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History of California
History of California

Chapter XVI · Chapter 16

Chapter 16 of History of California is here in full — 102 sentences across 21 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/20 · 5 lines
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The Hidden Treasures of Mother Earth Thousands of years ago, before the time of which we have any history, there were rivers in California,--rivers now dead,--whose sides were steeper and whose channels were wider than those of the rivers in the same part of the world to-day.
Rapid streams they were, and busy, too; washing away from the rocks along their sides the gold held there, dropping the yellow grains down into the gravelly beds below.
After a time there came down upon these rivers a volcanic outflow; great quantities of ashes, streams of lava and cement, burying them hundreds of feet deep, until over them mountain ridges extended for miles and miles.
Other changes in the earth’s surface took place, and in the course of time our streams of to-day were formed.
As they cut their way through the mountain ranges, some of them crossed the channels of old dead rivers, and finding the gold hidden there, carried some of it along, rolling it over and over, mixed with sand and gravel, down into the lower lands under the bright sunlight.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

History of California

Chapter XVI · Chapter 16

Chapter 16 of History of California is here in full — 102 sentences across 21 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/20 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
The Hidden Treasures of Mother Earth Thousands of years ago, before the time of which we have any history, there were rivers in California,--rivers now dead,--whose sides were steeper and whose channels were wider than those of the rivers in the same part of the world to-day.
Line 2
Rapid streams they were, and busy, too; washing away from the rocks along their sides the gold held there, dropping the yellow grains down into the gravelly beds below.
/ˈræpəd striːmz ðeɪ wɜːr ənd ˈbɪzi tuː ˈwɑːʃɪŋ əˈweɪ frʌm ðə rɑːks əˈlɔːŋ ðer saɪdz ðə ɡoʊld held ðer ˈdrɑːpɪŋ ðə ˈjeloʊ ɡreɪnz daʊn ˈɪntuː ðə ˈɡrævəli bedz bɪˈloʊ/
Line 3
After a time there came down upon these rivers a volcanic outflow; great quantities of ashes, streams of lava and cement, burying them hundreds of feet deep, until over them mountain ridges extended for miles and miles.
/ˈæftər ə taɪm ðer keɪm daʊn əˈpɑːn ðiːz ˈrɪvərz ə vɑːlˈkænɪk ˈaʊtfloʊ ɡreɪt ˈkwɑːntətiz ʌv ˈæʃ.ɪz striːmz ʌv ˈlɑːvə ənd səˈment ˈberiɪŋ ðem ˈhʌndrədz ʌv fiːt diːp ənˈtɪl ˈoʊvər ðem ˈmaʊntən ˈrɪdʒəz ɪkˈstendəd fɔːr maɪlz ənd maɪlz/
Line 4
Other changes in the earth’s surface took place, and in the course of time our streams of to-day were formed.
Line 5
As they cut their way through the mountain ranges, some of them crossed the channels of old dead rivers, and finding the gold hidden there, carried some of it along, rolling it over and over, mixed with sand and gravel, down into the lower lands under the bright sunlight.
/æz ðeɪ kʌt ðer weɪ θruː ðə ˈmaʊntən ˈreɪndʒəz sʌm ʌv ðem krɔːst ðə ˈtʃænəlz ʌv oʊld ded ˈrɪvərz ənd ˈfaɪndɪŋ ðə ɡoʊld ˈhɪdən ðer ˈkærid sʌm ʌv ɪt əˈlɔːŋ ˈroʊlɪŋ ɪt ˈoʊvər ənd ˈoʊvər mɪkst wɪð sænd ənd ˈɡrævəl daʊn ˈɪntuː ðə ˈloʊər lændz ˈʌndər ðə braɪt ˈsʌnlaɪt/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

burying noun US /ˈberiɪŋ/

concealing something under the ground

From this reading “After a time there came down upon these rivers a volcanic outflow; great quantities of ashes, streams of lava and cement, burying them hundreds of feet deep, until over them mountain ridges extended for miles and miles.”

cement noun US /səˈment/

concrete pavement is sometimes referred to as cement

From this reading “After a time there came down upon these rivers a volcanic outflow; great quantities of ashes, streams of lava and cement, burying them hundreds of feet deep, until over them mountain ridges extended for miles and miles.”

