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History of a literary radical, and other essays
History of a literary radical, and other essays

Chapter II

Chapter 2 of History of a literary radical, and other essays is here in full — 396 sentences across 80 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/79 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Miro wonders sometimes whether the direction in which he is tending will not bring him around the circle again to a new classicism.
The last stage in the history of the man of culture will be that “classic” which he did not understand and which his mind spent its youth in overthrowing.
But it will be a classicism far different from that which was so unintelligently handed down to him in the American world.
It will be something worked out and lived into.
Looking into the future he will have to do what Van Wyck Brooks calls “inventing a usable past.”
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

History of a literary radical, and other essays

Chapter II

Chapter 2 of History of a literary radical, and other essays is here in full — 396 sentences across 80 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/79 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Miro wonders sometimes whether the direction in which he is tending will not bring him around the circle again to a new classicism.
/ˈmɪroʊ ˈwʌndərz səmˈtaɪmz ˈweðər ðə dərˈekʃən ɪn wɪtʃ hiː ɪz ˈtendɪŋ wɪl nɑːt brɪŋ hɪm ərˈaʊnd ðə ˈsɜːrkəl əˈɡen tuː ə nuː ˈklæsɪsɪzəm/
Line 2
The last stage in the history of the man of culture will be that “classic” which he did not understand and which his mind spent its youth in overthrowing.
/ðə læst steɪdʒ ɪn ðə ˈhɪstəri ʌv ðə mæn ʌv ˈkʌltʃər wɪl biː ðæt ˈklæsɪk wɪtʃ hiː dɪd nɑːt ˌʌndərˈstænd ənd wɪtʃ hɪz maɪnd spent ɪts juːθ ɪn ˈoʊvərθroʊɪŋ/
Line 3
But it will be a classicism far different from that which was so unintelligently handed down to him in the American world.
Line 4
It will be something worked out and lived into.
/ɪt wɪl biː ˈsʌmθɪŋ wɜːrkt aʊt ənd lɪvd ˈɪntuː/
Line 5
Looking into the future he will have to do what Van Wyck Brooks calls “inventing a usable past.”

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Brooks noun US /brʊks/

United States literary critic and historian (1886-1963)

From this reading “Looking into the future he will have to do what Van Wyck Brooks calls “inventing a usable past.””

classic noun US /ˈklæsɪk/

a creation of the highest excellence

From this reading “The last stage in the history of the man of culture will be that “classic” which he did not understand and which his mind spent its youth in overthrowing.”

classicism noun US /ˈklæsɪsɪzəm/

a movement in literature and art during the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe that favored rationality and restraint and strict forms

From this reading “Miro wonders sometimes whether the direction in which he is tending will not bring him around the circle again to a new classicism.”

inventing verb US /ˌɪnˈventɪŋ/

-ing form of “invent” — come up with (an idea, plan, explanation, theory, or principle) after a mental effort

From this reading “Looking into the future he will have to do what Van Wyck Brooks calls “inventing a usable past.””

Miro noun US /ˈmɪroʊ/

New Zealand conifer used for lumber; the dark wood is used for interior carpentry

From this reading “Miro wonders sometimes whether the direction in which he is tending will not bring him around the circle again to a new classicism.”

overthrowing verb US /ˈoʊvərθroʊɪŋ/

-ing form of “overthrow” — cause the downfall of; of rulers

From this reading “The last stage in the history of the man of culture will be that “classic” which he did not understand and which his mind spent its youth in overthrowing.”

tending noun US /ˈtendɪŋ/

the work of providing treatment for or attending to someone or something

From this reading “Miro wonders sometimes whether the direction in which he is tending will not bring him around the circle again to a new classicism.”

usable adjective US /ˈjuːzəbəl/

capable of being put to use

From this reading “Looking into the future he will have to do what Van Wyck Brooks calls “inventing a usable past.””

