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Honoré de Balzac
Honoré de Balzac

Chapter I

Chapter 1 of Honoré de Balzac is here in full — 443 sentences across 89 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/88 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London The Knickerbocker Press Balzac's short stories, which we call in French _nouvelles_, are, generally speaking, not the best-known or the most popular part of his work; nor are they the part best fitted to give a true and complete idea of his genius.
But some of them are none the less masterpieces in their kind; they have characteristics and a significance not always possessed by their author's long novels, such as _Eugénie Grandet_ or _Cousin Pons;_ and finally, for this very reason, they hold in the unfinished structure of _The Human Comedy_ a place which it will be interesting to try to determine.
That is all that will be attempted in this Introduction.
Some of the stories contained in the present volume were written under curious circumstances.
In the first place it is to be noted that they all date from 1830, 1831, and 1832[1] and therefore precede the conception and planning of _The Human Comedy_.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Honoré de Balzac

Chapter I

Chapter 1 of Honoré de Balzac is here in full — 443 sentences across 89 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/88 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London The Knickerbocker Press Balzac's short stories, which we call in French _nouvelles_, are, generally speaking, not the best-known or the most popular part of his work; nor are they the part best fitted to give a true and complete idea of his genius.
Line 2
But some of them are none the less masterpieces in their kind; they have characteristics and a significance not always possessed by their author's long novels, such as _Eugénie Grandet_ or _Cousin Pons;_ and finally, for this very reason, they hold in the unfinished structure of _The Human Comedy_ a place which it will be interesting to try to determine.
Line 3
That is all that will be attempted in this Introduction.
/ðæt ɪz ɔːl ðæt wɪl biː əˈtemptɪd ɪn ðɪs ˌɪntrəˈdʌkʃən/
Line 4
Some of the stories contained in the present volume were written under curious circumstances.
/sʌm ʌv ðə ˈstɔːriz kənˈteɪnd ɪn ðə ˈprezənt ˈvɑːljuːm wɜːr ˈrɪtən ˈʌndər ˈkjʊriəs ˈsɜːrkəmstænsəz/
Line 5
In the first place it is to be noted that they all date from 1830, 1831, and 1832[1] and therefore precede the conception and planning of _The Human Comedy_.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

author's noun US /ˈɔːθərz/

possessive form of “author” — writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading “But some of them are none the less masterpieces in their kind; they have characteristics and a significance not always possessed by their author's long novels, such as _Eugénie Grandet_ or _Cousin Pons;_ and finally, for this very reason, they hold in the unfinished structure of _The Human Comedy_ a place which it will be interesting to try to determine.”

characteristics noun US /ˌkerəktərˈɪstɪks/

plural of “characteristic” — a prominent attribute or aspect of something

From this reading “But some of them are none the less masterpieces in their kind; they have characteristics and a significance not always possessed by their author's long novels, such as _Eugénie Grandet_ or _Cousin Pons;_ and finally, for this very reason, they hold in the unfinished structure of _The Human Comedy_ a place which it will be interesting to try to determine.”

determine verb US /dəˈtɜːrmən/

establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study

From this reading “But some of them are none the less masterpieces in their kind; they have characteristics and a significance not always possessed by their author's long novels, such as _Eugénie Grandet_ or _Cousin Pons;_ and finally, for this very reason, they hold in the unfinished structure of _The Human Comedy_ a place which it will be interesting to try to determine.”

masterpieces noun US /ˈmæstərpiːsəz/

plural of “masterpiece” — the most outstanding work of a creative artist or craftsman

From this reading “But some of them are none the less masterpieces in their kind; they have characteristics and a significance not always possessed by their author's long novels, such as _Eugénie Grandet_ or _Cousin Pons;_ and finally, for this very reason, they hold in the unfinished structure of _The Human Comedy_ a place which it will be interesting to try to determine.”

planning noun US /ˈplænɪŋ/

an act of formulating a program for a definite course of action

From this reading “In the first place it is to be noted that they all date from 1830, 1831, and 1832[1] and therefore precede the conception and planning of _The Human Comedy_.”

