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History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to Swinburne
History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to Swinburne

Chapter XIV

Chapter 14 of History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to Swinburne is here in full — 239 sentences across 48 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

By Andrew Lang • Curated US English Learning Edition
Cover illustration for History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to Swinburne
Context Illustration Reading 1/47 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
EARLY SCOTTISH LITERATURE.
For purposes of convenience the development of "Ynglis" literature north of the Tweed and Esk, may be treated in this place.
Originally the "Scots" or Scottish tongue was Gaelic, the language of the Irish Scots who, landing in Argyll about A.D.
500, finally gave a dynasty and its existing name, to "Scot" land.
When the dynasty acquired the Anglicized Lothian and much of Cumberland, it adopted the English speech, consequently the writers of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries in Scotland used a form of northern English or "Ynglis," and knew not Gaelic.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to Swinburne

Chapter XIV

Chapter 14 of History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to Swinburne is here in full — 239 sentences across 48 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/47 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
EARLY SCOTTISH LITERATURE.
/ˈɜːrli ˈskɑːtɪʃ ˈlɪtərətʃər/
Line 2
For purposes of convenience the development of "Ynglis" literature north of the Tweed and Esk, may be treated in this place.
Line 3
Originally the "Scots" or Scottish tongue was Gaelic, the language of the Irish Scots who, landing in Argyll about A.D.
Line 4
500, finally gave a dynasty and its existing name, to "Scot" land.
Line 5
When the dynasty acquired the Anglicized Lothian and much of Cumberland, it adopted the English speech, consequently the writers of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries in Scotland used a form of northern English or "Ynglis," and knew not Gaelic.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Anglicized verb US /ˈæŋlɪsaɪzd/

past form of “anglicize” — make English in appearance

From this reading “When the dynasty acquired the Anglicized Lothian and much of Cumberland, it adopted the English speech, consequently the writers of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries in Scotland used a form of northern English or "Ynglis," and knew not Gaelic.”

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
Argyll noun US /ɑːrˈɡaɪl/

a covered gravy holder of silver or other metal containing a detachable central vessel for hot water to keep the gravy warm

From this reading “Originally the "Scots" or Scottish tongue was Gaelic, the language of the Irish Scots who, landing in Argyll about A.D.”

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
dynasty noun US /ˈdaɪnəsti/

a sequence of powerful leaders in the same family

From this reading “500, finally gave a dynasty and its existing name, to "Scot" land.”

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
fourteenth adjective US /ˈfɔːrˈtiːnθ/

coming next after the thirteenth in position

From this reading “When the dynasty acquired the Anglicized Lothian and much of Cumberland, it adopted the English speech, consequently the writers of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries in Scotland used a form of northern English or "Ynglis," and knew not Gaelic.”

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
Gaelic adjective US /ˈɡeɪlɪk/

relating to or characteristic of the Celts

From this reading “Originally the "Scots" or Scottish tongue was Gaelic, the language of the Irish Scots who, landing in Argyll about A.D.”

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
Scot noun US /skɑːt/

a native or inhabitant of Scotland

From this reading “500, finally gave a dynasty and its existing name, to "Scot" land.”

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
thirteenth adjective US /ˈθɜːr.tiːnθ/

Constituting number thirteen in a sequence.

From this reading “When the dynasty acquired the Anglicized Lothian and much of Cumberland, it adopted the English speech, consequently the writers of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries in Scotland used a form of northern English or "Ynglis," and knew not Gaelic.”

Velmora curated lexicon
Tweed noun US /twiːd/

thick woolen fabric used for clothing; originated in Scotland

From this reading “For purposes of convenience the development of "Ynglis" literature north of the Tweed and Esk, may be treated in this place.”

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

fourteenth centuries adjective + noun counted as “fourteenth century”

In this reading “When the dynasty acquired the Anglicized Lothian and much of Cumberland, it adopted the English speech, consequently the writers of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries in Scotland used a form of northern English or "Ynglis," and knew not Gaelic.”

759 times in 426,211 chapters

All words in this reading · 65

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

500

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 500, finally gave a dynasty and its existing name, to "Scot" land.