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

last stage adjective + noun

In this reading “The last stage in the history of the man of culture will be that “classic” which he did not understand and which his mind spent its youth in overthrowing.”

around the circle preposition + article + noun counted as “around … circle”

In this reading “Miro wonders sometimes whether the direction in which he is tending will not bring him around the circle again to a new classicism.”

far different adverb + adjective

In this reading “But it will be a classicism far different from that which was so unintelligently handed down to him in the American world.”

worked out verb + adjective counted as “work out”

come up with

In this reading “It will be something worked out and lived into.”

All words in this reading · 69

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Miro wonders sometimes whether the direction in which he is tending will not bring him around the circle again to a new classicism.

againadverbUS /əˈɡen/

anew

From this reading Miro wonders sometimes whether the direction in which he is tending will not bring him around the circle again to a new classicism.

AmericannounUS /əˈmerəkən/

a native or inhabitant of the United States

From this reading But it will be a classicism far different from that which was so unintelligently handed down to him in the American world.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The last stage in the history of the man of culture will be that “classic” which he did not understand and which his mind spent its youth in overthrowing.

aroundprepositionUS /ərˈaʊnd/

surrounding, or on every side of, something

From this reading Miro wonders sometimes whether the direction in which he is tending will not bring him around the circle again to a new classicism.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading The last stage in the history of the man of culture will be that “classic” which he did not understand and which his mind spent its youth in overthrowing.

bringverbUS /brɪŋ/

take something or somebody with oneself somewhere

From this reading Miro wonders sometimes whether the direction in which he is tending will not bring him around the circle again to a new classicism.

BrooksnounUS /brʊks/

United States literary critic and historian (1886-1963)

From this reading Looking into the future he will have to do what Van Wyck Brooks calls “inventing a usable past.”

ButconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading But it will be a classicism far different from that which was so unintelligently handed down to him in the American world.

callsnounUS /kɔːlz/

plural of “call” — a telephone connection

From this reading Looking into the future he will have to do what Van Wyck Brooks calls “inventing a usable past.”

circlenounUS /ˈsɜːrkəl/

ellipse in which the two axes are of equal length; a plane curve generated by one point moving at a constant distance from a fixed point

From this reading Miro wonders sometimes whether the direction in which he is tending will not bring him around the circle again to a new classicism.

classicnounUS /ˈklæsɪk/

a creation of the highest excellence

From this reading The last stage in the history of the man of culture will be that “classic” which he did not understand and which his mind spent its youth in overthrowing.

classicismnounUS /ˈklæsɪsɪzəm/

a movement in literature and art during the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe that favored rationality and restraint and strict forms

From this reading Miro wonders sometimes whether the direction in which he is tending will not bring him around the circle again to a new classicism.

culturenounUS /ˈkʌltʃər/

a particular society at a particular time and place

From this reading The last stage in the history of the man of culture will be that “classic” which he did not understand and which his mind spent its youth in overthrowing.

didauxiliary verbUS /dɪd/

the past form of “do”, used in questions and negatives

From this reading The last stage in the history of the man of culture will be that “classic” which he did not understand and which his mind spent its youth in overthrowing.

differentadjectiveUS /ˈdɪfərənt/

unlike in nature or quality or form or degree

From this reading But it will be a classicism far different from that which was so unintelligently handed down to him in the American world.

directionnounUS /dərˈekʃən/

a line leading to a place or point

From this reading Miro wonders sometimes whether the direction in which he is tending will not bring him around the circle again to a new classicism.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading Looking into the future he will have to do what Van Wyck Brooks calls “inventing a usable past.”

downadjectiveUS /daʊn/

being or moving lower in position or less in some value

From this reading But it will be a classicism far different from that which was so unintelligently handed down to him in the American world.

faradverbUS /fɑːr/

to a considerable degree; very much

From this reading But it will be a classicism far different from that which was so unintelligently handed down to him in the American world.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading But it will be a classicism far different from that which was so unintelligently handed down to him in the American world.

futureadjectiveUS /ˈfjuːtʃər/

yet to be or coming

From this reading Looking into the future he will have to do what Van Wyck Brooks calls “inventing a usable past.”

handedadjectiveUS /ˈhændəd/

having or involving the use of hands

From this reading But it will be a classicism far different from that which was so unintelligently handed down to him in the American world.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Looking into the future he will have to do what Van Wyck Brooks calls “inventing a usable past.”