Pons noun US /pɑːnz/

United States coloratura soprano (born in France) (1904-1976)

From this reading “But some of them are none the less masterpieces in their kind; they have characteristics and a significance not always possessed by their author's long novels, such as _Eugénie Grandet_ or _Cousin Pons;_ and finally, for this very reason, they hold in the unfinished structure of _The Human Comedy_ a place which it will be interesting to try to determine.”

precede verb US /prɪˈsiːd/

be earlier in time; go back further

From this reading “In the first place it is to be noted that they all date from 1830, 1831, and 1832[1] and therefore precede the conception and planning of _The Human Comedy_.”

unfinished adjective US /ənˈfɪnɪʃt/

not brought to the desired final state

From this reading “But some of them are none the less masterpieces in their kind; they have characteristics and a significance not always possessed by their author's long novels, such as _Eugénie Grandet_ or _Cousin Pons;_ and finally, for this very reason, they hold in the unfinished structure of _The Human Comedy_ a place which it will be interesting to try to determine.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

most popular adverb + adjective

In this reading “G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London The Knickerbocker Press Balzac's short stories, which we call in French _nouvelles_, are, generally speaking, not the best-known or the most popular part of his work; nor are they the part best fitted to give a true and complete idea of his genius.”

short stories adjective + noun counted as “short story”

a prose narrative shorter than a novel

In this reading “G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London The Knickerbocker Press Balzac's short stories, which we call in French _nouvelles_, are, generally speaking, not the best-known or the most popular part of his work; nor are they the part best fitted to give a true and complete idea of his genius.”

present volume verb + noun

In this reading “Some of the stories contained in the present volume were written under curious circumstances.”

first place adjective + noun

In this reading “In the first place it is to be noted that they all date from 1830, 1831, and 1832[1] and therefore precede the conception and planning of _The Human Comedy_.”

very reason adjective + noun

In this reading “But some of them are none the less masterpieces in their kind; they have characteristics and a significance not always possessed by their author's long novels, such as _Eugénie Grandet_ or _Cousin Pons;_ and finally, for this very reason, they hold in the unfinished structure of _The Human Comedy_ a place which it will be interesting to try to determine.”

All words in this reading · 108

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the first place it is to be noted that they all date from 1830, 1831, and 1832[1] and therefore precede the conception and planning of _The Human Comedy_.

1830

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the first place it is to be noted that they all date from 1830, 1831, and 1832[1] and therefore precede the conception and planning of _The Human Comedy_.

1831

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the first place it is to be noted that they all date from 1830, 1831, and 1832[1] and therefore precede the conception and planning of _The Human Comedy_.

1832

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the first place it is to be noted that they all date from 1830, 1831, and 1832[1] and therefore precede the conception and planning of _The Human Comedy_.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London The Knickerbocker Press Balzac's short stories, which we call in French _nouvelles_, are, generally speaking, not the best-known or the most popular part of his work; nor are they the part best fitted to give a true and complete idea of his genius.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading That is all that will be attempted in this Introduction.

alwaysadverbUS /ˈɔːlweɪz/

at all times; all the time and on every occasion

From this reading But some of them are none the less masterpieces in their kind; they have characteristics and a significance not always possessed by their author's long novels, such as _Eugénie Grandet_ or _Cousin Pons;_ and finally, for this very reason, they hold in the unfinished structure of _The Human Comedy_ a place which it will be interesting to try to determine.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London The Knickerbocker Press Balzac's short stories, which we call in French _nouvelles_, are, generally speaking, not the best-known or the most popular part of his work; nor are they the part best fitted to give a true and complete idea of his genius.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London The Knickerbocker Press Balzac's short stories, which we call in French _nouvelles_, are, generally speaking, not the best-known or the most popular part of his work; nor are they the part best fitted to give a true and complete idea of his genius.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading But some of them are none the less masterpieces in their kind; they have characteristics and a significance not always possessed by their author's long novels, such as _Eugénie Grandet_ or _Cousin Pons;_ and finally, for this very reason, they hold in the unfinished structure of _The Human Comedy_ a place which it will be interesting to try to determine.

attemptedadjectiveUS /əˈtemptɪd/

tried unsuccessfully

From this reading That is all that will be attempted in this Introduction.

author'snounUS /ˈɔːθərz/

possessive form of “author” — writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading But some of them are none the less masterpieces in their kind; they have characteristics and a significance not always possessed by their author's long novels, such as _Eugénie Grandet_ or _Cousin Pons;_ and finally, for this very reason, they hold in the unfinished structure of _The Human Comedy_ a place which it will be interesting to try to determine.

