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Harvard Classics Volume 28 Essays English and American
Harvard Classics Volume 28 Essays English and American

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of Harvard Classics Volume 28 Essays English and American is here in full — 422 sentences across 85 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Harvard Classics Volume 28 Essays English and American
Context Illustration Reading 1/84 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
And, as to the desirableness of a wider culture than that yielded by science alone, it is to be recollected that the improvement of manufacturing processes is only one of the conditions which contribute to the prosperity of industry.
Industry is a means and not an end; and mankind work only to get something which they want.
What that something is depends partly on their innate, and partly on their acquired, desires.
If the wealth resulting from prosperous industry is to be spent upon the gratification of unworthy desires, if the increasing perfection of manufacturing processes is to be accompanied by an increasing debasement of those who carry them on, I do not see the good of industry and prosperity.
Now it is perfectly true that men's views of what is desirable depend upon their characters; and that the innate proclivities to which we give that name are not touched by any amount of instruction.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
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A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Harvard Classics Volume 28 Essays English and American

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of Harvard Classics Volume 28 Essays English and American is here in full — 422 sentences across 85 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/84 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
And, as to the desirableness of a wider culture than that yielded by science alone, it is to be recollected that the improvement of manufacturing processes is only one of the conditions which contribute to the prosperity of industry.
Line 2
Industry is a means and not an end; and mankind work only to get something which they want.
/ˈɪndəstri ɪz ə miːnz ənd nɑːt æn end ənd ˈmænˈkaɪnd wɜːrk ˈoʊnli tuː ɡet ˈsʌmθɪŋ wɪtʃ ðeɪ wɑːnt/
Line 3
What that something is depends partly on their innate, and partly on their acquired, desires.
/wʌt ðæt ˈsʌmθɪŋ ɪz dɪˈpendz ˈpɑːrtli ɑːn ðer ˌɪˈneɪt ənd ˈpɑːrtli ɑːn ðer əˈkwaɪərd dɪˈzaɪərz/
Line 4
If the wealth resulting from prosperous industry is to be spent upon the gratification of unworthy desires, if the increasing perfection of manufacturing processes is to be accompanied by an increasing debasement of those who carry them on, I do not see the good of industry and prosperity.
/ɪf ðə welθ rɪˈzʌltɪŋ frʌm ˈprɑːspərəs ˈɪndəstri ɪz tuː biː spent əˈpɑːn ðə ˌɡrætəfəˈkeɪʃən ʌv ənˈwɜːrði dɪˈzaɪərz ɪf ðə ˌɪnˈkriːsɪŋ pərˈfekʃən ʌv ˌmænjəˈfæktʃərɪŋ ˈprɑːsesəz ɪz tuː biː əˈkʌmpənid baɪ æn ˌɪnˈkriːsɪŋ dəˈbeɪsmənt ʌv ðoʊz huː ˈkæri ðem ɑːn aɪ duː nɑːt siː ðə ɡʊd ʌv ˈɪndəstri ənd prɑːˈsperəti/
Line 5
Now it is perfectly true that men's views of what is desirable depend upon their characters; and that the innate proclivities to which we give that name are not touched by any amount of instruction.
/naʊ ɪt ɪz ˈpɜːrfəktli truː ðæt menz vjuːz ʌv wʌt ɪz dɪˈzaɪrəbəl dɪˈpend əˈpɑːn ðer ˈkærəktərz ənd ðæt ðə ˌɪˈneɪt proʊˈklɪvətiz tuː wɪtʃ wiː ɡɪv ðæt neɪm ɑːr nɑːt tʌtʃt baɪ ˈeni əˈmaʊnt ʌv ˌɪnˈstrʌkʃən/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

contribute verb US /kənˈtrɪbjuːt/

bestow a quality on

From this reading “And, as to the desirableness of a wider culture than that yielded by science alone, it is to be recollected that the improvement of manufacturing processes is only one of the conditions which contribute to the prosperity of industry.”

debasement noun US /dəˈbeɪsmənt/

being mixed with extraneous material; the product of adulterating

From this reading “If the wealth resulting from prosperous industry is to be spent upon the gratification of unworthy desires, if the increasing perfection of manufacturing processes is to be accompanied by an increasing debasement of those who carry them on, I do not see the good of industry and prosperity.”

