German Hugues (a prince of fame); Aimeri, Lord of Thouars, and the sons of Alain Fergant, Duke of Bretagne, led the second, which comprised the main bulk of the allies from Bretagne, and Maine, and Poitou.

receivedadjectiveUS /rəˈsiːvd/

conforming to the established language usage of educated native speakers

From this reading Mass had been said; Odo and the Bishop of Coutance had blessed the troops; and received their vow never more to eat flesh on the anniversary of that day.

Roger

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Roger de Montgommeri and William Fitzosborne led the first; and with them were the forces from Picardy and the countship of Boulogne, and the fiery Franks; Geoffric Martel and the German Hugues (a prince of fame); Aimeri, Lord of Thouars, and the sons of Alain Fergant, Duke of Bretagne, led the second, which comprised the main bulk of the allies from Bretagne, and Maine, and Poitou.

saidadjectiveUS /sed/

being the one previously mentioned or spoken of

From this reading Mass had been said; Odo and the Bishop of Coutance had blessed the troops; and received their vow never more to eat flesh on the anniversary of that day.

secondnounUS /ˈsekənd/

1/60 of a minute; the basic unit of time adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites

From this reading Roger de Montgommeri and William Fitzosborne led the first; and with them were the forces from Picardy and the countship of Boulogne, and the fiery Franks; Geoffric Martel and the German Hugues (a prince of fame); Aimeri, Lord of Thouars, and the sons of Alain Fergant, Duke of Bretagne, led the second, which comprised the main bulk of the allies from Bretagne, and Maine, and Poitou.

snow-whiteadjective

of the white color of snow

From this reading And Odo had mounted his snow-white charger, and already drawn up the cavalry against the coming of his brother the Duke.

sonsnounUS /sʌnz/

plural of “son” — a male human offspring

From this reading Roger de Montgommeri and William Fitzosborne led the first; and with them were the forces from Picardy and the countship of Boulogne, and the fiery Franks; Geoffric Martel and the German Hugues (a prince of fame); Aimeri, Lord of Thouars, and the sons of Alain Fergant, Duke of Bretagne, led the second, which comprised the main bulk of the allies from Bretagne, and Maine, and Poitou.

St

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading On the fourteenth of October, 1066, the day of St. Calixtus, the Norman force was drawn out in battle array.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Mass had been said; Odo and the Bishop of Coutance had blessed the troops; and received their vow never more to eat flesh on the anniversary of that day.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading On the fourteenth of October, 1066, the day of St. Calixtus, the Norman force was drawn out in battle array.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading Mass had been said; Odo and the Bishop of Coutance had blessed the troops; and received their vow never more to eat flesh on the anniversary of that day.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading Roger de Montgommeri and William Fitzosborne led the first; and with them were the forces from Picardy and the countship of Boulogne, and the fiery Franks; Geoffric Martel and the German Hugues (a prince of fame); Aimeri, Lord of Thouars, and the sons of Alain Fergant, Duke of Bretagne, led the second, which comprised the main bulk of the allies from Bretagne, and Maine, and Poitou.

Thouars

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Roger de Montgommeri and William Fitzosborne led the first; and with them were the forces from Picardy and the countship of Boulogne, and the fiery Franks; Geoffric Martel and the German Hugues (a prince of fame); Aimeri, Lord of Thouars, and the sons of Alain Fergant, Duke of Bretagne, led the second, which comprised the main bulk of the allies from Bretagne, and Maine, and Poitou.

threenounUS /θriː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one

From this reading The army was marshalled in three great divisions.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Mass had been said; Odo and the Bishop of Coutance had blessed the troops; and received their vow never more to eat flesh on the anniversary of that day.

troopsnounUS /truːps/

soldiers collectively

From this reading Mass had been said; Odo and the Bishop of Coutance had blessed the troops; and received their vow never more to eat flesh on the anniversary of that day.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading And Odo had mounted his snow-white charger, and already drawn up the cavalry against the coming of his brother the Duke.

vowverbUS /vaʊ/

make a vow; promise

From this reading Mass had been said; Odo and the Bishop of Coutance had blessed the troops; and received their vow never more to eat flesh on the anniversary of that day.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading On the fourteenth of October, 1066, the day of St. Calixtus, the Norman force was drawn out in battle array.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Roger de Montgommeri and William Fitzosborne led the first; and with them were the forces from Picardy and the countship of Boulogne, and the fiery Franks; Geoffric Martel and the German Hugues (a prince of fame); Aimeri, Lord of Thouars, and the sons of Alain Fergant, Duke of Bretagne, led the second, which comprised the main bulk of the allies from Bretagne, and Maine, and Poitou.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Roger de Montgommeri and William Fitzosborne led the first; and with them were the forces from Picardy and the countship of Boulogne, and the fiery Franks; Geoffric Martel and the German Hugues (a prince of fame); Aimeri, Lord of Thouars, and the sons of Alain Fergant, Duke of Bretagne, led the second, which comprised the main bulk of the allies from Bretagne, and Maine, and Poitou.

William

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Roger de Montgommeri and William Fitzosborne led the first; and with them were the forces from Picardy and the countship of Boulogne, and the fiery Franks; Geoffric Martel and the German Hugues (a prince of fame); Aimeri, Lord of Thouars, and the sons of Alain Fergant, Duke of Bretagne, led the second, which comprised the main bulk of the allies from Bretagne, and Maine, and Poitou.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Roger de Montgommeri and William Fitzosborne led the first; and with them were the forces from Picardy and the countship of Boulogne, and the fiery Franks; Geoffric Martel and the German Hugues (a prince of fame); Aimeri, Lord of Thouars, and the sons of Alain Fergant, Duke of Bretagne, led the second, which comprised the main bulk of the allies from Bretagne, and Maine, and Poitou.

Chapter 7 of Harold — Volume 12 by Edward Bulwer Lytton, Baron Lytton holds 108 sentences, grouped into 22 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 7 of Harold — Volume 12 contain?

Chapter 7 holds 108 sentences of Harold — Volume 12, unabridged, divided into 22 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 7 of Harold — Volume 12 by Edward Bulwer Lytton, Baron Lytton exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 108 sentences, grouped into 22 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 7 of Harold — Volume 12?

Work through the 22 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 22 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 7 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 7 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Harold — Volume 12

Common questions about reading Harold — Volume 12 by Edward Bulwer Lytton, Baron Lytton on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Harold — Volume 12?

Yes. All 1839 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #7683 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Harold — Volume 12 is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #7683, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Harold — Volume 12 take to read?

About 153 minutes of reading across 368 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Harold — Volume 12 section by section

How to work through Harold — Volume 12 section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 9 chapters of Harold — Volume 12 to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Harold — Volume 12

Words and structures a reader meets early in Harold — Volume 12, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Heart
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Harold — Volume 12; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Forest
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Harold — Volume 12; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Hilda's
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Harold — Volume 12; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Abode
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Harold — Volume 12; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.