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History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to Swinburne
History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to Swinburne

Chapter IX

Chapter 9 of History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to Swinburne is here in full — 258 sentences across 52 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/51 · 5 lines
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CHAUCER.
Hitherto we have known scarcely anything about the lives, and usually have not even known the names, of the writers in English verse and prose.
About The Morning Star of Song who made His music heard below, about Geoffrey Chaucer, we know more than we do of Shakespeare.
Chaucer is the earliest English poet who is still read for human pleasure, as well as by specialists in the studies of literature, language, and prosody.
A few of his lines are part of the common stock of familiar quotations.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to Swinburne

Chapter IX

Chapter 9 of History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to Swinburne is here in full — 258 sentences across 52 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/51 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
CHAUCER.
/ˈtʃɔːsər/
Line 2
Hitherto we have known scarcely anything about the lives, and usually have not even known the names, of the writers in English verse and prose.
/ˈhɪðɜːrˈtuː wiː hæv noʊn ˈskersli ˈeniθɪŋ əˈbaʊt ðə lɪvz ənd ˈjuːʒəwəli hæv nɑːt ˈiːvɪn noʊn ðə neɪmz ʌv ðə ˈraɪtərz ɪn ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ vɜːrs ənd proʊz/
Line 3
About The Morning Star of Song who made His music heard below, about Geoffrey Chaucer, we know more than we do of Shakespeare.
Line 4
Chaucer is the earliest English poet who is still read for human pleasure, as well as by specialists in the studies of literature, language, and prosody.
/ˈtʃɔːsər ɪz ðə ˈɜːrliəst ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ ˈpoʊət huː ɪz stɪl red fɔːr ˈhjuːmən ˈpleʒər æz wel æz baɪ ˈspeʃələsts ɪn ðə ˈstʌdiz ʌv ˈlɪtərətʃər ˈlæŋɡwədʒ ənd ˈprɑːsədi/
Line 5
A few of his lines are part of the common stock of familiar quotations.
/ə fjuː ʌv hɪz laɪnz ɑːr pɑːrt ʌv ðə ˈkɑːmən stɑːk ʌv fəˈmɪljər kwoʊˈteɪʃənz/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

chaucer noun US /ˈtʃɔːsər/

English poet remembered as author of the Canterbury Tales (1340-1400)

From this reading “CHAUCER.”

earliest adjective US /ˈɜːrliəst/

(comparative and superlative of “early”) more early than; most early

From this reading “Chaucer is the earliest English poet who is still read for human pleasure, as well as by specialists in the studies of literature, language, and prosody.”

prose noun US /proʊz/

ordinary writing as distinguished from verse

From this reading “Hitherto we have known scarcely anything about the lives, and usually have not even known the names, of the writers in English verse and prose.”

prosody noun US /ˈprɑːsədi/

the patterns of stress and intonation in a language

From this reading “Chaucer is the earliest English poet who is still read for human pleasure, as well as by specialists in the studies of literature, language, and prosody.”

quotations noun US /kwoʊˈteɪʃənz/

plural of “quotation” — a short note recognizing a source of information or of a quoted passage

From this reading “A few of his lines are part of the common stock of familiar quotations.”

specialists noun US /ˈspeʃələsts/

plural of “specialist” — an expert who is devoted to one occupation or branch of learning

From this reading “Chaucer is the earliest English poet who is still read for human pleasure, as well as by specialists in the studies of literature, language, and prosody.”

studies noun US /ˈstʌdiz/

plural of “study” — a detailed critical inspection

From this reading “Chaucer is the earliest English poet who is still read for human pleasure, as well as by specialists in the studies of literature, language, and prosody.”

writers noun US /ˈraɪtərz/

plural of “writer” — writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading “Hitherto we have known scarcely anything about the lives, and usually have not even known the names, of the writers in English verse and prose.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

common stock adjective + noun

stock other than preferred stock; entitles the owner to a share of the corporation's profits and a share of the voting power in shareholder elections

In this reading “A few of his lines are part of the common stock of familiar quotations.”

Morning Star noun + noun

a planet (usually Venus) seen just before sunrise in the eastern sky

In this reading “About The Morning Star of Song who made His music heard below, about Geoffrey Chaucer, we know more than we do of Shakespeare.”

All words in this reading · 61

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading A few of his lines are part of the common stock of familiar quotations.

aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading Hitherto we have known scarcely anything about the lives, and usually have not even known the names, of the writers in English verse and prose.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Hitherto we have known scarcely anything about the lives, and usually have not even known the names, of the writers in English verse and prose.

anythingpronounUS /ˈeniθɪŋ/

any thing at all

From this reading Hitherto we have known scarcely anything about the lives, and usually have not even known the names, of the writers in English verse and prose.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading A few of his lines are part of the common stock of familiar quotations.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Chaucer is the earliest English poet who is still read for human pleasure, as well as by specialists in the studies of literature, language, and prosody.

belowprepositionUS /bɪˈloʊ/

at or to a lower level than something

From this reading About The Morning Star of Song who made His music heard below, about Geoffrey Chaucer, we know more than we do of Shakespeare.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Chaucer is the earliest English poet who is still read for human pleasure, as well as by specialists in the studies of literature, language, and prosody.

