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Iberia Won
Iberia Won

Chapter IX

Chapter 9 of Iberia Won is here in full — 372 sentences across 75 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/74 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
HISTORICAL AND ILLUSTRATIVE NOTES TO CANTO VII.
For the incidents connected with Napoléon’s invasion of Portugal and Spain, and for the state of both monarchies at that period, the reader is referred to Napier’s and Southey’s Histories of the Peninsular War, and (with the necessary caution in the perusal) to Thiers’s _Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire_.
I have endeavoured to adhere as closely to historical truth as the nature of poetical composition would permit.
My residence in both Peninsular countries, since they were visited either by Southey or Napier, has enabled me to add some additional particulars, derived from sources exhibited of late years, which tend to throw fresh light upon these transactions.
The Emperor commenced with the invasion of Portugal, for various reasons, of which the chief was probably that, as there was no family alliance between France and Portugal, as between France and Spain, an injustice done to the former country would be less shocking and startling to the common feelings of mankind.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Iberia Won

Chapter IX

Chapter 9 of Iberia Won is here in full — 372 sentences across 75 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/74 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
HISTORICAL AND ILLUSTRATIVE NOTES TO CANTO VII.
Line 2
For the incidents connected with Napoléon’s invasion of Portugal and Spain, and for the state of both monarchies at that period, the reader is referred to Napier’s and Southey’s Histories of the Peninsular War, and (with the necessary caution in the perusal) to Thiers’s _Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire_.
Line 3
I have endeavoured to adhere as closely to historical truth as the nature of poetical composition would permit.
Line 4
My residence in both Peninsular countries, since they were visited either by Southey or Napier, has enabled me to add some additional particulars, derived from sources exhibited of late years, which tend to throw fresh light upon these transactions.
Line 5
The Emperor commenced with the invasion of Portugal, for various reasons, of which the chief was probably that, as there was no family alliance between France and Portugal, as between France and Spain, an injustice done to the former country would be less shocking and startling to the common feelings of mankind.
/ðə ˈempərər kəˈmenst wɪð ðə ˌɪnˈveɪʒən ʌv ˈpɔːrtʃəɡəl fɔːr ˈveriəs ˈriːzənz ʌv wɪtʃ ðə tʃiːf wɑːz ˈprɑːbəbliː ðæt æz ðer wɑːz noʊ ˈfæməli əˈlaɪəns bɪˈtwiːn fræns ənd ˈpɔːrtʃəɡəl æz bɪˈtwiːn fræns ənd speɪn æn ˌɪnˈdʒʌstɪs dʌn tuː ðə ˈfɔːrmər ˈkʌntri wʊd biː les ˈʃɑːkɪŋ ənd ˈstɑːrtlɪŋ tuː ðə ˈkɑːmən ˈfiːlɪŋz ʌv ˈmænˈkaɪnd/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

adhere verb US /ədˈhɪr/

be compatible or in accordance with

From this reading “I have endeavoured to adhere as closely to historical truth as the nature of poetical composition would permit.”

canto noun US /ˈkæntoʊ/

the highest part (usually the melody) in a piece of choral music

From this reading “HISTORICAL AND ILLUSTRATIVE NOTES TO CANTO VII.”

illustrative adjective US /ˌɪˈlʌstrətɪv/

clarifying by use of examples

From this reading “HISTORICAL AND ILLUSTRATIVE NOTES TO CANTO VII.”

monarchies noun US /ˈmɑːnɑːrkiz/

plural of “monarchy” — an autocracy governed by a monarch who usually inherits the authority

From this reading “For the incidents connected with Napoléon’s invasion of Portugal and Spain, and for the state of both monarchies at that period, the reader is referred to Napier’s and Southey’s Histories of the Peninsular War, and (with the necessary caution in the perusal) to Thiers’s _Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire_.”

Napier noun US /ˈneɪpiər/

Scottish mathematician who invented logarithms; introduced the use of the decimal point in writing numbers (1550-1617)

From this reading “For the incidents connected with Napoléon’s invasion of Portugal and Spain, and for the state of both monarchies at that period, the reader is referred to Napier’s and Southey’s Histories of the Peninsular War, and (with the necessary caution in the perusal) to Thiers’s _Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire_.”