Balzac's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London The Knickerbocker Press Balzac's short stories, which we call in French _nouvelles_, are, generally speaking, not the best-known or the most popular part of his work; nor are they the part best fitted to give a true and complete idea of his genius.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading But some of them are none the less masterpieces in their kind; they have characteristics and a significance not always possessed by their author's long novels, such as _Eugénie Grandet_ or _Cousin Pons;_ and finally, for this very reason, they hold in the unfinished structure of _The Human Comedy_ a place which it will be interesting to try to determine.

bestnounUS /best/

the supreme effort one can make

From this reading G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London The Knickerbocker Press Balzac's short stories, which we call in French _nouvelles_, are, generally speaking, not the best-known or the most popular part of his work; nor are they the part best fitted to give a true and complete idea of his genius.

best-knownadjective

most familiar or renowned

From this reading G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London The Knickerbocker Press Balzac's short stories, which we call in French _nouvelles_, are, generally speaking, not the best-known or the most popular part of his work; nor are they the part best fitted to give a true and complete idea of his genius.

ButconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading But some of them are none the less masterpieces in their kind; they have characteristics and a significance not always possessed by their author's long novels, such as _Eugénie Grandet_ or _Cousin Pons;_ and finally, for this very reason, they hold in the unfinished structure of _The Human Comedy_ a place which it will be interesting to try to determine.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading But some of them are none the less masterpieces in their kind; they have characteristics and a significance not always possessed by their author's long novels, such as _Eugénie Grandet_ or _Cousin Pons;_ and finally, for this very reason, they hold in the unfinished structure of _The Human Comedy_ a place which it will be interesting to try to determine.

callverbUS /kɔːl/

assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London The Knickerbocker Press Balzac's short stories, which we call in French _nouvelles_, are, generally speaking, not the best-known or the most popular part of his work; nor are they the part best fitted to give a true and complete idea of his genius.

characteristicsnounUS /ˌkerəktərˈɪstɪks/

plural of “characteristic” — a prominent attribute or aspect of something

From this reading But some of them are none the less masterpieces in their kind; they have characteristics and a significance not always possessed by their author's long novels, such as _Eugénie Grandet_ or _Cousin Pons;_ and finally, for this very reason, they hold in the unfinished structure of _The Human Comedy_ a place which it will be interesting to try to determine.

circumstancesnounUS /ˈsɜːrkəmstænsəz/

your overall circumstances or condition in life (including everything that happens to you)

From this reading Some of the stories contained in the present volume were written under curious circumstances.

ComedynounUS /ˈkɑːmədi/

light and humorous drama with a happy ending

From this reading But some of them are none the less masterpieces in their kind; they have characteristics and a significance not always possessed by their author's long novels, such as _Eugénie Grandet_ or _Cousin Pons;_ and finally, for this very reason, they hold in the unfinished structure of _The Human Comedy_ a place which it will be interesting to try to determine.

completeverbUS /kəmˈpliːt/

come or bring to a finish or an end

From this reading G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London The Knickerbocker Press Balzac's short stories, which we call in French _nouvelles_, are, generally speaking, not the best-known or the most popular part of his work; nor are they the part best fitted to give a true and complete idea of his genius.

conceptionnounUS /kənˈsepʃən/

an abstract or general idea inferred or derived from specific instances

From this reading In the first place it is to be noted that they all date from 1830, 1831, and 1832[1] and therefore precede the conception and planning of _The Human Comedy_.

containedadjectiveUS /kənˈteɪnd/

gotten under control

From this reading Some of the stories contained in the present volume were written under curious circumstances.

CousinnounUS /ˈkʌzən/

the child of your aunt or uncle

From this reading But some of them are none the less masterpieces in their kind; they have characteristics and a significance not always possessed by their author's long novels, such as _Eugénie Grandet_ or _Cousin Pons;_ and finally, for this very reason, they hold in the unfinished structure of _The Human Comedy_ a place which it will be interesting to try to determine.

curiousadjectiveUS /ˈkjʊriəs/

beyond or deviating from the usual or expected

From this reading Some of the stories contained in the present volume were written under curious circumstances.

datenounUS /deɪt/

the specified day of the month

From this reading In the first place it is to be noted that they all date from 1830, 1831, and 1832[1] and therefore precede the conception and planning of _The Human Comedy_.

determineverbUS /dəˈtɜːrmən/

establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study

From this reading But some of them are none the less masterpieces in their kind; they have characteristics and a significance not always possessed by their author's long novels, such as _Eugénie Grandet_ or _Cousin Pons;_ and finally, for this very reason, they hold in the unfinished structure of _The Human Comedy_ a place which it will be interesting to try to determine.