CHAUCERnounUS /ˈtʃɔːsər/

English poet remembered as author of the Canterbury Tales (1340-1400)

From this reading CHAUCER.

commonadjectiveUS /ˈkɑːmən/

belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public

From this reading A few of his lines are part of the common stock of familiar quotations.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading About The Morning Star of Song who made His music heard below, about Geoffrey Chaucer, we know more than we do of Shakespeare.

earliestadjectiveUS /ˈɜːrliəst/

(comparative and superlative of “early”) more early than; most early

From this reading Chaucer is the earliest English poet who is still read for human pleasure, as well as by specialists in the studies of literature, language, and prosody.

EnglishnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading Hitherto we have known scarcely anything about the lives, and usually have not even known the names, of the writers in English verse and prose.

evenadjectiveUS /ˈiːvɪn/

divisible by two

From this reading Hitherto we have known scarcely anything about the lives, and usually have not even known the names, of the writers in English verse and prose.

familiaradjectiveUS /fəˈmɪljər/

well known or easily recognized

From this reading A few of his lines are part of the common stock of familiar quotations.

fewadjectiveUS /fjuː/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “a”; a small but indefinite number

From this reading A few of his lines are part of the common stock of familiar quotations.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Chaucer is the earliest English poet who is still read for human pleasure, as well as by specialists in the studies of literature, language, and prosody.

Geoffrey

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading About The Morning Star of Song who made His music heard below, about Geoffrey Chaucer, we know more than we do of Shakespeare.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Hitherto we have known scarcely anything about the lives, and usually have not even known the names, of the writers in English verse and prose.

heardadjectiveUS /hɜːrd/

detected or perceived by the sense of hearing

From this reading About The Morning Star of Song who made His music heard below, about Geoffrey Chaucer, we know more than we do of Shakespeare.

HisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading About The Morning Star of Song who made His music heard below, about Geoffrey Chaucer, we know more than we do of Shakespeare.

HithertoadverbUS /ˈhɪðɜːrˈtuː/

used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time

From this reading Hitherto we have known scarcely anything about the lives, and usually have not even known the names, of the writers in English verse and prose.

humanadjectiveUS /ˈhjuːmən/

characteristic of humanity

From this reading Chaucer is the earliest English poet who is still read for human pleasure, as well as by specialists in the studies of literature, language, and prosody.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Hitherto we have known scarcely anything about the lives, and usually have not even known the names, of the writers in English verse and prose.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Chaucer is the earliest English poet who is still read for human pleasure, as well as by specialists in the studies of literature, language, and prosody.

knowverbUS /noʊ/

be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about

From this reading About The Morning Star of Song who made His music heard below, about Geoffrey Chaucer, we know more than we do of Shakespeare.

knownadjectiveUS /noʊn/

apprehended with certainty

From this reading Hitherto we have known scarcely anything about the lives, and usually have not even known the names, of the writers in English verse and prose.

languagenounUS /ˈlæŋɡwədʒ/

a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols

From this reading Chaucer is the earliest English poet who is still read for human pleasure, as well as by specialists in the studies of literature, language, and prosody.

linesnounUS /laɪnz/

plural of “line” — a formation of people or things one beside another

From this reading A few of his lines are part of the common stock of familiar quotations.

literaturenounUS /ˈlɪtərətʃər/

creative writing of recognized artistic value

From this reading Chaucer is the earliest English poet who is still read for human pleasure, as well as by specialists in the studies of literature, language, and prosody.

livesnounUS /lɪvz/

plural of “life” — a characteristic state or mode of living

From this reading Hitherto we have known scarcely anything about the lives, and usually have not even known the names, of the writers in English verse and prose.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading About The Morning Star of Song who made His music heard below, about Geoffrey Chaucer, we know more than we do of Shakespeare.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading About The Morning Star of Song who made His music heard below, about Geoffrey Chaucer, we know more than we do of Shakespeare.

MorningnounUS /ˈmɔːrnɪŋ/

the time period between dawn and noon

From this reading About The Morning Star of Song who made His music heard below, about Geoffrey Chaucer, we know more than we do of Shakespeare.

musicnounUS /ˈmjuːzɪk/

an artistic form of auditory communication incorporating instrumental or vocal tones in a structured and continuous manner

From this reading About The Morning Star of Song who made His music heard below, about Geoffrey Chaucer, we know more than we do of Shakespeare.

namesnounUS /neɪmz/

verbal abuse; a crude substitute for argument

From this reading Hitherto we have known scarcely anything about the lives, and usually have not even known the names, of the writers in English verse and prose.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Hitherto we have known scarcely anything about the lives, and usually have not even known the names, of the writers in English verse and prose.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Hitherto we have known scarcely anything about the lives, and usually have not even known the names, of the writers in English verse and prose.

partnounUS /pɑːrt/

something determined in relation to something that includes it

From this reading A few of his lines are part of the common stock of familiar quotations.

pleasurenounUS /ˈpleʒər/

a fundamental feeling that is hard to define but that people desire to experience