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Miro wonders sometimes whether the direction in which he is tending will not bring him around the circle again to a new classicism.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading Miro wonders sometimes whether the direction in which he is tending will not bring him around the circle again to a new classicism.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading The last stage in the history of the man of culture will be that “classic” which he did not understand and which his mind spent its youth in overthrowing.

historynounUS /ˈhɪstəri/

the aggregate of past events

From this reading The last stage in the history of the man of culture will be that “classic” which he did not understand and which his mind spent its youth in overthrowing.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Miro wonders sometimes whether the direction in which he is tending will not bring him around the circle again to a new classicism.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading It will be something worked out and lived into.

inventingverbUS /ˌɪnˈventɪŋ/

-ing form of “invent” — come up with (an idea, plan, explanation, theory, or principle) after a mental effort

From this reading Looking into the future he will have to do what Van Wyck Brooks calls “inventing a usable past.”

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Miro wonders sometimes whether the direction in which he is tending will not bring him around the circle again to a new classicism.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading But it will be a classicism far different from that which was so unintelligently handed down to him in the American world.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading The last stage in the history of the man of culture will be that “classic” which he did not understand and which his mind spent its youth in overthrowing.

lastadjectiveUS /læst/

immediately past

From this reading The last stage in the history of the man of culture will be that “classic” which he did not understand and which his mind spent its youth in overthrowing.

livedverbUS /lɪvd/

past form of “live” — be an inhabitant of or reside in

From this reading It will be something worked out and lived into.

LookingnounUS /ˈlʊkɪŋ/

the act of directing the eyes toward something and perceiving it visually

From this reading Looking into the future he will have to do what Van Wyck Brooks calls “inventing a usable past.”

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading The last stage in the history of the man of culture will be that “classic” which he did not understand and which his mind spent its youth in overthrowing.

mindnounUS /maɪnd/

The element of a person that enables awareness and thought.

From this reading The last stage in the history of the man of culture will be that “classic” which he did not understand and which his mind spent its youth in overthrowing.

MironounUS /ˈmɪroʊ/

New Zealand conifer used for lumber; the dark wood is used for interior carpentry

From this reading Miro wonders sometimes whether the direction in which he is tending will not bring him around the circle again to a new classicism.

newadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading Miro wonders sometimes whether the direction in which he is tending will not bring him around the circle again to a new classicism.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Miro wonders sometimes whether the direction in which he is tending will not bring him around the circle again to a new classicism.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The last stage in the history of the man of culture will be that “classic” which he did not understand and which his mind spent its youth in overthrowing.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading It will be something worked out and lived into.

overthrowingverbUS /ˈoʊvərθroʊɪŋ/

-ing form of “overthrow” — cause the downfall of; of rulers

From this reading The last stage in the history of the man of culture will be that “classic” which he did not understand and which his mind spent its youth in overthrowing.

pastnounUS /pæst/

the time that has elapsed

From this reading Looking into the future he will have to do what Van Wyck Brooks calls “inventing a usable past.”