Eugénie

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But some of them are none the less masterpieces in their kind; they have characteristics and a significance not always possessed by their author's long novels, such as _Eugénie Grandet_ or _Cousin Pons;_ and finally, for this very reason, they hold in the unfinished structure of _The Human Comedy_ a place which it will be interesting to try to determine.

finallyadverbUS /ˈfaɪnəli/

after an unspecified period of time or an especially long delay

From this reading But some of them are none the less masterpieces in their kind; they have characteristics and a significance not always possessed by their author's long novels, such as _Eugénie Grandet_ or _Cousin Pons;_ and finally, for this very reason, they hold in the unfinished structure of _The Human Comedy_ a place which it will be interesting to try to determine.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading In the first place it is to be noted that they all date from 1830, 1831, and 1832[1] and therefore precede the conception and planning of _The Human Comedy_.

fittedadjectiveUS /ˈfɪtəd/

being the right size and shape to fit as desired

From this reading G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London The Knickerbocker Press Balzac's short stories, which we call in French _nouvelles_, are, generally speaking, not the best-known or the most popular part of his work; nor are they the part best fitted to give a true and complete idea of his genius.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading But some of them are none the less masterpieces in their kind; they have characteristics and a significance not always possessed by their author's long novels, such as _Eugénie Grandet_ or _Cousin Pons;_ and finally, for this very reason, they hold in the unfinished structure of _The Human Comedy_ a place which it will be interesting to try to determine.

FrenchnounUS /frentʃ/

the Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France

From this reading G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London The Knickerbocker Press Balzac's short stories, which we call in French _nouvelles_, are, generally speaking, not the best-known or the most popular part of his work; nor are they the part best fitted to give a true and complete idea of his genius.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading In the first place it is to be noted that they all date from 1830, 1831, and 1832[1] and therefore precede the conception and planning of _The Human Comedy_.

GnounUS /dʒiː/

a metric unit of weight equal to one thousandth of a kilogram

From this reading G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London The Knickerbocker Press Balzac's short stories, which we call in French _nouvelles_, are, generally speaking, not the best-known or the most popular part of his work; nor are they the part best fitted to give a true and complete idea of his genius.

generallyadverbUS /ˈdʒenərəli/

usually; as a rule

From this reading G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London The Knickerbocker Press Balzac's short stories, which we call in French _nouvelles_, are, generally speaking, not the best-known or the most popular part of his work; nor are they the part best fitted to give a true and complete idea of his genius.

geniusnounUS /ˈdʒiːnjəs/

someone who has exceptional intellectual ability and originality

From this reading G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London The Knickerbocker Press Balzac's short stories, which we call in French _nouvelles_, are, generally speaking, not the best-known or the most popular part of his work; nor are they the part best fitted to give a true and complete idea of his genius.

giveverbUS /ɡɪv/

cause to have, in the abstract sense or physical sense

From this reading G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London The Knickerbocker Press Balzac's short stories, which we call in French _nouvelles_, are, generally speaking, not the best-known or the most popular part of his work; nor are they the part best fitted to give a true and complete idea of his genius.

Grandet

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But some of them are none the less masterpieces in their kind; they have characteristics and a significance not always possessed by their author's long novels, such as _Eugénie Grandet_ or _Cousin Pons;_ and finally, for this very reason, they hold in the unfinished structure of _The Human Comedy_ a place which it will be interesting to try to determine.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading But some of them are none the less masterpieces in their kind; they have characteristics and a significance not always possessed by their author's long novels, such as _Eugénie Grandet_ or _Cousin Pons;_ and finally, for this very reason, they hold in the unfinished structure of _The Human Comedy_ a place which it will be interesting to try to determine.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London The Knickerbocker Press Balzac's short stories, which we call in French _nouvelles_, are, generally speaking, not the best-known or the most popular part of his work; nor are they the part best fitted to give a true and complete idea of his genius.

holdverbUS /hoʊld/

cause to continue in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., “keep clean”

From this reading But some of them are none the less masterpieces in their kind; they have characteristics and a significance not always possessed by their author's long novels, such as _Eugénie Grandet_ or _Cousin Pons;_ and finally, for this very reason, they hold in the unfinished structure of _The Human Comedy_ a place which it will be interesting to try to determine.