earth's noun US /ɜːrθs/

possessive form of “earth” — the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on

grains noun US /ɡreɪnz/

plural of “grain” — a relatively small granular particle of a substance

From this reading “Rapid streams they were, and busy, too; washing away from the rocks along their sides the gold held there, dropping the yellow grains down into the gravelly beds below.”

gravelly adjective US /ˈɡrævəli/

abounding in small stones

From this reading “Rapid streams they were, and busy, too; washing away from the rocks along their sides the gold held there, dropping the yellow grains down into the gravelly beds below.”

outflow noun US /ˈaʊtfloʊ/

the discharge of a fluid from some container

From this reading “After a time there came down upon these rivers a volcanic outflow; great quantities of ashes, streams of lava and cement, burying them hundreds of feet deep, until over them mountain ridges extended for miles and miles.”

steeper noun US /ˈstiːpər/

a vessel (usually a pot or vat) used for steeping

From this reading “The Hidden Treasures of Mother Earth Thousands of years ago, before the time of which we have any history, there were rivers in California,--rivers now dead,--whose sides were steeper and whose channels were wider than those of the rivers in the same part of the world to-day.”

volcanic adjective US /vɑːlˈkænɪk/

relating to or produced by or consisting of volcanoes

From this reading “After a time there came down upon these rivers a volcanic outflow; great quantities of ashes, streams of lava and cement, burying them hundreds of feet deep, until over them mountain ridges extended for miles and miles.”

All words in this reading · 110

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading After a time there came down upon these rivers a volcanic outflow; great quantities of ashes, streams of lava and cement, burying them hundreds of feet deep, until over them mountain ridges extended for miles and miles.

AfterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading After a time there came down upon these rivers a volcanic outflow; great quantities of ashes, streams of lava and cement, burying them hundreds of feet deep, until over them mountain ridges extended for miles and miles.

agoadverbUS /əˈɡoʊ/

in the past

From this reading The Hidden Treasures of Mother Earth Thousands of years ago, before the time of which we have any history, there were rivers in California,--rivers now dead,--whose sides were steeper and whose channels were wider than those of the rivers in the same part of the world to-day.

alongprepositionUS /əˈlɔːŋ/

following the length of something from one end toward the other

From this reading Rapid streams they were, and busy, too; washing away from the rocks along their sides the gold held there, dropping the yellow grains down into the gravelly beds below.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The Hidden Treasures of Mother Earth Thousands of years ago, before the time of which we have any history, there were rivers in California,--rivers now dead,--whose sides were steeper and whose channels were wider than those of the rivers in the same part of the world to-day.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading The Hidden Treasures of Mother Earth Thousands of years ago, before the time of which we have any history, there were rivers in California,--rivers now dead,--whose sides were steeper and whose channels were wider than those of the rivers in the same part of the world to-day.

AsconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading As they cut their way through the mountain ranges, some of them crossed the channels of old dead rivers, and finding the gold hidden there, carried some of it along, rolling it over and over, mixed with sand and gravel, down into the lower lands under the bright sunlight.

ashesnounUS /ˈæʃ.ɪz/

The powdery residue left after the burning of a substance.

From this reading After a time there came down upon these rivers a volcanic outflow; great quantities of ashes, streams of lava and cement, burying them hundreds of feet deep, until over them mountain ridges extended for miles and miles.

awayadverbUS /əˈweɪ/

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading Rapid streams they were, and busy, too; washing away from the rocks along their sides the gold held there, dropping the yellow grains down into the gravelly beds below.

bedsnounUS /bedz/

plural of “bed” — a piece of furniture that provides a place to sleep

From this reading Rapid streams they were, and busy, too; washing away from the rocks along their sides the gold held there, dropping the yellow grains down into the gravelly beds below.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading The Hidden Treasures of Mother Earth Thousands of years ago, before the time of which we have any history, there were rivers in California,--rivers now dead,--whose sides were steeper and whose channels were wider than those of the rivers in the same part of the world to-day.

belowprepositionUS /bɪˈloʊ/

at or to a lower level than something

From this reading Rapid streams they were, and busy, too; washing away from the rocks along their sides the gold held there, dropping the yellow grains down into the gravelly beds below.