Pending verification
AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Originally the "Scots" or Scottish tongue was Gaelic, the language of the Irish Scots who, landing in Argyll about A.D.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading Originally the "Scots" or Scottish tongue was Gaelic, the language of the Irish Scots who, landing in Argyll about A.D.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
acquiredadjectiveUS /əˈkwaɪərd/

gotten through environmental forces

From this reading When the dynasty acquired the Anglicized Lothian and much of Cumberland, it adopted the English speech, consequently the writers of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries in Scotland used a form of northern English or "Ynglis," and knew not Gaelic.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
adoptedadjectiveUS /əˈdɑːptɪd/

acquired as your own by free choice

From this reading When the dynasty acquired the Anglicized Lothian and much of Cumberland, it adopted the English speech, consequently the writers of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries in Scotland used a form of northern English or "Ynglis," and knew not Gaelic.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading For purposes of convenience the development of "Ynglis" literature north of the Tweed and Esk, may be treated in this place.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
AnglicizedverbUS /ˈæŋlɪsaɪzd/

past form of “anglicize” — make English in appearance

From this reading When the dynasty acquired the Anglicized Lothian and much of Cumberland, it adopted the English speech, consequently the writers of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries in Scotland used a form of northern English or "Ynglis," and knew not Gaelic.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
ArgyllnounUS /ɑːrˈɡaɪl/

a covered gravy holder of silver or other metal containing a detachable central vessel for hot water to keep the gravy warm

From this reading Originally the "Scots" or Scottish tongue was Gaelic, the language of the Irish Scots who, landing in Argyll about A.D.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading For purposes of convenience the development of "Ynglis" literature north of the Tweed and Esk, may be treated in this place.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
centuriesnounUS /ˈsentʃəriz/

plural of “century” — a period of 100 years

From this reading When the dynasty acquired the Anglicized Lothian and much of Cumberland, it adopted the English speech, consequently the writers of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries in Scotland used a form of northern English or "Ynglis," and knew not Gaelic.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
consequentlyadverbUS /ˈkɑːnsəkwəntli/

(sentence connectors) because of the reason given

From this reading When the dynasty acquired the Anglicized Lothian and much of Cumberland, it adopted the English speech, consequently the writers of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries in Scotland used a form of northern English or "Ynglis," and knew not Gaelic.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
conveniencenounUS /kənˈviːnjəns/

the state of being suitable or opportune

From this reading For purposes of convenience the development of "Ynglis" literature north of the Tweed and Esk, may be treated in this place.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
CumberlandnounUS /ˈkʌmbərlənd/

English general; son of George II; fought unsuccessfully in the battle of Fontenoy (1721-1765)

From this reading When the dynasty acquired the Anglicized Lothian and much of Cumberland, it adopted the English speech, consequently the writers of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries in Scotland used a form of northern English or "Ynglis," and knew not Gaelic.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
DnounUS /diː/

a fat-soluble vitamin that prevents rickets

From this reading Originally the "Scots" or Scottish tongue was Gaelic, the language of the Irish Scots who, landing in Argyll about A.D.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
developmentnounUS /dɪˈveləpmənt/

act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining

From this reading For purposes of convenience the development of "Ynglis" literature north of the Tweed and Esk, may be treated in this place.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
dynastynounUS /ˈdaɪnəsti/

a sequence of powerful leaders in the same family

From this reading 500, finally gave a dynasty and its existing name, to "Scot" land.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
EARLYadjectiveUS /ˈɜːrli/

at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time

From this reading EARLY SCOTTISH LITERATURE.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
EnglishnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading When the dynasty acquired the Anglicized Lothian and much of Cumberland, it adopted the English speech, consequently the writers of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries in Scotland used a form of northern English or "Ynglis," and knew not Gaelic.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
Esk

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For purposes of convenience the development of "Ynglis" literature north of the Tweed and Esk, may be treated in this place.

Pending verification
existingadjectiveUS /ɪɡˈzɪstɪŋ/

presently existing

From this reading 500, finally gave a dynasty and its existing name, to "Scot" land.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
finallyadverbUS /ˈfaɪnəli/

after an unspecified period of time or an especially long delay

From this reading 500, finally gave a dynasty and its existing name, to "Scot" land.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
ForprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading For purposes of convenience the development of "Ynglis" literature north of the Tweed and Esk, may be treated in this place.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
formnounUS /fɔːrm/

the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something

From this reading When the dynasty acquired the Anglicized Lothian and much of Cumberland, it adopted the English speech, consequently the writers of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries in Scotland used a form of northern English or "Ynglis," and knew not Gaelic.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
fourteenthadjectiveUS /ˈfɔːrˈtiːnθ/

coming next after the thirteenth in position

From this reading When the dynasty acquired the Anglicized Lothian and much of Cumberland, it adopted the English speech, consequently the writers of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries in Scotland used a form of northern English or "Ynglis," and knew not Gaelic.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
GaelicadjectiveUS /ˈɡeɪlɪk/

relating to or characteristic of the Celts

From this reading Originally the "Scots" or Scottish tongue was Gaelic, the language of the Irish Scots who, landing in Argyll about A.D.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
gaveverbUS /ɡeɪv/

inflected form of “give” — cause to have, in the abstract sense or physical sense