Peninsular adjective US /pəˈnɪnsələr/

of or forming or resembling a peninsula

From this reading “For the incidents connected with Napoléon’s invasion of Portugal and Spain, and for the state of both monarchies at that period, the reader is referred to Napier’s and Southey’s Histories of the Peninsular War, and (with the necessary caution in the perusal) to Thiers’s _Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire_.”

Portugal noun US /ˈpɔːrtʃəɡəl/

a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; Portuguese explorers and colonists in the 15th and 16th centuries created a vast overseas empire (including Brazil)

From this reading “For the incidents connected with Napoléon’s invasion of Portugal and Spain, and for the state of both monarchies at that period, the reader is referred to Napier’s and Southey’s Histories of the Peninsular War, and (with the necessary caution in the perusal) to Thiers’s _Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire_.”

transactions noun US /trænˈzækʃənz/

a written account of what transpired at a meeting

From this reading “My residence in both Peninsular countries, since they were visited either by Southey or Napier, has enabled me to add some additional particulars, derived from sources exhibited of late years, which tend to throw fresh light upon these transactions.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

poetical composition adjective + noun

In this reading “I have endeavoured to adhere as closely to historical truth as the nature of poetical composition would permit.”

late years adjective + noun

In this reading “My residence in both Peninsular countries, since they were visited either by Southey or Napier, has enabled me to add some additional particulars, derived from sources exhibited of late years, which tend to throw fresh light upon these transactions.”

various reasons adjective + noun counted as “various reason”

In this reading “The Emperor commenced with the invasion of Portugal, for various reasons, of which the chief was probably that, as there was no family alliance between France and Portugal, as between France and Spain, an injustice done to the former country would be less shocking and startling to the common feelings of mankind.”

of mankind preposition + noun

In this reading “The Emperor commenced with the invasion of Portugal, for various reasons, of which the chief was probably that, as there was no family alliance between France and Portugal, as between France and Spain, an injustice done to the former country would be less shocking and startling to the common feelings of mankind.”

All words in this reading · 112

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

addverbUS /æd/

make an addition (to); join or combine or unite with others; increase the quality, quantity, size or scope of

From this reading My residence in both Peninsular countries, since they were visited either by Southey or Napier, has enabled me to add some additional particulars, derived from sources exhibited of late years, which tend to throw fresh light upon these transactions.

additionaladjectiveUS /əˈdɪʃənəl/

further or added

From this reading My residence in both Peninsular countries, since they were visited either by Southey or Napier, has enabled me to add some additional particulars, derived from sources exhibited of late years, which tend to throw fresh light upon these transactions.

adhereverbUS /ədˈhɪr/

be compatible or in accordance with

From this reading I have endeavoured to adhere as closely to historical truth as the nature of poetical composition would permit.

alliancenounUS /əˈlaɪəns/

the state of being allied or confederated

From this reading The Emperor commenced with the invasion of Portugal, for various reasons, of which the chief was probably that, as there was no family alliance between France and Portugal, as between France and Spain, an injustice done to the former country would be less shocking and startling to the common feelings of mankind.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading The Emperor commenced with the invasion of Portugal, for various reasons, of which the chief was probably that, as there was no family alliance between France and Portugal, as between France and Spain, an injustice done to the former country would be less shocking and startling to the common feelings of mankind.

ANDconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading HISTORICAL AND ILLUSTRATIVE NOTES TO CANTO VII.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading I have endeavoured to adhere as closely to historical truth as the nature of poetical composition would permit.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading For the incidents connected with Napoléon’s invasion of Portugal and Spain, and for the state of both monarchies at that period, the reader is referred to Napier’s and Southey’s Histories of the Peninsular War, and (with the necessary caution in the perusal) to Thiers’s _Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire_.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading The Emperor commenced with the invasion of Portugal, for various reasons, of which the chief was probably that, as there was no family alliance between France and Portugal, as between France and Spain, an injustice done to the former country would be less shocking and startling to the common feelings of mankind.

betweenprepositionUS /bɪˈtwiːn/

in the space, time, or range separating two things

From this reading The Emperor commenced with the invasion of Portugal, for various reasons, of which the chief was probably that, as there was no family alliance between France and Portugal, as between France and Spain, an injustice done to the former country would be less shocking and startling to the common feelings of mankind.

bothdeterminerUS /boʊθ/

the two together, not just one

From this reading For the incidents connected with Napoléon’s invasion of Portugal and Spain, and for the state of both monarchies at that period, the reader is referred to Napier’s and Southey’s Histories of the Peninsular War, and (with the necessary caution in the perusal) to Thiers’s _Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire_.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading My residence in both Peninsular countries, since they were visited either by Southey or Napier, has enabled me to add some additional particulars, derived from sources exhibited of late years, which tend to throw fresh light upon these transactions.

CANTOnounUS /ˈkæntoʊ/

the highest part (usually the melody) in a piece of choral music

From this reading HISTORICAL AND ILLUSTRATIVE NOTES TO CANTO VII.

cautionnounUS /ˈkɑːʃən/

the trait of being cautious; being attentive to possible danger

From this reading For the incidents connected with Napoléon’s invasion of Portugal and Spain, and for the state of both monarchies at that period, the reader is referred to Napier’s and Southey’s Histories of the Peninsular War, and (with the necessary caution in the perusal) to Thiers’s _Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire_.

chiefnounUS /tʃiːf/

a person who is in charge

From this reading The Emperor commenced with the invasion of Portugal, for various reasons, of which the chief was probably that, as there was no family alliance between France and Portugal, as between France and Spain, an injustice done to the former country would be less shocking and startling to the common feelings of mankind.

closelyadverbUS /ˈkloʊsli/

in a close relation or position in time or space

From this reading I have endeavoured to adhere as closely to historical truth as the nature of poetical composition would permit.

commencedverbUS /kəˈmenst/

past form of “commence” — take the first step or steps in carrying out an action

From this reading The Emperor commenced with the invasion of Portugal, for various reasons, of which the chief was probably that, as there was no family alliance between France and Portugal, as between France and Spain, an injustice done to the former country would be less shocking and startling to the common feelings of mankind.

commonadjectiveUS /ˈkɑːmən/

belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public

From this reading The Emperor commenced with the invasion of Portugal, for various reasons, of which the chief was probably that, as there was no family alliance between France and Portugal, as between France and Spain, an injustice done to the former country would be less shocking and startling to the common feelings of mankind.

compositionnounUS /ˌkɑːmpəˈzɪʃən/

the spatial property resulting from the arrangement of parts in relation to each other and to the whole

From this reading I have endeavoured to adhere as closely to historical truth as the nature of poetical composition would permit.

connectedadjectiveUS /kəˈnektɪd/

being joined in close association

From this reading For the incidents connected with Napoléon’s invasion of Portugal and Spain, and for the state of both monarchies at that period, the reader is referred to Napier’s and Southey’s Histories of the Peninsular War, and (with the necessary caution in the perusal) to Thiers’s _Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire_.

Consulat

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For the incidents connected with Napoléon’s invasion of Portugal and Spain, and for the state of both monarchies at that period, the reader is referred to Napier’s and Southey’s Histories of the Peninsular War, and (with the necessary caution in the perusal) to Thiers’s _Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire_.

countriesnounUS /ˈkʌntriz/

plural of “country” — a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading My residence in both Peninsular countries, since they were visited either by Southey or Napier, has enabled me to add some additional particulars, derived from sources exhibited of late years, which tend to throw fresh light upon these transactions.

countrynounUS /ˈkʌntri/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading The Emperor commenced with the invasion of Portugal, for various reasons, of which the chief was probably that, as there was no family alliance between France and Portugal, as between France and Spain, an injustice done to the former country would be less shocking and startling to the common feelings of mankind.