brightadjectiveUS /braɪt/

emitting or reflecting light readily or in large amounts

From this reading As they cut their way through the mountain ranges, some of them crossed the channels of old dead rivers, and finding the gold hidden there, carried some of it along, rolling it over and over, mixed with sand and gravel, down into the lower lands under the bright sunlight.

buryingnounUS /ˈberiɪŋ/

concealing something under the ground

From this reading After a time there came down upon these rivers a volcanic outflow; great quantities of ashes, streams of lava and cement, burying them hundreds of feet deep, until over them mountain ridges extended for miles and miles.

busyadjectiveUS /ˈbɪzi/

actively or fully engaged or occupied

From this reading Rapid streams they were, and busy, too; washing away from the rocks along their sides the gold held there, dropping the yellow grains down into the gravelly beds below.

CalifornianounUS /ˌkæləˈfɔːrnjə/

a state in the western United States on the Pacific; the 3rd largest state; known for earthquakes

From this reading The Hidden Treasures of Mother Earth Thousands of years ago, before the time of which we have any history, there were rivers in California,--rivers now dead,--whose sides were steeper and whose channels were wider than those of the rivers in the same part of the world to-day.

cameverbUS /keɪm/

inflected form of “come” — move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading After a time there came down upon these rivers a volcanic outflow; great quantities of ashes, streams of lava and cement, burying them hundreds of feet deep, until over them mountain ridges extended for miles and miles.

carriedverbUS /ˈkærid/

inflected form of “carry” — move while supporting, either in a vehicle or in one's hands or on one's body

From this reading As they cut their way through the mountain ranges, some of them crossed the channels of old dead rivers, and finding the gold hidden there, carried some of it along, rolling it over and over, mixed with sand and gravel, down into the lower lands under the bright sunlight.

cementnounUS /səˈment/

concrete pavement is sometimes referred to as cement

From this reading After a time there came down upon these rivers a volcanic outflow; great quantities of ashes, streams of lava and cement, burying them hundreds of feet deep, until over them mountain ridges extended for miles and miles.

changesnounUS /ˈtʃeɪndʒəz/

plural of “change” — an event that occurs when something passes from one state or phase to another

From this reading Other changes in the earth’s surface took place, and in the course of time our streams of to-day were formed.

channelsnounUS /ˈtʃænəlz/

official routes of communication

From this reading The Hidden Treasures of Mother Earth Thousands of years ago, before the time of which we have any history, there were rivers in California,--rivers now dead,--whose sides were steeper and whose channels were wider than those of the rivers in the same part of the world to-day.

coursenounUS /kɔːrs/

education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings

From this reading Other changes in the earth’s surface took place, and in the course of time our streams of to-day were formed.

crossedadjectiveUS /krɔːst/

placed crosswise

From this reading As they cut their way through the mountain ranges, some of them crossed the channels of old dead rivers, and finding the gold hidden there, carried some of it along, rolling it over and over, mixed with sand and gravel, down into the lower lands under the bright sunlight.

cutverbUS /kʌt/

separate with or as if with an instrument

From this reading As they cut their way through the mountain ranges, some of them crossed the channels of old dead rivers, and finding the gold hidden there, carried some of it along, rolling it over and over, mixed with sand and gravel, down into the lower lands under the bright sunlight.

deadadjectiveUS /ded/

no longer having or seeming to have or expecting to have life

From this reading The Hidden Treasures of Mother Earth Thousands of years ago, before the time of which we have any history, there were rivers in California,--rivers now dead,--whose sides were steeper and whose channels were wider than those of the rivers in the same part of the world to-day.

deepadjectiveUS /diːp/

relatively deep or strong; affecting one deeply

From this reading After a time there came down upon these rivers a volcanic outflow; great quantities of ashes, streams of lava and cement, burying them hundreds of feet deep, until over them mountain ridges extended for miles and miles.

downadjectiveUS /daʊn/

being or moving lower in position or less in some value

From this reading Rapid streams they were, and busy, too; washing away from the rocks along their sides the gold held there, dropping the yellow grains down into the gravelly beds below.

droppingadjectiveUS /ˈdrɑːpɪŋ/

coming down freely under the influence of gravity

From this reading Rapid streams they were, and busy, too; washing away from the rocks along their sides the gold held there, dropping the yellow grains down into the gravelly beds below.