gratification noun US /ˌɡrætəfəˈkeɪʃən/

state of being gratified or satisfied

From this reading “If the wealth resulting from prosperous industry is to be spent upon the gratification of unworthy desires, if the increasing perfection of manufacturing processes is to be accompanied by an increasing debasement of those who carry them on, I do not see the good of industry and prosperity.”

innate adjective US /ˌɪˈneɪt/

not established by conditioning or learning

From this reading “What that something is depends partly on their innate, and partly on their acquired, desires.”

manufacturing noun US /ˌmænjəˈfæktʃərɪŋ/

the act of making something (a product) from raw materials

From this reading “And, as to the desirableness of a wider culture than that yielded by science alone, it is to be recollected that the improvement of manufacturing processes is only one of the conditions which contribute to the prosperity of industry.”

processes noun US /ˈprɑːsesəz/

plural of “process” — a particular course of action intended to achieve a result

From this reading “And, as to the desirableness of a wider culture than that yielded by science alone, it is to be recollected that the improvement of manufacturing processes is only one of the conditions which contribute to the prosperity of industry.”

proclivities noun US /proʊˈklɪvətiz/

plural of “proclivity” — a natural inclination

From this reading “Now it is perfectly true that men's views of what is desirable depend upon their characters; and that the innate proclivities to which we give that name are not touched by any amount of instruction.”

resulting verb US /rɪˈzʌltɪŋ/

-ing form of “result” — issue or terminate (in a specified way, state, etc.); end

From this reading “If the wealth resulting from prosperous industry is to be spent upon the gratification of unworthy desires, if the increasing perfection of manufacturing processes is to be accompanied by an increasing debasement of those who carry them on, I do not see the good of industry and prosperity.”

All words in this reading · 85

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading And, as to the desirableness of a wider culture than that yielded by science alone, it is to be recollected that the improvement of manufacturing processes is only one of the conditions which contribute to the prosperity of industry.

accompaniedadjectiveUS /əˈkʌmpənid/

having companions or an escort

From this reading If the wealth resulting from prosperous industry is to be spent upon the gratification of unworthy desires, if the increasing perfection of manufacturing processes is to be accompanied by an increasing debasement of those who carry them on, I do not see the good of industry and prosperity.

acquiredadjectiveUS /əˈkwaɪərd/

gotten through environmental forces

From this reading What that something is depends partly on their innate, and partly on their acquired, desires.

aloneadjectiveUS /əˈloʊn/

Having no one else present.

From this reading And, as to the desirableness of a wider culture than that yielded by science alone, it is to be recollected that the improvement of manufacturing processes is only one of the conditions which contribute to the prosperity of industry.

amountnounUS /əˈmaʊnt/

a quantity of money

From this reading Now it is perfectly true that men's views of what is desirable depend upon their characters; and that the innate proclivities to which we give that name are not touched by any amount of instruction.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Industry is a means and not an end; and mankind work only to get something which they want.

AndconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading And, as to the desirableness of a wider culture than that yielded by science alone, it is to be recollected that the improvement of manufacturing processes is only one of the conditions which contribute to the prosperity of industry.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading Now it is perfectly true that men's views of what is desirable depend upon their characters; and that the innate proclivities to which we give that name are not touched by any amount of instruction.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Now it is perfectly true that men's views of what is desirable depend upon their characters; and that the innate proclivities to which we give that name are not touched by any amount of instruction.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading And, as to the desirableness of a wider culture than that yielded by science alone, it is to be recollected that the improvement of manufacturing processes is only one of the conditions which contribute to the prosperity of industry.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading And, as to the desirableness of a wider culture than that yielded by science alone, it is to be recollected that the improvement of manufacturing processes is only one of the conditions which contribute to the prosperity of industry.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading And, as to the desirableness of a wider culture than that yielded by science alone, it is to be recollected that the improvement of manufacturing processes is only one of the conditions which contribute to the prosperity of industry.

carryverbUS /ˈkæri/

move while supporting, either in a vehicle or in one's hands or on one's body

From this reading If the wealth resulting from prosperous industry is to be spent upon the gratification of unworthy desires, if the increasing perfection of manufacturing processes is to be accompanied by an increasing debasement of those who carry them on, I do not see the good of industry and prosperity.

charactersnounUS /ˈkærəktərz/

plural of “character” — an imaginary person represented in a work of fiction (play or film or story)

