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History of English Humour, Vol. 2
History of English Humour, Vol. 2

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of History of English Humour, Vol. 2 is here in full — 179 sentences across 36 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for History of English Humour, Vol. 2
Context Illustration Reading 1/35 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Burlesque--Parody--The "Splendid Shilling"--Prior--Pope--Ambrose Philips--Parodies of Gray's Elegy--Gay.
Burlesque, that is comic imitation, comprises parody and caricature.
The latter is a valuable addition to humorous narrative, as we see in the sketches of Gillray, Cruikshank and others.
By itself it is not sufficiently suggestive and affords no story or conversation.
Hence in the old caricatures the speeches of the characters were written in balloons over their heads, and in the modern an explanation is added underneath.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

History of English Humour, Vol. 2

Chapter I · Chapter 1

Chapter 1 of History of English Humour, Vol. 2 is here in full — 179 sentences across 36 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/35 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Burlesque--Parody--The "Splendid Shilling"--Prior--Pope--Ambrose Philips--Parodies of Gray's Elegy--Gay.
Line 2
Burlesque, that is comic imitation, comprises parody and caricature.
/bərˈlesk ðæt ɪz ˈkɑːmɪk ˌɪməˈteɪʃən kəmˈpraɪzəz ˈperədi ənd ˈkerəkətʃər/
Line 3
The latter is a valuable addition to humorous narrative, as we see in the sketches of Gillray, Cruikshank and others.
Line 4
By itself it is not sufficiently suggestive and affords no story or conversation.
/baɪ ˌɪtˈself ɪt ɪz nɑːt səˈfɪʃəntli səˈdʒestɪv ənd əˈfɔːrdz noʊ ˈstɔːri ɔːr ˌkɑːnvərˈseɪʃən/
Line 5
Hence in the old caricatures the speeches of the characters were written in balloons over their heads, and in the modern an explanation is added underneath.
/hens ɪn ðə oʊld kərˈɪkətʃərz ðə ˈspiːtʃəz ʌv ðə ˈkærəktərz wɜːr ˈrɪtən ɪn bəˈluːnz ˈoʊvər ðer hedz ənd ɪn ðə ˈmɑːdərn æn ˌekspləˈneɪʃən ɪz ˈædəd ˌʌndərˈniːθ/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

balloons noun US /bəˈluːnz/

plural of “balloon” — large tough nonrigid bag filled with gas or heated air

From this reading “Hence in the old caricatures the speeches of the characters were written in balloons over their heads, and in the modern an explanation is added underneath.”

caricatures noun US /kərˈɪkətʃərz/

plural of “caricature” — a representation of a person that is exaggerated for comic effect

From this reading “Hence in the old caricatures the speeches of the characters were written in balloons over their heads, and in the modern an explanation is added underneath.”

comprises verb US /kəmˈpraɪzəz/

third-person singular of “comprise” — be composed of

From this reading “Burlesque, that is comic imitation, comprises parody and caricature.”

Elegy noun US /ˈelədʒiː/

a mournful poem; a lament for the dead

From this reading “Burlesque--Parody--The "Splendid Shilling"--Prior--Pope--Ambrose Philips--Parodies of Gray's Elegy--Gay.”

Gray's noun US /ɡreɪz/

possessive form of “gray” — a neutral achromatic color midway between white and black

From this reading “Burlesque--Parody--The "Splendid Shilling"--Prior--Pope--Ambrose Philips--Parodies of Gray's Elegy--Gay.”

Parodies noun US /ˈperədiz/

plural of “parody” — a composition that imitates or misrepresents somebody's style, usually in a humorous way

From this reading “Burlesque--Parody--The "Splendid Shilling"--Prior--Pope--Ambrose Philips--Parodies of Gray's Elegy--Gay.”

parody noun US /ˈperədi/

a composition that imitates or misrepresents somebody's style, usually in a humorous way

From this reading “Burlesque--Parody--The "Splendid Shilling"--Prior--Pope--Ambrose Philips--Parodies of Gray's Elegy--Gay.”

Philips noun US /ˈfɪləps/

plural of “philip” — Englishman and husband of Elizabeth II (born 1921)

From this reading “Burlesque--Parody--The "Splendid Shilling"--Prior--Pope--Ambrose Philips--Parodies of Gray's Elegy--Gay.”