EarthnounUS /ɜːrθ/

the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on

From this reading The Hidden Treasures of Mother Earth Thousands of years ago, before the time of which we have any history, there were rivers in California,--rivers now dead,--whose sides were steeper and whose channels were wider than those of the rivers in the same part of the world to-day.

earth'snounUS /ɜːrθs/

possessive form of “earth” — the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on

From this reading Other changes in the earth’s surface took place, and in the course of time our streams of to-day were formed.

extendedadjectiveUS /ɪkˈstendəd/

relatively long in duration; tediously protracted

From this reading After a time there came down upon these rivers a volcanic outflow; great quantities of ashes, streams of lava and cement, burying them hundreds of feet deep, until over them mountain ridges extended for miles and miles.

feetnounUS /fiːt/

plural of “foot” — the part of the leg of a human being below the ankle joint

From this reading After a time there came down upon these rivers a volcanic outflow; great quantities of ashes, streams of lava and cement, burying them hundreds of feet deep, until over them mountain ridges extended for miles and miles.

findingnounUS /ˈfaɪndɪŋ/

the act of determining the properties of something, usually by research or calculation

From this reading As they cut their way through the mountain ranges, some of them crossed the channels of old dead rivers, and finding the gold hidden there, carried some of it along, rolling it over and over, mixed with sand and gravel, down into the lower lands under the bright sunlight.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading After a time there came down upon these rivers a volcanic outflow; great quantities of ashes, streams of lava and cement, burying them hundreds of feet deep, until over them mountain ridges extended for miles and miles.

formedadjectiveUS /fɔːrmd/

having or given a form or shape

From this reading Other changes in the earth’s surface took place, and in the course of time our streams of to-day were formed.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Rapid streams they were, and busy, too; washing away from the rocks along their sides the gold held there, dropping the yellow grains down into the gravelly beds below.

goldnounUS /ɡoʊld/

coins made of gold

From this reading Rapid streams they were, and busy, too; washing away from the rocks along their sides the gold held there, dropping the yellow grains down into the gravelly beds below.

grainsnounUS /ɡreɪnz/

plural of “grain” — a relatively small granular particle of a substance

From this reading Rapid streams they were, and busy, too; washing away from the rocks along their sides the gold held there, dropping the yellow grains down into the gravelly beds below.

gravelnounUS /ˈɡrævəl/

rock fragments and pebbles

From this reading As they cut their way through the mountain ranges, some of them crossed the channels of old dead rivers, and finding the gold hidden there, carried some of it along, rolling it over and over, mixed with sand and gravel, down into the lower lands under the bright sunlight.

gravellyadjectiveUS /ˈɡrævəli/

abounding in small stones

From this reading Rapid streams they were, and busy, too; washing away from the rocks along their sides the gold held there, dropping the yellow grains down into the gravelly beds below.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading After a time there came down upon these rivers a volcanic outflow; great quantities of ashes, streams of lava and cement, burying them hundreds of feet deep, until over them mountain ridges extended for miles and miles.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading The Hidden Treasures of Mother Earth Thousands of years ago, before the time of which we have any history, there were rivers in California,--rivers now dead,--whose sides were steeper and whose channels were wider than those of the rivers in the same part of the world to-day.

heldadjectiveUS /held/

occupied or in the control of; often used in combination

From this reading Rapid streams they were, and busy, too; washing away from the rocks along their sides the gold held there, dropping the yellow grains down into the gravelly beds below.