From this reading Now it is perfectly true that men's views of what is desirable depend upon their characters; and that the innate proclivities to which we give that name are not touched by any amount of instruction.

conditionsnounUS /kənˈdɪʃənz/

the prevailing context that influences the performance or the outcome of a process

From this reading And, as to the desirableness of a wider culture than that yielded by science alone, it is to be recollected that the improvement of manufacturing processes is only one of the conditions which contribute to the prosperity of industry.

contributeverbUS /kənˈtrɪbjuːt/

bestow a quality on

From this reading And, as to the desirableness of a wider culture than that yielded by science alone, it is to be recollected that the improvement of manufacturing processes is only one of the conditions which contribute to the prosperity of industry.

culturenounUS /ˈkʌltʃər/

a particular society at a particular time and place

From this reading And, as to the desirableness of a wider culture than that yielded by science alone, it is to be recollected that the improvement of manufacturing processes is only one of the conditions which contribute to the prosperity of industry.

debasementnounUS /dəˈbeɪsmənt/

being mixed with extraneous material; the product of adulterating

From this reading If the wealth resulting from prosperous industry is to be spent upon the gratification of unworthy desires, if the increasing perfection of manufacturing processes is to be accompanied by an increasing debasement of those who carry them on, I do not see the good of industry and prosperity.

dependverbUS /dɪˈpend/

be contingent upon (something that is elided)

From this reading Now it is perfectly true that men's views of what is desirable depend upon their characters; and that the innate proclivities to which we give that name are not touched by any amount of instruction.

dependsverbUS /dɪˈpendz/

third-person singular of “depend” — be contingent upon (something that is elided)

From this reading What that something is depends partly on their innate, and partly on their acquired, desires.

desirableadjectiveUS /dɪˈzaɪrəbəl/

worth having or seeking or achieving

From this reading Now it is perfectly true that men's views of what is desirable depend upon their characters; and that the innate proclivities to which we give that name are not touched by any amount of instruction.

desirablenessnoun

the quality of being worthy of desiring

From this reading And, as to the desirableness of a wider culture than that yielded by science alone, it is to be recollected that the improvement of manufacturing processes is only one of the conditions which contribute to the prosperity of industry.

desiresnounUS /dɪˈzaɪərz/

plural of “desire” — the feeling that accompanies an unsatisfied state

From this reading What that something is depends partly on their innate, and partly on their acquired, desires.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading If the wealth resulting from prosperous industry is to be spent upon the gratification of unworthy desires, if the increasing perfection of manufacturing processes is to be accompanied by an increasing debasement of those who carry them on, I do not see the good of industry and prosperity.

endnounUS /end/

either extremity of something that has length

From this reading Industry is a means and not an end; and mankind work only to get something which they want.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading If the wealth resulting from prosperous industry is to be spent upon the gratification of unworthy desires, if the increasing perfection of manufacturing processes is to be accompanied by an increasing debasement of those who carry them on, I do not see the good of industry and prosperity.

getverbUS /ɡet/

come into the possession of something concrete or abstract

From this reading Industry is a means and not an end; and mankind work only to get something which they want.

giveverbUS /ɡɪv/

cause to have, in the abstract sense or physical sense

From this reading Now it is perfectly true that men's views of what is desirable depend upon their characters; and that the innate proclivities to which we give that name are not touched by any amount of instruction.

goodadjectiveUS /ɡʊd/

having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified

From this reading If the wealth resulting from prosperous industry is to be spent upon the gratification of unworthy desires, if the increasing perfection of manufacturing processes is to be accompanied by an increasing debasement of those who carry them on, I do not see the good of industry and prosperity.

gratificationnounUS /ˌɡrætəfəˈkeɪʃən/

state of being gratified or satisfied

From this reading If the wealth resulting from prosperous industry is to be spent upon the gratification of unworthy desires, if the increasing perfection of manufacturing processes is to be accompanied by an increasing debasement of those who carry them on, I do not see the good of industry and prosperity.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading If the wealth resulting from prosperous industry is to be spent upon the gratification of unworthy desires, if the increasing perfection of manufacturing processes is to be accompanied by an increasing debasement of those who carry them on, I do not see the good of industry and prosperity.

IfconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading If the wealth resulting from prosperous industry is to be spent upon the gratification of unworthy desires, if the increasing perfection of manufacturing processes is to be accompanied by an increasing debasement of those who carry them on, I do not see the good of industry and prosperity.

improvementnounUS /ˌɪmˈpruːvmənt/

a change for the better; progress in development

From this reading And, as to the desirableness of a wider culture than that yielded by science alone, it is to be recollected that the improvement of manufacturing processes is only one of the conditions which contribute to the prosperity of industry.

increasingadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈkriːsɪŋ/

becoming greater or larger

From this reading If the wealth resulting from prosperous industry is to be spent upon the gratification of unworthy desires, if the increasing perfection of manufacturing processes is to be accompanied by an increasing debasement of those who carry them on, I do not see the good of industry and prosperity.

industrynounUS /ˈɪndəstri/

the people or companies engaged in a particular kind of commercial enterprise

From this reading And, as to the desirableness of a wider culture than that yielded by science alone, it is to be recollected that the improvement of manufacturing processes is only one of the conditions which contribute to the prosperity of industry.

innateadjectiveUS /ˌɪˈneɪt/

not established by conditioning or learning

From this reading What that something is depends partly on their innate, and partly on their acquired, desires.

instructionnounUS /ˌɪnˈstrʌkʃən/

a message describing how something is to be done

From this reading Now it is perfectly true that men's views of what is desirable depend upon their characters; and that the innate proclivities to which we give that name are not touched by any amount of instruction.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading And, as to the desirableness of a wider culture than that yielded by science alone, it is to be recollected that the improvement of manufacturing processes is only one of the conditions which contribute to the prosperity of industry.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading And, as to the desirableness of a wider culture than that yielded by science alone, it is to be recollected that the improvement of manufacturing processes is only one of the conditions which contribute to the prosperity of industry.

mankindnounUS /ˈmænˈkaɪnd/

all of the living human inhabitants of the earth

From this reading Industry is a means and not an end; and mankind work only to get something which they want.

manufacturingnounUS /ˌmænjəˈfæktʃərɪŋ/

the act of making something (a product) from raw materials

From this reading And, as to the desirableness of a wider culture than that yielded by science alone, it is to be recollected that the improvement of manufacturing processes is only one of the conditions which contribute to the prosperity of industry.

meansnounUS /miːnz/

thing or person that acts to produce a particular effect or achieve an end

From this reading Industry is a means and not an end; and mankind work only to get something which they want.

men'snounUS /menz/

a public toilet for men

From this reading Now it is perfectly true that men's views of what is desirable depend upon their characters; and that the innate proclivities to which we give that name are not touched by any amount of instruction.

nameverbUS /neɪm/

assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading Now it is perfectly true that men's views of what is desirable depend upon their characters; and that the innate proclivities to which we give that name are not touched by any amount of instruction.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Industry is a means and not an end; and mankind work only to get something which they want.

NowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading Now it is perfectly true that men's views of what is desirable depend upon their characters; and that the innate proclivities to which we give that name are not touched by any amount of instruction.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading And, as to the desirableness of a wider culture than that yielded by science alone, it is to be recollected that the improvement of manufacturing processes is only one of the conditions which contribute to the prosperity of industry.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading What that something is depends partly on their innate, and partly on their acquired, desires.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading And, as to the desirableness of a wider culture than that yielded by science alone, it is to be recollected that the improvement of manufacturing processes is only one of the conditions which contribute to the prosperity of industry.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading And, as to the desirableness of a wider culture than that yielded by science alone, it is to be recollected that the improvement of manufacturing processes is only one of the conditions which contribute to the prosperity of industry.

partlyadverbUS /ˈpɑːrtli/

to some extent; in some degree; not wholly

From this reading What that something is depends partly on their innate, and partly on their acquired, desires.

perfectionnounUS /pərˈfekʃən/

the state of being without a flaw or defect

From this reading If the wealth resulting from prosperous industry is to be spent upon the gratification of unworthy desires, if the increasing perfection of manufacturing processes is to be accompanied by an increasing debasement of those who carry them on, I do not see the good of industry and prosperity.

perfectlyadverbUS /ˈpɜːrfəktli/

completely and without qualification; used informally as intensifiers

From this reading Now it is perfectly true that men's views of what is desirable depend upon their characters; and that the innate proclivities to which we give that name are not touched by any amount of instruction.