denounUS /diː/

a Mid-Atlantic state; one of the original 13 colonies

From this reading For the incidents connected with Napoléon’s invasion of Portugal and Spain, and for the state of both monarchies at that period, the reader is referred to Napier’s and Southey’s Histories of the Peninsular War, and (with the necessary caution in the perusal) to Thiers’s _Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire_.

derivedadjectiveUS /dərˈaɪvd/

formed or developed from something else; not original

From this reading My residence in both Peninsular countries, since they were visited either by Southey or Napier, has enabled me to add some additional particulars, derived from sources exhibited of late years, which tend to throw fresh light upon these transactions.

doneadjectiveUS /dʌn/

having finished or arrived at completion

From this reading The Emperor commenced with the invasion of Portugal, for various reasons, of which the chief was probably that, as there was no family alliance between France and Portugal, as between France and Spain, an injustice done to the former country would be less shocking and startling to the common feelings of mankind.

du

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For the incidents connected with Napoléon’s invasion of Portugal and Spain, and for the state of both monarchies at that period, the reader is referred to Napier’s and Southey’s Histories of the Peninsular War, and (with the necessary caution in the perusal) to Thiers’s _Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire_.

eitherdeterminerUS /ˈiːðər/

one or the other of two

From this reading My residence in both Peninsular countries, since they were visited either by Southey or Napier, has enabled me to add some additional particulars, derived from sources exhibited of late years, which tend to throw fresh light upon these transactions.

EmperornounUS /ˈempərər/

the male ruler of an empire

From this reading The Emperor commenced with the invasion of Portugal, for various reasons, of which the chief was probably that, as there was no family alliance between France and Portugal, as between France and Spain, an injustice done to the former country would be less shocking and startling to the common feelings of mankind.

enabledverbUS /eˈneɪbəld/

past form of “enable” — render capable or able for some task

From this reading My residence in both Peninsular countries, since they were visited either by Southey or Napier, has enabled me to add some additional particulars, derived from sources exhibited of late years, which tend to throw fresh light upon these transactions.

endeavoured

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading I have endeavoured to adhere as closely to historical truth as the nature of poetical composition would permit.

et

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For the incidents connected with Napoléon’s invasion of Portugal and Spain, and for the state of both monarchies at that period, the reader is referred to Napier’s and Southey’s Histories of the Peninsular War, and (with the necessary caution in the perusal) to Thiers’s _Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire_.

exhibitedverbUS /ɪɡˈzɪbətəd/

past form of “exhibit” — show an attribute, property, knowledge, or skill

From this reading My residence in both Peninsular countries, since they were visited either by Southey or Napier, has enabled me to add some additional particulars, derived from sources exhibited of late years, which tend to throw fresh light upon these transactions.

familynounUS /ˈfæməli/

a social unit living together

From this reading The Emperor commenced with the invasion of Portugal, for various reasons, of which the chief was probably that, as there was no family alliance between France and Portugal, as between France and Spain, an injustice done to the former country would be less shocking and startling to the common feelings of mankind.

feelingsnounUS /ˈfiːlɪŋz/

emotional or moral sensitivity (especially in relation to personal principles or dignity)

From this reading The Emperor commenced with the invasion of Portugal, for various reasons, of which the chief was probably that, as there was no family alliance between France and Portugal, as between France and Spain, an injustice done to the former country would be less shocking and startling to the common feelings of mankind.

ForprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading For the incidents connected with Napoléon’s invasion of Portugal and Spain, and for the state of both monarchies at that period, the reader is referred to Napier’s and Southey’s Histories of the Peninsular War, and (with the necessary caution in the perusal) to Thiers’s _Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire_.

formeradjectiveUS /ˈfɔːrmər/

referring to the first of two things or persons mentioned (or the earlier one or ones of several)

From this reading The Emperor commenced with the invasion of Portugal, for various reasons, of which the chief was probably that, as there was no family alliance between France and Portugal, as between France and Spain, an injustice done to the former country would be less shocking and startling to the common feelings of mankind.