HiddenadjectiveUS /ˈhɪdən/

not accessible to view

From this reading The Hidden Treasures of Mother Earth Thousands of years ago, before the time of which we have any history, there were rivers in California,--rivers now dead,--whose sides were steeper and whose channels were wider than those of the rivers in the same part of the world to-day.

historynounUS /ˈhɪstəri/

the aggregate of past events

From this reading The Hidden Treasures of Mother Earth Thousands of years ago, before the time of which we have any history, there were rivers in California,--rivers now dead,--whose sides were steeper and whose channels were wider than those of the rivers in the same part of the world to-day.

hundredsnounUS /ˈhʌndrədz/

plural of “hundred” — ten 10s

From this reading After a time there came down upon these rivers a volcanic outflow; great quantities of ashes, streams of lava and cement, burying them hundreds of feet deep, until over them mountain ridges extended for miles and miles.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The Hidden Treasures of Mother Earth Thousands of years ago, before the time of which we have any history, there were rivers in California,--rivers now dead,--whose sides were steeper and whose channels were wider than those of the rivers in the same part of the world to-day.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading Rapid streams they were, and busy, too; washing away from the rocks along their sides the gold held there, dropping the yellow grains down into the gravelly beds below.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading As they cut their way through the mountain ranges, some of them crossed the channels of old dead rivers, and finding the gold hidden there, carried some of it along, rolling it over and over, mixed with sand and gravel, down into the lower lands under the bright sunlight.

landsnounUS /lændz/

plural of “land” — the land on which real estate is located

From this reading As they cut their way through the mountain ranges, some of them crossed the channels of old dead rivers, and finding the gold hidden there, carried some of it along, rolling it over and over, mixed with sand and gravel, down into the lower lands under the bright sunlight.

lavanounUS /ˈlɑːvə/

rock that in its molten form (as magma) issues from volcanos; lava is what magma is called when it reaches the surface

From this reading After a time there came down upon these rivers a volcanic outflow; great quantities of ashes, streams of lava and cement, burying them hundreds of feet deep, until over them mountain ridges extended for miles and miles.

lowerverbUS /ˈloʊər/

move something or somebody to a lower position

From this reading As they cut their way through the mountain ranges, some of them crossed the channels of old dead rivers, and finding the gold hidden there, carried some of it along, rolling it over and over, mixed with sand and gravel, down into the lower lands under the bright sunlight.

milesnounUS /maɪlz/

plural of “mile” — a unit of length equal to 1,760 yards or 5,280 feet; exactly 1609.344 meters

From this reading After a time there came down upon these rivers a volcanic outflow; great quantities of ashes, streams of lava and cement, burying them hundreds of feet deep, until over them mountain ridges extended for miles and miles.

mixedadjectiveUS /mɪkst/

consisting of a haphazard assortment of different kinds

From this reading As they cut their way through the mountain ranges, some of them crossed the channels of old dead rivers, and finding the gold hidden there, carried some of it along, rolling it over and over, mixed with sand and gravel, down into the lower lands under the bright sunlight.

MothernounUS /ˈmʌðər/

a woman who has given birth to a child (also used as a term of address to your mother)

From this reading The Hidden Treasures of Mother Earth Thousands of years ago, before the time of which we have any history, there were rivers in California,--rivers now dead,--whose sides were steeper and whose channels were wider than those of the rivers in the same part of the world to-day.

mountainnounUS /ˈmaʊntən/

a land mass that projects well above its surroundings; higher than a hill

From this reading After a time there came down upon these rivers a volcanic outflow; great quantities of ashes, streams of lava and cement, burying them hundreds of feet deep, until over them mountain ridges extended for miles and miles.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading The Hidden Treasures of Mother Earth Thousands of years ago, before the time of which we have any history, there were rivers in California,--rivers now dead,--whose sides were steeper and whose channels were wider than those of the rivers in the same part of the world to-day.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The Hidden Treasures of Mother Earth Thousands of years ago, before the time of which we have any history, there were rivers in California,--rivers now dead,--whose sides were steeper and whose channels were wider than those of the rivers in the same part of the world to-day.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading As they cut their way through the mountain ranges, some of them crossed the channels of old dead rivers, and finding the gold hidden there, carried some of it along, rolling it over and over, mixed with sand and gravel, down into the lower lands under the bright sunlight.

OtheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading Other changes in the earth’s surface took place, and in the course of time our streams of to-day were formed.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading Other changes in the earth’s surface took place, and in the course of time our streams of to-day were formed.

outflownounUS /ˈaʊtfloʊ/

the discharge of a fluid from some container

From this reading After a time there came down upon these rivers a volcanic outflow; great quantities of ashes, streams of lava and cement, burying them hundreds of feet deep, until over them mountain ridges extended for miles and miles.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading After a time there came down upon these rivers a volcanic outflow; great quantities of ashes, streams of lava and cement, burying them hundreds of feet deep, until over them mountain ridges extended for miles and miles.

partnounUS /pɑːrt/

something determined in relation to something that includes it

From this reading The Hidden Treasures of Mother Earth Thousands of years ago, before the time of which we have any history, there were rivers in California,--rivers now dead,--whose sides were steeper and whose channels were wider than those of the rivers in the same part of the world to-day.

placenounUS /pleɪs/

a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading Other changes in the earth’s surface took place, and in the course of time our streams of to-day were formed.

quantitiesnounUS /ˈkwɑːntətiz/

plural of “quantity” — how much there is or how many there are of something that you can quantify

From this reading After a time there came down upon these rivers a volcanic outflow; great quantities of ashes, streams of lava and cement, burying them hundreds of feet deep, until over them mountain ridges extended for miles and miles.

rangesnounUS /ˈreɪndʒəz/

plural of “range” — an area in which something acts or operates or has power or control: "the range of a supersonic jet"

From this reading As they cut their way through the mountain ranges, some of them crossed the channels of old dead rivers, and finding the gold hidden there, carried some of it along, rolling it over and over, mixed with sand and gravel, down into the lower lands under the bright sunlight.

RapidadjectiveUS /ˈræpəd/

done or occurring in a brief period of time

From this reading Rapid streams they were, and busy, too; washing away from the rocks along their sides the gold held there, dropping the yellow grains down into the gravelly beds below.

ridgesnounUS /ˈrɪdʒəz/

plural of “ridge” — a long narrow natural elevation or striation

From this reading After a time there came down upon these rivers a volcanic outflow; great quantities of ashes, streams of lava and cement, burying them hundreds of feet deep, until over them mountain ridges extended for miles and miles.

riversnounUS /ˈrɪvərz/

plural of “river” — a large natural stream of water (larger than a creek)

From this reading The Hidden Treasures of Mother Earth Thousands of years ago, before the time of which we have any history, there were rivers in California,--rivers now dead,--whose sides were steeper and whose channels were wider than those of the rivers in the same part of the world to-day.

rocksnounUS /rɑːks/

plural of “rock” — a lump or mass of hard consolidated mineral matter

From this reading Rapid streams they were, and busy, too; washing away from the rocks along their sides the gold held there, dropping the yellow grains down into the gravelly beds below.

rollingadjectiveUS /ˈroʊlɪŋ/

uttered with a trill

From this reading As they cut their way through the mountain ranges, some of them crossed the channels of old dead rivers, and finding the gold hidden there, carried some of it along, rolling it over and over, mixed with sand and gravel, down into the lower lands under the bright sunlight.

sameadjectiveUS /seɪm/

Identical; not different.

From this reading The Hidden Treasures of Mother Earth Thousands of years ago, before the time of which we have any history, there were rivers in California,--rivers now dead,--whose sides were steeper and whose channels were wider than those of the rivers in the same part of the world to-day.

sandnounUS /sænd/

a loose material consisting of grains of rock or coral

From this reading As they cut their way through the mountain ranges, some of them crossed the channels of old dead rivers, and finding the gold hidden there, carried some of it along, rolling it over and over, mixed with sand and gravel, down into the lower lands under the bright sunlight.

sidesnounUS /saɪdz/

plural of “side” — a place within a region identified relative to a center or reference location

From this reading The Hidden Treasures of Mother Earth Thousands of years ago, before the time of which we have any history, there were rivers in California,--rivers now dead,--whose sides were steeper and whose channels were wider than those of the rivers in the same part of the world to-day.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading As they cut their way through the mountain ranges, some of them crossed the channels of old dead rivers, and finding the gold hidden there, carried some of it along, rolling it over and over, mixed with sand and gravel, down into the lower lands under the bright sunlight.

steepernounUS /ˈstiːpər/

a vessel (usually a pot or vat) used for steeping

From this reading The Hidden Treasures of Mother Earth Thousands of years ago, before the time of which we have any history, there were rivers in California,--rivers now dead,--whose sides were steeper and whose channels were wider than those of the rivers in the same part of the world to-day.