All words in this reading · 63

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The latter is a valuable addition to humorous narrative, as we see in the sketches of Gillray, Cruikshank and others.

addedverbUS /ˈædəd/

past form of “add” — make an addition (to); join or combine or unite with others; increase the quality, quantity, size or scope of

From this reading Hence in the old caricatures the speeches of the characters were written in balloons over their heads, and in the modern an explanation is added underneath.

additionnounUS /əˈdɪʃən/

a component that is added to something to improve it

From this reading The latter is a valuable addition to humorous narrative, as we see in the sketches of Gillray, Cruikshank and others.

affordsverbUS /əˈfɔːrdz/

third-person singular of “afford” — be able to spare or give up

From this reading By itself it is not sufficiently suggestive and affords no story or conversation.

AmbrosenounUS /ˈæmbroʊz/

(Roman Catholic Church) Roman priest who became bishop of Milan

From this reading Burlesque--Parody--The "Splendid Shilling"--Prior--Pope--Ambrose Philips--Parodies of Gray's Elegy--Gay.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Hence in the old caricatures the speeches of the characters were written in balloons over their heads, and in the modern an explanation is added underneath.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Burlesque, that is comic imitation, comprises parody and caricature.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The latter is a valuable addition to humorous narrative, as we see in the sketches of Gillray, Cruikshank and others.

balloonsnounUS /bəˈluːnz/

plural of “balloon” — large tough nonrigid bag filled with gas or heated air

From this reading Hence in the old caricatures the speeches of the characters were written in balloons over their heads, and in the modern an explanation is added underneath.

BurlesquenounUS /bərˈlesk/

a theatrical entertainment of broad and earthy humor; consists of comic skits and short turns (and sometimes striptease)

From this reading Burlesque--Parody--The "Splendid Shilling"--Prior--Pope--Ambrose Philips--Parodies of Gray's Elegy--Gay.

ByprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading By itself it is not sufficiently suggestive and affords no story or conversation.

caricatureverbUS /ˈkerəkətʃər/

represent in or produce a caricature of

From this reading Burlesque, that is comic imitation, comprises parody and caricature.

caricaturesnounUS /kərˈɪkətʃərz/

plural of “caricature” — a representation of a person that is exaggerated for comic effect

From this reading Hence in the old caricatures the speeches of the characters were written in balloons over their heads, and in the modern an explanation is added underneath.

charactersnounUS /ˈkærəktərz/

plural of “character” — an imaginary person represented in a work of fiction (play or film or story)

From this reading Hence in the old caricatures the speeches of the characters were written in balloons over their heads, and in the modern an explanation is added underneath.

comicadjectiveUS /ˈkɑːmɪk/

arousing or provoking laughter

From this reading Burlesque, that is comic imitation, comprises parody and caricature.

comprisesverbUS /kəmˈpraɪzəz/

third-person singular of “comprise” — be composed of

From this reading Burlesque, that is comic imitation, comprises parody and caricature.

conversationnounUS /ˌkɑːnvərˈseɪʃən/

the use of speech for informal exchange of views or ideas or information etc.

From this reading By itself it is not sufficiently suggestive and affords no story or conversation.

Cruikshank

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The latter is a valuable addition to humorous narrative, as we see in the sketches of Gillray, Cruikshank and others.

ElegynounUS /ˈelədʒiː/

a mournful poem; a lament for the dead

From this reading Burlesque--Parody--The "Splendid Shilling"--Prior--Pope--Ambrose Philips--Parodies of Gray's Elegy--Gay.

explanationnounUS /ˌekspləˈneɪʃən/

a statement that makes something comprehensible by describing the relevant structure or operation or circumstances etc.

From this reading Hence in the old caricatures the speeches of the characters were written in balloons over their heads, and in the modern an explanation is added underneath.

GayadjectiveUS /ɡeɪ/

bright and pleasant; promoting a feeling of cheer

From this reading Burlesque--Parody--The "Splendid Shilling"--Prior--Pope--Ambrose Philips--Parodies of Gray's Elegy--Gay.

Gillray

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The latter is a valuable addition to humorous narrative, as we see in the sketches of Gillray, Cruikshank and others.