processesnounUS /ˈprɑːsesəz/

plural of “process” — a particular course of action intended to achieve a result

From this reading And, as to the desirableness of a wider culture than that yielded by science alone, it is to be recollected that the improvement of manufacturing processes is only one of the conditions which contribute to the prosperity of industry.

proclivitiesnounUS /proʊˈklɪvətiz/

plural of “proclivity” — a natural inclination

From this reading Now it is perfectly true that men's views of what is desirable depend upon their characters; and that the innate proclivities to which we give that name are not touched by any amount of instruction.

prosperitynounUS /prɑːˈsperəti/

an economic state of growth with rising profits and full employment

From this reading And, as to the desirableness of a wider culture than that yielded by science alone, it is to be recollected that the improvement of manufacturing processes is only one of the conditions which contribute to the prosperity of industry.

prosperousadjectiveUS /ˈprɑːspərəs/

in fortunate circumstances financially; moderately rich

From this reading If the wealth resulting from prosperous industry is to be spent upon the gratification of unworthy desires, if the increasing perfection of manufacturing processes is to be accompanied by an increasing debasement of those who carry them on, I do not see the good of industry and prosperity.

recollectedverbUS /ˌrekəˈlektɪd/

past form of “recollect” — recall knowledge from memory; have a recollection

From this reading And, as to the desirableness of a wider culture than that yielded by science alone, it is to be recollected that the improvement of manufacturing processes is only one of the conditions which contribute to the prosperity of industry.

resultingverbUS /rɪˈzʌltɪŋ/

-ing form of “result” — issue or terminate (in a specified way, state, etc.); end

From this reading If the wealth resulting from prosperous industry is to be spent upon the gratification of unworthy desires, if the increasing perfection of manufacturing processes is to be accompanied by an increasing debasement of those who carry them on, I do not see the good of industry and prosperity.

sciencenounUS /ˈsaɪəns/

a particular branch of scientific knowledge

From this reading And, as to the desirableness of a wider culture than that yielded by science alone, it is to be recollected that the improvement of manufacturing processes is only one of the conditions which contribute to the prosperity of industry.

seeverbUS /siː/

perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading If the wealth resulting from prosperous industry is to be spent upon the gratification of unworthy desires, if the increasing perfection of manufacturing processes is to be accompanied by an increasing debasement of those who carry them on, I do not see the good of industry and prosperity.

somethingpronounUS /ˈsʌmθɪŋ/

a thing, without saying which

From this reading Industry is a means and not an end; and mankind work only to get something which they want.

spentadjectiveUS /spent/

depleted of energy, force, or strength

From this reading If the wealth resulting from prosperous industry is to be spent upon the gratification of unworthy desires, if the increasing perfection of manufacturing processes is to be accompanied by an increasing debasement of those who carry them on, I do not see the good of industry and prosperity.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading And, as to the desirableness of a wider culture than that yielded by science alone, it is to be recollected that the improvement of manufacturing processes is only one of the conditions which contribute to the prosperity of industry.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading And, as to the desirableness of a wider culture than that yielded by science alone, it is to be recollected that the improvement of manufacturing processes is only one of the conditions which contribute to the prosperity of industry.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading And, as to the desirableness of a wider culture than that yielded by science alone, it is to be recollected that the improvement of manufacturing processes is only one of the conditions which contribute to the prosperity of industry.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading What that something is depends partly on their innate, and partly on their acquired, desires.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading If the wealth resulting from prosperous industry is to be spent upon the gratification of unworthy desires, if the increasing perfection of manufacturing processes is to be accompanied by an increasing debasement of those who carry them on, I do not see the good of industry and prosperity.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Industry is a means and not an end; and mankind work only to get something which they want.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading If the wealth resulting from prosperous industry is to be spent upon the gratification of unworthy desires, if the increasing perfection of manufacturing processes is to be accompanied by an increasing debasement of those who carry them on, I do not see the good of industry and prosperity.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading And, as to the desirableness of a wider culture than that yielded by science alone, it is to be recollected that the improvement of manufacturing processes is only one of the conditions which contribute to the prosperity of industry.

touchedadjectiveUS /tʌtʃt/

having come into contact

From this reading Now it is perfectly true that men's views of what is desirable depend upon their characters; and that the innate proclivities to which we give that name are not touched by any amount of instruction.