streamsnounUS /striːmz/

plural of “stream” — a natural body of running water flowing on or under the earth

From this reading Rapid streams they were, and busy, too; washing away from the rocks along their sides the gold held there, dropping the yellow grains down into the gravelly beds below.

sunlightnounUS /ˈsʌnlaɪt/

the rays of the sun

From this reading As they cut their way through the mountain ranges, some of them crossed the channels of old dead rivers, and finding the gold hidden there, carried some of it along, rolling it over and over, mixed with sand and gravel, down into the lower lands under the bright sunlight.

surfacenounUS /ˈsɜːrfəs/

the outer boundary of an artifact or a material layer constituting or resembling such a boundary

From this reading Other changes in the earth’s surface took place, and in the course of time our streams of to-day were formed.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading The Hidden Treasures of Mother Earth Thousands of years ago, before the time of which we have any history, there were rivers in California,--rivers now dead,--whose sides were steeper and whose channels were wider than those of the rivers in the same part of the world to-day.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The Hidden Treasures of Mother Earth Thousands of years ago, before the time of which we have any history, there were rivers in California,--rivers now dead,--whose sides were steeper and whose channels were wider than those of the rivers in the same part of the world to-day.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading Rapid streams they were, and busy, too; washing away from the rocks along their sides the gold held there, dropping the yellow grains down into the gravelly beds below.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading After a time there came down upon these rivers a volcanic outflow; great quantities of ashes, streams of lava and cement, burying them hundreds of feet deep, until over them mountain ridges extended for miles and miles.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading The Hidden Treasures of Mother Earth Thousands of years ago, before the time of which we have any history, there were rivers in California,--rivers now dead,--whose sides were steeper and whose channels were wider than those of the rivers in the same part of the world to-day.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading After a time there came down upon these rivers a volcanic outflow; great quantities of ashes, streams of lava and cement, burying them hundreds of feet deep, until over them mountain ridges extended for miles and miles.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Rapid streams they were, and busy, too; washing away from the rocks along their sides the gold held there, dropping the yellow grains down into the gravelly beds below.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading The Hidden Treasures of Mother Earth Thousands of years ago, before the time of which we have any history, there were rivers in California,--rivers now dead,--whose sides were steeper and whose channels were wider than those of the rivers in the same part of the world to-day.

ThousandsnounUS /ˈθaʊzəndz/

plural of “thousand” — the cardinal number that is the product of 10 and 100

From this reading The Hidden Treasures of Mother Earth Thousands of years ago, before the time of which we have any history, there were rivers in California,--rivers now dead,--whose sides were steeper and whose channels were wider than those of the rivers in the same part of the world to-day.

throughprepositionUS /θruː/

from one end or side of something to the other

From this reading As they cut their way through the mountain ranges, some of them crossed the channels of old dead rivers, and finding the gold hidden there, carried some of it along, rolling it over and over, mixed with sand and gravel, down into the lower lands under the bright sunlight.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading The Hidden Treasures of Mother Earth Thousands of years ago, before the time of which we have any history, there were rivers in California,--rivers now dead,--whose sides were steeper and whose channels were wider than those of the rivers in the same part of the world to-day.

to-day

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Hidden Treasures of Mother Earth Thousands of years ago, before the time of which we have any history, there were rivers in California,--rivers now dead,--whose sides were steeper and whose channels were wider than those of the rivers in the same part of the world to-day.

tooadverbUS /tuː/

to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits

From this reading Rapid streams they were, and busy, too; washing away from the rocks along their sides the gold held there, dropping the yellow grains down into the gravelly beds below.

tookverbUS /tʊk/

inflected form of “take” — carry out

From this reading Other changes in the earth’s surface took place, and in the course of time our streams of to-day were formed.

TreasuresnounUS /ˈtreʒərz/

plural of “treasure” — accumulated wealth in the form of money or jewels etc.