Gray'snounUS /ɡreɪz/

possessive form of “gray” — a neutral achromatic color midway between white and black

From this reading Burlesque--Parody--The "Splendid Shilling"--Prior--Pope--Ambrose Philips--Parodies of Gray's Elegy--Gay.

headsnounUS /hedz/

plural of “head” — the upper part of the human body or the front part of the body in animals; contains the face and brains

From this reading Hence in the old caricatures the speeches of the characters were written in balloons over their heads, and in the modern an explanation is added underneath.

HenceadverbUS /hens/

for this reason

From this reading Hence in the old caricatures the speeches of the characters were written in balloons over their heads, and in the modern an explanation is added underneath.

humorousadjectiveUS /ˈhjuːmərəs/

full of or characterized by humor

From this reading The latter is a valuable addition to humorous narrative, as we see in the sketches of Gillray, Cruikshank and others.

imitationnounUS /ˌɪməˈteɪʃən/

the doctrine that representations of nature or human behavior should be accurate imitations

From this reading Burlesque, that is comic imitation, comprises parody and caricature.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The latter is a valuable addition to humorous narrative, as we see in the sketches of Gillray, Cruikshank and others.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Burlesque, that is comic imitation, comprises parody and caricature.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading By itself it is not sufficiently suggestive and affords no story or conversation.

itselfpronounUS /ˌɪtˈself/

used when the thing doing the action is also its object

From this reading By itself it is not sufficiently suggestive and affords no story or conversation.

latteradjectiveUS /ˈlætər/

referring to the second of two things or persons mentioned (or the last one or ones of several)

From this reading The latter is a valuable addition to humorous narrative, as we see in the sketches of Gillray, Cruikshank and others.

modernadjectiveUS /ˈmɑːdərn/

belonging to the modern era; since the Middle Ages

From this reading Hence in the old caricatures the speeches of the characters were written in balloons over their heads, and in the modern an explanation is added underneath.

narrativenounUS /ˈnærətɪv/

a message that tells the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events; presented in writing or drama or cinema or as a radio or television program

From this reading The latter is a valuable addition to humorous narrative, as we see in the sketches of Gillray, Cruikshank and others.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading By itself it is not sufficiently suggestive and affords no story or conversation.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading By itself it is not sufficiently suggestive and affords no story or conversation.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Burlesque--Parody--The "Splendid Shilling"--Prior--Pope--Ambrose Philips--Parodies of Gray's Elegy--Gay.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading Hence in the old caricatures the speeches of the characters were written in balloons over their heads, and in the modern an explanation is added underneath.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading By itself it is not sufficiently suggestive and affords no story or conversation.

others

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The latter is a valuable addition to humorous narrative, as we see in the sketches of Gillray, Cruikshank and others.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading Hence in the old caricatures the speeches of the characters were written in balloons over their heads, and in the modern an explanation is added underneath.

ParodiesnounUS /ˈperədiz/

plural of “parody” — a composition that imitates or misrepresents somebody's style, usually in a humorous way

From this reading Burlesque--Parody--The "Splendid Shilling"--Prior--Pope--Ambrose Philips--Parodies of Gray's Elegy--Gay.

ParodynounUS /ˈperədi/

a composition that imitates or misrepresents somebody's style, usually in a humorous way

From this reading Burlesque--Parody--The "Splendid Shilling"--Prior--Pope--Ambrose Philips--Parodies of Gray's Elegy--Gay.

PhilipsnounUS /ˈfɪləps/

plural of “philip” — Englishman and husband of Elizabeth II (born 1921)

From this reading Burlesque--Parody--The "Splendid Shilling"--Prior--Pope--Ambrose Philips--Parodies of Gray's Elegy--Gay.

PopenounUS /poʊp/

the head of the Roman Catholic Church

From this reading Burlesque--Parody--The "Splendid Shilling"--Prior--Pope--Ambrose Philips--Parodies of Gray's Elegy--Gay.

PrioradjectiveUS /ˈpraɪər/

earlier in time

From this reading Burlesque--Parody--The "Splendid Shilling"--Prior--Pope--Ambrose Philips--Parodies of Gray's Elegy--Gay.

seeverbUS /siː/

perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading The latter is a valuable addition to humorous narrative, as we see in the sketches of Gillray, Cruikshank and others.