HumanadjectiveUS /ˈhjuːmən/

characteristic of humanity

From this reading But some of them are none the less masterpieces in their kind; they have characteristics and a significance not always possessed by their author's long novels, such as _Eugénie Grandet_ or _Cousin Pons;_ and finally, for this very reason, they hold in the unfinished structure of _The Human Comedy_ a place which it will be interesting to try to determine.

ideanounUS /aɪˈdiːə/

the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about

From this reading G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London The Knickerbocker Press Balzac's short stories, which we call in French _nouvelles_, are, generally speaking, not the best-known or the most popular part of his work; nor are they the part best fitted to give a true and complete idea of his genius.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London The Knickerbocker Press Balzac's short stories, which we call in French _nouvelles_, are, generally speaking, not the best-known or the most popular part of his work; nor are they the part best fitted to give a true and complete idea of his genius.

interestingadjectiveUS /ˈɪntrəstɪŋ/

arousing or holding the attention

From this reading But some of them are none the less masterpieces in their kind; they have characteristics and a significance not always possessed by their author's long novels, such as _Eugénie Grandet_ or _Cousin Pons;_ and finally, for this very reason, they hold in the unfinished structure of _The Human Comedy_ a place which it will be interesting to try to determine.

IntroductionnounUS /ˌɪntrəˈdʌkʃən/

the act of beginning something new

From this reading That is all that will be attempted in this Introduction.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading That is all that will be attempted in this Introduction.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading But some of them are none the less masterpieces in their kind; they have characteristics and a significance not always possessed by their author's long novels, such as _Eugénie Grandet_ or _Cousin Pons;_ and finally, for this very reason, they hold in the unfinished structure of _The Human Comedy_ a place which it will be interesting to try to determine.

kindadjectiveUS /kaɪnd/

having or showing a tender and considerate and helpful nature; used especially of persons and their behavior

From this reading But some of them are none the less masterpieces in their kind; they have characteristics and a significance not always possessed by their author's long novels, such as _Eugénie Grandet_ or _Cousin Pons;_ and finally, for this very reason, they hold in the unfinished structure of _The Human Comedy_ a place which it will be interesting to try to determine.

Knickerbocker

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London The Knickerbocker Press Balzac's short stories, which we call in French _nouvelles_, are, generally speaking, not the best-known or the most popular part of his work; nor are they the part best fitted to give a true and complete idea of his genius.

lessadverbUS /les/

used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs

From this reading But some of them are none the less masterpieces in their kind; they have characteristics and a significance not always possessed by their author's long novels, such as _Eugénie Grandet_ or _Cousin Pons;_ and finally, for this very reason, they hold in the unfinished structure of _The Human Comedy_ a place which it will be interesting to try to determine.

LondonnounUS /ˈlʌndən/

the capital and largest city of England; located on the Thames in southeastern England; financial and industrial and cultural center

From this reading G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London The Knickerbocker Press Balzac's short stories, which we call in French _nouvelles_, are, generally speaking, not the best-known or the most popular part of his work; nor are they the part best fitted to give a true and complete idea of his genius.

longadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading But some of them are none the less masterpieces in their kind; they have characteristics and a significance not always possessed by their author's long novels, such as _Eugénie Grandet_ or _Cousin Pons;_ and finally, for this very reason, they hold in the unfinished structure of _The Human Comedy_ a place which it will be interesting to try to determine.

masterpiecesnounUS /ˈmæstərpiːsəz/

plural of “masterpiece” — the most outstanding work of a creative artist or craftsman

From this reading But some of them are none the less masterpieces in their kind; they have characteristics and a significance not always possessed by their author's long novels, such as _Eugénie Grandet_ or _Cousin Pons;_ and finally, for this very reason, they hold in the unfinished structure of _The Human Comedy_ a place which it will be interesting to try to determine.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London The Knickerbocker Press Balzac's short stories, which we call in French _nouvelles_, are, generally speaking, not the best-known or the most popular part of his work; nor are they the part best fitted to give a true and complete idea of his genius.

NewadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London The Knickerbocker Press Balzac's short stories, which we call in French _nouvelles_, are, generally speaking, not the best-known or the most popular part of his work; nor are they the part best fitted to give a true and complete idea of his genius.

nonepronounUS /nʌn/

not one, and not any

From this reading But some of them are none the less masterpieces in their kind; they have characteristics and a significance not always possessed by their author's long novels, such as _Eugénie Grandet_ or _Cousin Pons;_ and finally, for this very reason, they hold in the unfinished structure of _The Human Comedy_ a place which it will be interesting to try to determine.

norconjunctionUS /nɔːr/

and not; used after a negative to add a second negative

From this reading G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London The Knickerbocker Press Balzac's short stories, which we call in French _nouvelles_, are, generally speaking, not the best-known or the most popular part of his work; nor are they the part best fitted to give a true and complete idea of his genius.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London The Knickerbocker Press Balzac's short stories, which we call in French _nouvelles_, are, generally speaking, not the best-known or the most popular part of his work; nor are they the part best fitted to give a true and complete idea of his genius.