From this reading Chaucer is the earliest English poet who is still read for human pleasure, as well as by specialists in the studies of literature, language, and prosody.

poetnounUS /ˈpoʊət/

a writer of poems (the term is usually reserved for writers of good poetry)

From this reading Chaucer is the earliest English poet who is still read for human pleasure, as well as by specialists in the studies of literature, language, and prosody.

prosenounUS /proʊz/

ordinary writing as distinguished from verse

From this reading Hitherto we have known scarcely anything about the lives, and usually have not even known the names, of the writers in English verse and prose.

prosodynounUS /ˈprɑːsədi/

the patterns of stress and intonation in a language

From this reading Chaucer is the earliest English poet who is still read for human pleasure, as well as by specialists in the studies of literature, language, and prosody.

quotationsnounUS /kwoʊˈteɪʃənz/

plural of “quotation” — a short note recognizing a source of information or of a quoted passage

From this reading A few of his lines are part of the common stock of familiar quotations.

readverbUS /red/

interpret something that is written or printed

From this reading Chaucer is the earliest English poet who is still read for human pleasure, as well as by specialists in the studies of literature, language, and prosody.

scarcelyadverbUS /ˈskersli/

only a very short time before

From this reading Hitherto we have known scarcely anything about the lives, and usually have not even known the names, of the writers in English verse and prose.

ShakespearenounUS /ˈʃeɪkspiːr/

English poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers (1564-1616)

From this reading About The Morning Star of Song who made His music heard below, about Geoffrey Chaucer, we know more than we do of Shakespeare.

SongnounUS /sɔːŋ/

a short musical composition with words

From this reading About The Morning Star of Song who made His music heard below, about Geoffrey Chaucer, we know more than we do of Shakespeare.

specialistsnounUS /ˈspeʃələsts/

plural of “specialist” — an expert who is devoted to one occupation or branch of learning

From this reading Chaucer is the earliest English poet who is still read for human pleasure, as well as by specialists in the studies of literature, language, and prosody.

StarnounUS /stɑːr/

(astronomy) a celestial body of hot gases that radiates energy derived from thermonuclear reactions in the interior

From this reading About The Morning Star of Song who made His music heard below, about Geoffrey Chaucer, we know more than we do of Shakespeare.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading Chaucer is the earliest English poet who is still read for human pleasure, as well as by specialists in the studies of literature, language, and prosody.

stocknounUS /stɑːk/

the capital raised by a corporation through the issue of shares entitling holders to an ownership interest

From this reading A few of his lines are part of the common stock of familiar quotations.

studiesnounUS /ˈstʌdiz/

plural of “study” — a detailed critical inspection

From this reading Chaucer is the earliest English poet who is still read for human pleasure, as well as by specialists in the studies of literature, language, and prosody.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading About The Morning Star of Song who made His music heard below, about Geoffrey Chaucer, we know more than we do of Shakespeare.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Hitherto we have known scarcely anything about the lives, and usually have not even known the names, of the writers in English verse and prose.

usuallyadverbUS /ˈjuːʒəwəli/

under normal conditions

From this reading Hitherto we have known scarcely anything about the lives, and usually have not even known the names, of the writers in English verse and prose.

versenounUS /vɜːrs/

literature in metrical form

From this reading Hitherto we have known scarcely anything about the lives, and usually have not even known the names, of the writers in English verse and prose.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading Hitherto we have known scarcely anything about the lives, and usually have not even known the names, of the writers in English verse and prose.

welladverbUS /wel/

(often used as a combining form) in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard (“good” is a nonstandard dialectal variant for “well”)

From this reading Chaucer is the earliest English poet who is still read for human pleasure, as well as by specialists in the studies of literature, language, and prosody.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading About The Morning Star of Song who made His music heard below, about Geoffrey Chaucer, we know more than we do of Shakespeare.

writersnounUS /ˈraɪtərz/

plural of “writer” — writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading Hitherto we have known scarcely anything about the lives, and usually have not even known the names, of the writers in English verse and prose.

Chapter 9 of History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to Swinburne by Andrew Lang holds 258 sentences, grouped into 52 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 9 of History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to Swinburne contain?

Chapter 9 holds 258 sentences of History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to Swinburne, unabridged, divided into 52 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 9 of History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to Swinburne by Andrew Lang exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 258 sentences, grouped into 52 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 9 of History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to Swinburne?

Work through the 52 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 52 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 9 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 9 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to Swinburne

Common questions about reading History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to Swinburne by Andrew Lang on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to Swinburne?

Yes. All 8679 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #56613 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to Swinburne is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #56613, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to Swinburne take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 1736 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to Swinburne section by section

How to work through History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to Swinburne section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

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  3. Listen and tap

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Vocabulary met early in History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to Swinburne

Words and structures a reader meets early in History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to Swinburne, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Literature
A word that appears in the opening chapter of History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to Swinburne; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Every
A word that appears in the opening chapter of History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to Swinburne; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Modern
A word that appears in the opening chapter of History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to Swinburne; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Country
A word that appears in the opening chapter of History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to Swinburne; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.