ShillingnounUS /ˈʃɪlɪŋ/

the basic unit of money in Uganda; equal to 100 cents

From this reading Burlesque--Parody--The "Splendid Shilling"--Prior--Pope--Ambrose Philips--Parodies of Gray's Elegy--Gay.

sketchesnounUS /ˈsketʃəz/

plural of “sketch” — preliminary drawing for later elaboration

From this reading The latter is a valuable addition to humorous narrative, as we see in the sketches of Gillray, Cruikshank and others.

speechesnounUS /ˈspiːtʃəz/

plural of “speech” — the act of delivering a formal spoken communication to an audience

From this reading Hence in the old caricatures the speeches of the characters were written in balloons over their heads, and in the modern an explanation is added underneath.

SplendidadjectiveUS /ˈsplendɪd/

having great beauty and splendor

From this reading Burlesque--Parody--The "Splendid Shilling"--Prior--Pope--Ambrose Philips--Parodies of Gray's Elegy--Gay.

storynounUS /ˈstɔːri/

a message that tells the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events; presented in writing or drama or cinema or as a radio or television program

From this reading By itself it is not sufficiently suggestive and affords no story or conversation.

sufficientlyadverbUS /səˈfɪʃəntli/

to a sufficient degree

From this reading By itself it is not sufficiently suggestive and affords no story or conversation.

suggestiveadjectiveUS /səˈdʒestɪv/

tending to suggest or imply

From this reading By itself it is not sufficiently suggestive and affords no story or conversation.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Burlesque, that is comic imitation, comprises parody and caricature.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Burlesque--Parody--The "Splendid Shilling"--Prior--Pope--Ambrose Philips--Parodies of Gray's Elegy--Gay.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading Hence in the old caricatures the speeches of the characters were written in balloons over their heads, and in the modern an explanation is added underneath.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The latter is a valuable addition to humorous narrative, as we see in the sketches of Gillray, Cruikshank and others.

underneathprepositionUS /ˌʌndərˈniːθ/

directly under, often hidden by what is above

From this reading Hence in the old caricatures the speeches of the characters were written in balloons over their heads, and in the modern an explanation is added underneath.

valuableadjectiveUS /ˈvæljəbəl/

having great material or monetary value especially for use or exchange

From this reading The latter is a valuable addition to humorous narrative, as we see in the sketches of Gillray, Cruikshank and others.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading The latter is a valuable addition to humorous narrative, as we see in the sketches of Gillray, Cruikshank and others.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Hence in the old caricatures the speeches of the characters were written in balloons over their heads, and in the modern an explanation is added underneath.

writtenadjectiveUS /ˈrɪtən/

set down in writing in any of various ways

From this reading Hence in the old caricatures the speeches of the characters were written in balloons over their heads, and in the modern an explanation is added underneath.

Chapter 1 of History of English Humour, Vol. 2 by A. G. K. (Alfred Guy Kingan) L'Estrange holds 179 sentences, grouped into 36 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 1 of History of English Humour, Vol. 2 contain?

Chapter 1 holds 179 sentences of History of English Humour, Vol. 2, unabridged, divided into 36 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 1 of History of English Humour, Vol. 2 by A. G. K. (Alfred Guy Kingan) L'Estrange exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 179 sentences, grouped into 36 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 1 of History of English Humour, Vol. 2?

Work through the 36 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 36 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 1 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 1 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading History of English Humour, Vol. 2

Common questions about reading History of English Humour, Vol. 2 by A. G. K. (Alfred Guy Kingan) L'Estrange on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of History of English Humour, Vol. 2?

Yes. All 3389 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #18906 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of History of English Humour, Vol. 2 is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #18906, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does History of English Humour, Vol. 2 take to read?

About 282 minutes of reading across 678 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read History of English Humour, Vol. 2 section by section

How to work through History of English Humour, Vol. 2 section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in History of English Humour, Vol. 2

Words and structures a reader meets early in History of English Humour, Vol. 2, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Burlesque--parody--the
A word that appears in the opening chapter of History of English Humour, Vol. 2; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Splendid
A word that appears in the opening chapter of History of English Humour, Vol. 2; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Shilling
A word that appears in the opening chapter of History of English Humour, Vol. 2; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Prior--pope--ambrose
A word that appears in the opening chapter of History of English Humour, Vol. 2; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.