notedadjectiveUS /ˈnoʊtəd/

widely known and esteemed

From this reading In the first place it is to be noted that they all date from 1830, 1831, and 1832[1] and therefore precede the conception and planning of _The Human Comedy_.

nouvelles

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London The Knickerbocker Press Balzac's short stories, which we call in French _nouvelles_, are, generally speaking, not the best-known or the most popular part of his work; nor are they the part best fitted to give a true and complete idea of his genius.

novelsnounUS /ˈnɑːvəlz/

plural of “novel” — an extended fictional work in prose; usually in the form of a story

From this reading But some of them are none the less masterpieces in their kind; they have characteristics and a significance not always possessed by their author's long novels, such as _Eugénie Grandet_ or _Cousin Pons;_ and finally, for this very reason, they hold in the unfinished structure of _The Human Comedy_ a place which it will be interesting to try to determine.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London The Knickerbocker Press Balzac's short stories, which we call in French _nouvelles_, are, generally speaking, not the best-known or the most popular part of his work; nor are they the part best fitted to give a true and complete idea of his genius.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London The Knickerbocker Press Balzac's short stories, which we call in French _nouvelles_, are, generally speaking, not the best-known or the most popular part of his work; nor are they the part best fitted to give a true and complete idea of his genius.

PnounUS /piː/

a multivalent nonmetallic element of the nitrogen family that occurs commonly in inorganic phosphate rocks and as organic phosphates in all living cells; is highly reactive and occurs in several allotropic forms

From this reading G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London The Knickerbocker Press Balzac's short stories, which we call in French _nouvelles_, are, generally speaking, not the best-known or the most popular part of his work; nor are they the part best fitted to give a true and complete idea of his genius.

partnounUS /pɑːrt/

something determined in relation to something that includes it

From this reading G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London The Knickerbocker Press Balzac's short stories, which we call in French _nouvelles_, are, generally speaking, not the best-known or the most popular part of his work; nor are they the part best fitted to give a true and complete idea of his genius.

placenounUS /pleɪs/

a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading But some of them are none the less masterpieces in their kind; they have characteristics and a significance not always possessed by their author's long novels, such as _Eugénie Grandet_ or _Cousin Pons;_ and finally, for this very reason, they hold in the unfinished structure of _The Human Comedy_ a place which it will be interesting to try to determine.

planningnounUS /ˈplænɪŋ/

an act of formulating a program for a definite course of action

From this reading In the first place it is to be noted that they all date from 1830, 1831, and 1832[1] and therefore precede the conception and planning of _The Human Comedy_.

PonsnounUS /pɑːnz/

United States coloratura soprano (born in France) (1904-1976)

From this reading But some of them are none the less masterpieces in their kind; they have characteristics and a significance not always possessed by their author's long novels, such as _Eugénie Grandet_ or _Cousin Pons;_ and finally, for this very reason, they hold in the unfinished structure of _The Human Comedy_ a place which it will be interesting to try to determine.

popularadjectiveUS /ˈpɑːpjələr/

regarded with great favor, approval, or affection especially by the general public

From this reading G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London The Knickerbocker Press Balzac's short stories, which we call in French _nouvelles_, are, generally speaking, not the best-known or the most popular part of his work; nor are they the part best fitted to give a true and complete idea of his genius.

possessedadjectiveUS /pəˈzest/

influenced or controlled by a powerful force such as a strong emotion

From this reading But some of them are none the less masterpieces in their kind; they have characteristics and a significance not always possessed by their author's long novels, such as _Eugénie Grandet_ or _Cousin Pons;_ and finally, for this very reason, they hold in the unfinished structure of _The Human Comedy_ a place which it will be interesting to try to determine.

precedeverbUS /prɪˈsiːd/

be earlier in time; go back further

From this reading In the first place it is to be noted that they all date from 1830, 1831, and 1832[1] and therefore precede the conception and planning of _The Human Comedy_.

presentverbUS /ˈprezənt/

give an exhibition of to an interested audience

From this reading Some of the stories contained in the present volume were written under curious circumstances.

PressverbUS /pres/

exert pressure or force to or upon

From this reading G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London The Knickerbocker Press Balzac's short stories, which we call in French _nouvelles_, are, generally speaking, not the best-known or the most popular part of his work; nor are they the part best fitted to give a true and complete idea of his genius.