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading But it will be a classicism far different from that which was so unintelligently handed down to him in the American world.

somethingpronounUS /ˈsʌmθɪŋ/

a thing, without saying which

From this reading It will be something worked out and lived into.

sometimesadverbUS /səmˈtaɪmz/

on certain occasions or in certain cases but not always

From this reading Miro wonders sometimes whether the direction in which he is tending will not bring him around the circle again to a new classicism.

spentadjectiveUS /spent/

depleted of energy, force, or strength

From this reading The last stage in the history of the man of culture will be that “classic” which he did not understand and which his mind spent its youth in overthrowing.

stagenounUS /steɪdʒ/

any distinct time period in a sequence of events

From this reading The last stage in the history of the man of culture will be that “classic” which he did not understand and which his mind spent its youth in overthrowing.

tendingnounUS /ˈtendɪŋ/

the work of providing treatment for or attending to someone or something

From this reading Miro wonders sometimes whether the direction in which he is tending will not bring him around the circle again to a new classicism.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading The last stage in the history of the man of culture will be that “classic” which he did not understand and which his mind spent its youth in overthrowing.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Miro wonders sometimes whether the direction in which he is tending will not bring him around the circle again to a new classicism.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Miro wonders sometimes whether the direction in which he is tending will not bring him around the circle again to a new classicism.

understandverbUS /ˌʌndərˈstænd/

know and comprehend the nature or meaning of

From this reading The last stage in the history of the man of culture will be that “classic” which he did not understand and which his mind spent its youth in overthrowing.

unintelligentlyadverb

in an unintelligent manner

From this reading But it will be a classicism far different from that which was so unintelligently handed down to him in the American world.

usableadjectiveUS /ˈjuːzəbəl/

capable of being put to use

From this reading Looking into the future he will have to do what Van Wyck Brooks calls “inventing a usable past.”

VannounUS /væn/

any creative group active in the innovation and application of new concepts and techniques in a given field (especially in the arts)

From this reading Looking into the future he will have to do what Van Wyck Brooks calls “inventing a usable past.”

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading But it will be a classicism far different from that which was so unintelligently handed down to him in the American world.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading Looking into the future he will have to do what Van Wyck Brooks calls “inventing a usable past.”

whetherconjunctionUS /ˈweðər/

used to introduce two or more possibilities

From this reading Miro wonders sometimes whether the direction in which he is tending will not bring him around the circle again to a new classicism.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Miro wonders sometimes whether the direction in which he is tending will not bring him around the circle again to a new classicism.

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading Miro wonders sometimes whether the direction in which he is tending will not bring him around the circle again to a new classicism.

wondersnounUS /ˈwʌndərz/

plural of “wonder” — the feeling aroused by something strange and surprising

From this reading Miro wonders sometimes whether the direction in which he is tending will not bring him around the circle again to a new classicism.

workedverbUS /wɜːrkt/

past form of “work” — exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity

From this reading It will be something worked out and lived into.

worldnounUS /wɜːrld/

everything that exists anywhere

From this reading But it will be a classicism far different from that which was so unintelligently handed down to him in the American world.

Wyck

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Looking into the future he will have to do what Van Wyck Brooks calls “inventing a usable past.”

youthnounUS /juːθ/

a young person (especially a young man or boy)

From this reading The last stage in the history of the man of culture will be that “classic” which he did not understand and which his mind spent its youth in overthrowing.

Chapter 2 of History of a literary radical, and other essays by Randolph Silliman Bourne holds 396 sentences, grouped into 80 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 2 of History of a literary radical, and other essays contain?

Chapter 2 holds 396 sentences of History of a literary radical, and other essays, unabridged, divided into 80 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 2 of History of a literary radical, and other essays by Randolph Silliman Bourne exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 396 sentences, grouped into 80 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 2 of History of a literary radical, and other essays?

Work through the 80 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 80 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 2 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 2 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #69426, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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About 269 minutes of reading across 648 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in History of a literary radical, and other essays

Words and structures a reader meets early in History of a literary radical, and other essays, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Write
A word that appears in the opening chapter of History of a literary radical, and other essays; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Favor
A word that appears in the opening chapter of History of a literary radical, and other essays; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Great
A word that appears in the opening chapter of History of a literary radical, and other essays; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Interests
A word that appears in the opening chapter of History of a literary radical, and other essays; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.