From this reading 500, finally gave a dynasty and its existing name, to "Scot" land.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading For purposes of convenience the development of "Ynglis" literature north of the Tweed and Esk, may be treated in this place.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
IrishnounUS /ˈaɪrɪʃ/

people of Ireland or of Irish extraction

From this reading Originally the "Scots" or Scottish tongue was Gaelic, the language of the Irish Scots who, landing in Argyll about A.D.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading When the dynasty acquired the Anglicized Lothian and much of Cumberland, it adopted the English speech, consequently the writers of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries in Scotland used a form of northern English or "Ynglis," and knew not Gaelic.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading 500, finally gave a dynasty and its existing name, to "Scot" land.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
knewverbUS /nuː/

inflected form of “know” — be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about

From this reading When the dynasty acquired the Anglicized Lothian and much of Cumberland, it adopted the English speech, consequently the writers of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries in Scotland used a form of northern English or "Ynglis," and knew not Gaelic.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
landnounUS /lænd/

the land on which real estate is located

From this reading 500, finally gave a dynasty and its existing name, to "Scot" land.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
landingnounUS /ˈlændɪŋ/

an intermediate platform in a staircase

From this reading Originally the "Scots" or Scottish tongue was Gaelic, the language of the Irish Scots who, landing in Argyll about A.D.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
languagenounUS /ˈlæŋɡwədʒ/

a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols

From this reading Originally the "Scots" or Scottish tongue was Gaelic, the language of the Irish Scots who, landing in Argyll about A.D.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
LITERATUREnounUS /ˈlɪtərətʃər/

creative writing of recognized artistic value

From this reading EARLY SCOTTISH LITERATURE.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
Lothian

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading When the dynasty acquired the Anglicized Lothian and much of Cumberland, it adopted the English speech, consequently the writers of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries in Scotland used a form of northern English or "Ynglis," and knew not Gaelic.

Pending verification
maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading For purposes of convenience the development of "Ynglis" literature north of the Tweed and Esk, may be treated in this place.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading When the dynasty acquired the Anglicized Lothian and much of Cumberland, it adopted the English speech, consequently the writers of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries in Scotland used a form of northern English or "Ynglis," and knew not Gaelic.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
nameverbUS /neɪm/

assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading 500, finally gave a dynasty and its existing name, to "Scot" land.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
northnounUS /nɔːrθ/

the region of the United States lying to the north of the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading For purposes of convenience the development of "Ynglis" literature north of the Tweed and Esk, may be treated in this place.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
northernadjectiveUS /ˈnɔːrðərn/

in or characteristic of a region of the United States north of (approximately) the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading When the dynasty acquired the Anglicized Lothian and much of Cumberland, it adopted the English speech, consequently the writers of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries in Scotland used a form of northern English or "Ynglis," and knew not Gaelic.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading When the dynasty acquired the Anglicized Lothian and much of Cumberland, it adopted the English speech, consequently the writers of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries in Scotland used a form of northern English or "Ynglis," and knew not Gaelic.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading For purposes of convenience the development of "Ynglis" literature north of the Tweed and Esk, may be treated in this place.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Originally the "Scots" or Scottish tongue was Gaelic, the language of the Irish Scots who, landing in Argyll about A.D.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
OriginallyadverbUS /ərˈɪdʒənəli/

in an original manner

From this reading Originally the "Scots" or Scottish tongue was Gaelic, the language of the Irish Scots who, landing in Argyll about A.D.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
placenounUS /pleɪs/

a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading For purposes of convenience the development of "Ynglis" literature north of the Tweed and Esk, may be treated in this place.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
purposesnounUS /ˈpɜːrpəsəz/

plural of “purpose” — an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions

From this reading For purposes of convenience the development of "Ynglis" literature north of the Tweed and Esk, may be treated in this place.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
ScotnounUS /skɑːt/

a native or inhabitant of Scotland

From this reading 500, finally gave a dynasty and its existing name, to "Scot" land.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
ScotlandnounUS /ˈskɑːtlənd/

one of the four countries that make up the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; located on the northern part of the island of Great Britain; famous for bagpipes and plaids and kilts