Putnam's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London The Knickerbocker Press Balzac's short stories, which we call in French _nouvelles_, are, generally speaking, not the best-known or the most popular part of his work; nor are they the part best fitted to give a true and complete idea of his genius.

reasonnounUS /ˈriːzən/

a rational motive for a belief or action

From this reading But some of them are none the less masterpieces in their kind; they have characteristics and a significance not always possessed by their author's long novels, such as _Eugénie Grandet_ or _Cousin Pons;_ and finally, for this very reason, they hold in the unfinished structure of _The Human Comedy_ a place which it will be interesting to try to determine.

shortadjectiveUS /ʃɔːrt/

primarily temporal sense; indicating or being or seeming to be limited in duration

From this reading G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London The Knickerbocker Press Balzac's short stories, which we call in French _nouvelles_, are, generally speaking, not the best-known or the most popular part of his work; nor are they the part best fitted to give a true and complete idea of his genius.

significancenounUS /səɡˈnɪfɪkəns/

the quality of being significant

From this reading But some of them are none the less masterpieces in their kind; they have characteristics and a significance not always possessed by their author's long novels, such as _Eugénie Grandet_ or _Cousin Pons;_ and finally, for this very reason, they hold in the unfinished structure of _The Human Comedy_ a place which it will be interesting to try to determine.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading But some of them are none the less masterpieces in their kind; they have characteristics and a significance not always possessed by their author's long novels, such as _Eugénie Grandet_ or _Cousin Pons;_ and finally, for this very reason, they hold in the unfinished structure of _The Human Comedy_ a place which it will be interesting to try to determine.

SonsnounUS /sʌnz/

plural of “son” — a male human offspring

From this reading G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London The Knickerbocker Press Balzac's short stories, which we call in French _nouvelles_, are, generally speaking, not the best-known or the most popular part of his work; nor are they the part best fitted to give a true and complete idea of his genius.

speakingnounUS /ˈspiːkɪŋ/

the utterance of intelligible speech

From this reading G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London The Knickerbocker Press Balzac's short stories, which we call in French _nouvelles_, are, generally speaking, not the best-known or the most popular part of his work; nor are they the part best fitted to give a true and complete idea of his genius.

storiesnounUS /ˈstɔːriz/

plural of “story” — a message that tells the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events; presented in writing or drama or cinema or as a radio or television program

From this reading G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London The Knickerbocker Press Balzac's short stories, which we call in French _nouvelles_, are, generally speaking, not the best-known or the most popular part of his work; nor are they the part best fitted to give a true and complete idea of his genius.

structurenounUS /ˈstrʌktʃər/

a thing constructed; a complex entity constructed of many parts

From this reading But some of them are none the less masterpieces in their kind; they have characteristics and a significance not always possessed by their author's long novels, such as _Eugénie Grandet_ or _Cousin Pons;_ and finally, for this very reason, they hold in the unfinished structure of _The Human Comedy_ a place which it will be interesting to try to determine.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading But some of them are none the less masterpieces in their kind; they have characteristics and a significance not always possessed by their author's long novels, such as _Eugénie Grandet_ or _Cousin Pons;_ and finally, for this very reason, they hold in the unfinished structure of _The Human Comedy_ a place which it will be interesting to try to determine.

ThatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading That is all that will be attempted in this Introduction.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London The Knickerbocker Press Balzac's short stories, which we call in French _nouvelles_, are, generally speaking, not the best-known or the most popular part of his work; nor are they the part best fitted to give a true and complete idea of his genius.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading But some of them are none the less masterpieces in their kind; they have characteristics and a significance not always possessed by their author's long novels, such as _Eugénie Grandet_ or _Cousin Pons;_ and finally, for this very reason, they hold in the unfinished structure of _The Human Comedy_ a place which it will be interesting to try to determine.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading But some of them are none the less masterpieces in their kind; they have characteristics and a significance not always possessed by their author's long novels, such as _Eugénie Grandet_ or _Cousin Pons;_ and finally, for this very reason, they hold in the unfinished structure of _The Human Comedy_ a place which it will be interesting to try to determine.

thereforeadverbUS /ˈðerfɔːr/

for that reason; as a result

From this reading In the first place it is to be noted that they all date from 1830, 1831, and 1832[1] and therefore precede the conception and planning of _The Human Comedy_.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London The Knickerbocker Press Balzac's short stories, which we call in French _nouvelles_, are, generally speaking, not the best-known or the most popular part of his work; nor are they the part best fitted to give a true and complete idea of his genius.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading But some of them are none the less masterpieces in their kind; they have characteristics and a significance not always possessed by their author's long novels, such as _Eugénie Grandet_ or _Cousin Pons;_ and finally, for this very reason, they hold in the unfinished structure of _The Human Comedy_ a place which it will be interesting to try to determine.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London The Knickerbocker Press Balzac's short stories, which we call in French _nouvelles_, are, generally speaking, not the best-known or the most popular part of his work; nor are they the part best fitted to give a true and complete idea of his genius.