trueadjectiveUS /truː/

consistent with fact or reality; not false

From this reading Now it is perfectly true that men's views of what is desirable depend upon their characters; and that the innate proclivities to which we give that name are not touched by any amount of instruction.

unworthyadjectiveUS /ənˈwɜːrði/

lacking in value or merit

From this reading If the wealth resulting from prosperous industry is to be spent upon the gratification of unworthy desires, if the increasing perfection of manufacturing processes is to be accompanied by an increasing debasement of those who carry them on, I do not see the good of industry and prosperity.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading If the wealth resulting from prosperous industry is to be spent upon the gratification of unworthy desires, if the increasing perfection of manufacturing processes is to be accompanied by an increasing debasement of those who carry them on, I do not see the good of industry and prosperity.

viewsnounUS /vjuːz/

plural of “view” — a way of regarding situations or topics etc.

From this reading Now it is perfectly true that men's views of what is desirable depend upon their characters; and that the innate proclivities to which we give that name are not touched by any amount of instruction.

wantverbUS /wɑːnt/

feel or have a desire for; want strongly

From this reading Industry is a means and not an end; and mankind work only to get something which they want.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading Now it is perfectly true that men's views of what is desirable depend upon their characters; and that the innate proclivities to which we give that name are not touched by any amount of instruction.

wealthnounUS /welθ/

the state of being rich and affluent; having a plentiful supply of material goods and money

From this reading If the wealth resulting from prosperous industry is to be spent upon the gratification of unworthy desires, if the increasing perfection of manufacturing processes is to be accompanied by an increasing debasement of those who carry them on, I do not see the good of industry and prosperity.

WhatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading What that something is depends partly on their innate, and partly on their acquired, desires.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading And, as to the desirableness of a wider culture than that yielded by science alone, it is to be recollected that the improvement of manufacturing processes is only one of the conditions which contribute to the prosperity of industry.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading If the wealth resulting from prosperous industry is to be spent upon the gratification of unworthy desires, if the increasing perfection of manufacturing processes is to be accompanied by an increasing debasement of those who carry them on, I do not see the good of industry and prosperity.

wideradjectiveUS /ˈwaɪdər/

comparative of “wide” — having great (or a certain) extent from one side to the other

From this reading And, as to the desirableness of a wider culture than that yielded by science alone, it is to be recollected that the improvement of manufacturing processes is only one of the conditions which contribute to the prosperity of industry.

workverbUS /wɜːrk/

exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity

From this reading Industry is a means and not an end; and mankind work only to get something which they want.

yieldedverbUS /ˈjiːldɪd/

past form of “yield” — be the cause or source of

From this reading And, as to the desirableness of a wider culture than that yielded by science alone, it is to be recollected that the improvement of manufacturing processes is only one of the conditions which contribute to the prosperity of industry.

Chapter 8 of Harvard Classics Volume 28 Essays English and American by Charles William [Editor] Eliot holds 422 sentences, grouped into 85 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of Harvard Classics Volume 28 Essays English and American contain?

Chapter 8 holds 422 sentences of Harvard Classics Volume 28 Essays English and American, unabridged, divided into 85 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of Harvard Classics Volume 28 Essays English and American by Charles William [Editor] Eliot exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 422 sentences, grouped into 85 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of Harvard Classics Volume 28 Essays English and American?

Work through the 85 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 85 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Harvard Classics Volume 28 Essays English and American

Common questions about reading Harvard Classics Volume 28 Essays English and American by Charles William [Editor] Eliot on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Harvard Classics Volume 28 Essays English and American?

Yes. All 6176 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #21962 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Harvard Classics Volume 28 Essays English and American is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #21962, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Harvard Classics Volume 28 Essays English and American take to read?

About 514 minutes of reading across 1236 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Harvard Classics Volume 28 Essays English and American section by section

How to work through Harvard Classics Volume 28 Essays English and American section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

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Vocabulary met early in Harvard Classics Volume 28 Essays English and American

Words and structures a reader meets early in Harvard Classics Volume 28 Essays English and American, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

William
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Harvard Classics Volume 28 Essays English and American; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Makepeace
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Harvard Classics Volume 28 Essays English and American; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Thackeray
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Harvard Classics Volume 28 Essays English and American; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Greatest
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Harvard Classics Volume 28 Essays English and American; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.