From this reading When the dynasty acquired the Anglicized Lothian and much of Cumberland, it adopted the English speech, consequently the writers of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries in Scotland used a form of northern English or "Ynglis," and knew not Gaelic.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
ScotsnounUS /skɑːts/

the dialect of English used in Scotland

From this reading Originally the "Scots" or Scottish tongue was Gaelic, the language of the Irish Scots who, landing in Argyll about A.D.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
SCOTTISHnounUS /ˈskɑːtɪʃ/

the dialect of English used in Scotland

From this reading EARLY SCOTTISH LITERATURE.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
speechnounUS /spiːtʃ/

the act of delivering a formal spoken communication to an audience

From this reading When the dynasty acquired the Anglicized Lothian and much of Cumberland, it adopted the English speech, consequently the writers of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries in Scotland used a form of northern English or "Ynglis," and knew not Gaelic.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading For purposes of convenience the development of "Ynglis" literature north of the Tweed and Esk, may be treated in this place.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
thirteenthadjectiveUS /ˈθɜːr.tiːnθ/

Constituting number thirteen in a sequence.

From this reading When the dynasty acquired the Anglicized Lothian and much of Cumberland, it adopted the English speech, consequently the writers of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries in Scotland used a form of northern English or "Ynglis," and knew not Gaelic.

Velmora curated lexicon
thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading For purposes of convenience the development of "Ynglis" literature north of the Tweed and Esk, may be treated in this place.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading 500, finally gave a dynasty and its existing name, to "Scot" land.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
tonguenounUS /tʌŋ/

a mobile mass of muscular tissue covered with mucous membrane and located in the oral cavity

From this reading Originally the "Scots" or Scottish tongue was Gaelic, the language of the Irish Scots who, landing in Argyll about A.D.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
treatedadjectiveUS /ˈtriːtɪd/

subjected to a physical (or chemical) treatment or action or agent

From this reading For purposes of convenience the development of "Ynglis" literature north of the Tweed and Esk, may be treated in this place.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
TweednounUS /twiːd/

thick woolen fabric used for clothing; originated in Scotland

From this reading For purposes of convenience the development of "Ynglis" literature north of the Tweed and Esk, may be treated in this place.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
usedadjectiveUS /juːzd/

employed in accomplishing something

From this reading When the dynasty acquired the Anglicized Lothian and much of Cumberland, it adopted the English speech, consequently the writers of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries in Scotland used a form of northern English or "Ynglis," and knew not Gaelic.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Originally the "Scots" or Scottish tongue was Gaelic, the language of the Irish Scots who, landing in Argyll about A.D.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
WhenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading When the dynasty acquired the Anglicized Lothian and much of Cumberland, it adopted the English speech, consequently the writers of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries in Scotland used a form of northern English or "Ynglis," and knew not Gaelic.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading Originally the "Scots" or Scottish tongue was Gaelic, the language of the Irish Scots who, landing in Argyll about A.D.

Velmora grammar entry · CMU Pronouncing Dictionary
writersnounUS /ˈraɪtərz/

plural of “writer” — writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading When the dynasty acquired the Anglicized Lothian and much of Cumberland, it adopted the English speech, consequently the writers of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries in Scotland used a form of northern English or "Ynglis," and knew not Gaelic.

CMU Pronouncing Dictionary · Princeton WordNet 3.1
Ynglis

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For purposes of convenience the development of "Ynglis" literature north of the Tweed and Esk, may be treated in this place.

Pending verification

Chapter 14 of History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to Swinburne by Andrew Lang holds 239 sentences, grouped into 48 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 14 of History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to Swinburne contain?

Chapter 14 holds 239 sentences of History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to Swinburne, unabridged, divided into 48 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 14 of History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to Swinburne by Andrew Lang exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 239 sentences, grouped into 48 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 14 of History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to Swinburne?

Work through the 48 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 48 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 14 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 14 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Common questions about reading History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to Swinburne by Andrew Lang on this page, its source edition and its audio.

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Yes. All 8679 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #56613 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to Swinburne is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #56613, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to Swinburne take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 1736 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to Swinburne

Words and structures a reader meets early in History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to Swinburne, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Literature
A word that appears in the opening chapter of History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to Swinburne; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Every
A word that appears in the opening chapter of History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to Swinburne; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Modern
A word that appears in the opening chapter of History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to Swinburne; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Country
A word that appears in the opening chapter of History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to Swinburne; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.