trueadjectiveUS /truː/

consistent with fact or reality; not false

From this reading G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London The Knickerbocker Press Balzac's short stories, which we call in French _nouvelles_, are, generally speaking, not the best-known or the most popular part of his work; nor are they the part best fitted to give a true and complete idea of his genius.

tryverbUS /traɪ/

make an effort or attempt

From this reading But some of them are none the less masterpieces in their kind; they have characteristics and a significance not always possessed by their author's long novels, such as _Eugénie Grandet_ or _Cousin Pons;_ and finally, for this very reason, they hold in the unfinished structure of _The Human Comedy_ a place which it will be interesting to try to determine.

underprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading Some of the stories contained in the present volume were written under curious circumstances.

unfinishedadjectiveUS /ənˈfɪnɪʃt/

not brought to the desired final state

From this reading But some of them are none the less masterpieces in their kind; they have characteristics and a significance not always possessed by their author's long novels, such as _Eugénie Grandet_ or _Cousin Pons;_ and finally, for this very reason, they hold in the unfinished structure of _The Human Comedy_ a place which it will be interesting to try to determine.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading But some of them are none the less masterpieces in their kind; they have characteristics and a significance not always possessed by their author's long novels, such as _Eugénie Grandet_ or _Cousin Pons;_ and finally, for this very reason, they hold in the unfinished structure of _The Human Comedy_ a place which it will be interesting to try to determine.

volumenounUS /ˈvɑːljuːm/

the amount of 3-dimensional space occupied by an object

From this reading Some of the stories contained in the present volume were written under curious circumstances.

wepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London The Knickerbocker Press Balzac's short stories, which we call in French _nouvelles_, are, generally speaking, not the best-known or the most popular part of his work; nor are they the part best fitted to give a true and complete idea of his genius.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Some of the stories contained in the present volume were written under curious circumstances.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London The Knickerbocker Press Balzac's short stories, which we call in French _nouvelles_, are, generally speaking, not the best-known or the most popular part of his work; nor are they the part best fitted to give a true and complete idea of his genius.

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading But some of them are none the less masterpieces in their kind; they have characteristics and a significance not always possessed by their author's long novels, such as _Eugénie Grandet_ or _Cousin Pons;_ and finally, for this very reason, they hold in the unfinished structure of _The Human Comedy_ a place which it will be interesting to try to determine.

workverbUS /wɜːrk/

exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity

From this reading G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London The Knickerbocker Press Balzac's short stories, which we call in French _nouvelles_, are, generally speaking, not the best-known or the most popular part of his work; nor are they the part best fitted to give a true and complete idea of his genius.

writtenadjectiveUS /ˈrɪtən/

set down in writing in any of various ways

From this reading Some of the stories contained in the present volume were written under curious circumstances.

YorknounUS /jɔːrk/

the English royal house (a branch of the Plantagenet line) that reigned from 1461 to 1485; its emblem was a white rose

From this reading G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London The Knickerbocker Press Balzac's short stories, which we call in French _nouvelles_, are, generally speaking, not the best-known or the most popular part of his work; nor are they the part best fitted to give a true and complete idea of his genius.

Chapter 1 of Honoré de Balzac by Honoré de Balzac holds 443 sentences, grouped into 89 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 1 of Honoré de Balzac contain?

Chapter 1 holds 443 sentences of Honoré de Balzac, unabridged, divided into 89 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 1 of Honoré de Balzac by Honoré de Balzac exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 443 sentences, grouped into 89 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 1 of Honoré de Balzac?

Work through the 89 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 89 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 1 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 1 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Honoré de Balzac

Common questions about reading Honoré de Balzac by Honoré de Balzac on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Honoré de Balzac?

Yes. All 2128 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #51820 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Honoré de Balzac is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #51820, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Honoré de Balzac take to read?

About 177 minutes of reading across 426 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Honoré de Balzac section by section

How to work through Honoré de Balzac section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 5 chapters of Honoré de Balzac to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Honoré de Balzac

Words and structures a reader meets early in Honoré de Balzac, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Putnam's
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Honoré de Balzac; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
London
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Honoré de Balzac; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Knickerbocker
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Honoré de Balzac; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Press
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Honoré de Balzac; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.