From this reading The Hidden Treasures of Mother Earth Thousands of years ago, before the time of which we have any history, there were rivers in California,--rivers now dead,--whose sides were steeper and whose channels were wider than those of the rivers in the same part of the world to-day.

underprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading As they cut their way through the mountain ranges, some of them crossed the channels of old dead rivers, and finding the gold hidden there, carried some of it along, rolling it over and over, mixed with sand and gravel, down into the lower lands under the bright sunlight.

untilprepositionUS /ənˈtɪl/

up to a particular time

From this reading After a time there came down upon these rivers a volcanic outflow; great quantities of ashes, streams of lava and cement, burying them hundreds of feet deep, until over them mountain ridges extended for miles and miles.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading After a time there came down upon these rivers a volcanic outflow; great quantities of ashes, streams of lava and cement, burying them hundreds of feet deep, until over them mountain ridges extended for miles and miles.

volcanicadjectiveUS /vɑːlˈkænɪk/

relating to or produced by or consisting of volcanoes

From this reading After a time there came down upon these rivers a volcanic outflow; great quantities of ashes, streams of lava and cement, burying them hundreds of feet deep, until over them mountain ridges extended for miles and miles.

washingnounUS /ˈwɑːʃɪŋ/

the work of cleansing (usually with soap and water)

From this reading Rapid streams they were, and busy, too; washing away from the rocks along their sides the gold held there, dropping the yellow grains down into the gravelly beds below.

waynounUS /weɪ/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading As they cut their way through the mountain ranges, some of them crossed the channels of old dead rivers, and finding the gold hidden there, carried some of it along, rolling it over and over, mixed with sand and gravel, down into the lower lands under the bright sunlight.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading The Hidden Treasures of Mother Earth Thousands of years ago, before the time of which we have any history, there were rivers in California,--rivers now dead,--whose sides were steeper and whose channels were wider than those of the rivers in the same part of the world to-day.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The Hidden Treasures of Mother Earth Thousands of years ago, before the time of which we have any history, there were rivers in California,--rivers now dead,--whose sides were steeper and whose channels were wider than those of the rivers in the same part of the world to-day.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading The Hidden Treasures of Mother Earth Thousands of years ago, before the time of which we have any history, there were rivers in California,--rivers now dead,--whose sides were steeper and whose channels were wider than those of the rivers in the same part of the world to-day.

whosedeterminerUS /huːz/

belonging to which person

From this reading The Hidden Treasures of Mother Earth Thousands of years ago, before the time of which we have any history, there were rivers in California,--rivers now dead,--whose sides were steeper and whose channels were wider than those of the rivers in the same part of the world to-day.

wideradjectiveUS /ˈwaɪdər/

comparative of “wide” — having great (or a certain) extent from one side to the other

From this reading The Hidden Treasures of Mother Earth Thousands of years ago, before the time of which we have any history, there were rivers in California,--rivers now dead,--whose sides were steeper and whose channels were wider than those of the rivers in the same part of the world to-day.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading As they cut their way through the mountain ranges, some of them crossed the channels of old dead rivers, and finding the gold hidden there, carried some of it along, rolling it over and over, mixed with sand and gravel, down into the lower lands under the bright sunlight.

worldnounUS /wɜːrld/

everything that exists anywhere

From this reading The Hidden Treasures of Mother Earth Thousands of years ago, before the time of which we have any history, there were rivers in California,--rivers now dead,--whose sides were steeper and whose channels were wider than those of the rivers in the same part of the world to-day.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading The Hidden Treasures of Mother Earth Thousands of years ago, before the time of which we have any history, there were rivers in California,--rivers now dead,--whose sides were steeper and whose channels were wider than those of the rivers in the same part of the world to-day.

yellowadjectiveUS /ˈjeloʊ/

of the color intermediate between green and orange in the color spectrum; of something resembling the color of an egg yolk

From this reading Rapid streams they were, and busy, too; washing away from the rocks along their sides the gold held there, dropping the yellow grains down into the gravelly beds below.

Chapter 16 of History of California by Helen Elliott Bandini holds 102 sentences, grouped into 21 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 16 of History of California contain?

Chapter 16 holds 102 sentences of History of California, unabridged, divided into 21 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 16 of History of California by Helen Elliott Bandini exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 102 sentences, grouped into 21 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 16 of History of California?

Work through the 21 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 21 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 16 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 16 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Common questions about reading History of California by Helen Elliott Bandini on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of History of California?

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Vocabulary met early in History of California

Words and structures a reader meets early in History of California, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

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