FrancenounUS /fræns/

a republic in western Europe; the largest country wholly in Europe

From this reading The Emperor commenced with the invasion of Portugal, for various reasons, of which the chief was probably that, as there was no family alliance between France and Portugal, as between France and Spain, an injustice done to the former country would be less shocking and startling to the common feelings of mankind.

freshadjectiveUS /freʃ/

recently made, produced, or harvested

From this reading My residence in both Peninsular countries, since they were visited either by Southey or Napier, has enabled me to add some additional particulars, derived from sources exhibited of late years, which tend to throw fresh light upon these transactions.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading My residence in both Peninsular countries, since they were visited either by Southey or Napier, has enabled me to add some additional particulars, derived from sources exhibited of late years, which tend to throw fresh light upon these transactions.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading My residence in both Peninsular countries, since they were visited either by Southey or Napier, has enabled me to add some additional particulars, derived from sources exhibited of late years, which tend to throw fresh light upon these transactions.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading I have endeavoured to adhere as closely to historical truth as the nature of poetical composition would permit.

Histoire

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For the incidents connected with Napoléon’s invasion of Portugal and Spain, and for the state of both monarchies at that period, the reader is referred to Napier’s and Southey’s Histories of the Peninsular War, and (with the necessary caution in the perusal) to Thiers’s _Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire_.

HISTORICALadjectiveUS /hɪˈstɔːrɪkəl/

of or relating to the study of history

From this reading HISTORICAL AND ILLUSTRATIVE NOTES TO CANTO VII.

HistoriesnounUS /ˈhɪstəriz/

plural of “history” — the aggregate of past events

From this reading For the incidents connected with Napoléon’s invasion of Portugal and Spain, and for the state of both monarchies at that period, the reader is referred to Napier’s and Southey’s Histories of the Peninsular War, and (with the necessary caution in the perusal) to Thiers’s _Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire_.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading I have endeavoured to adhere as closely to historical truth as the nature of poetical composition would permit.

ILLUSTRATIVEadjectiveUS /ˌɪˈlʌstrətɪv/

clarifying by use of examples

From this reading HISTORICAL AND ILLUSTRATIVE NOTES TO CANTO VII.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading For the incidents connected with Napoléon’s invasion of Portugal and Spain, and for the state of both monarchies at that period, the reader is referred to Napier’s and Southey’s Histories of the Peninsular War, and (with the necessary caution in the perusal) to Thiers’s _Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire_.

incidentsnounUS /ˈɪnsədənts/

plural of “incident” — a single distinct event

From this reading For the incidents connected with Napoléon’s invasion of Portugal and Spain, and for the state of both monarchies at that period, the reader is referred to Napier’s and Southey’s Histories of the Peninsular War, and (with the necessary caution in the perusal) to Thiers’s _Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire_.

injusticenounUS /ˌɪnˈdʒʌstɪs/

an unjust act

From this reading The Emperor commenced with the invasion of Portugal, for various reasons, of which the chief was probably that, as there was no family alliance between France and Portugal, as between France and Spain, an injustice done to the former country would be less shocking and startling to the common feelings of mankind.

invasionnounUS /ˌɪnˈveɪʒən/

the act of invading; the act of an army that invades for conquest or plunder

From this reading For the incidents connected with Napoléon’s invasion of Portugal and Spain, and for the state of both monarchies at that period, the reader is referred to Napier’s and Southey’s Histories of the Peninsular War, and (with the necessary caution in the perusal) to Thiers’s _Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire_.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading For the incidents connected with Napoléon’s invasion of Portugal and Spain, and for the state of both monarchies at that period, the reader is referred to Napier’s and Southey’s Histories of the Peninsular War, and (with the necessary caution in the perusal) to Thiers’s _Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire_.

l'Empire

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For the incidents connected with Napoléon’s invasion of Portugal and Spain, and for the state of both monarchies at that period, the reader is referred to Napier’s and Southey’s Histories of the Peninsular War, and (with the necessary caution in the perusal) to Thiers’s _Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire_.

lateadjectiveUS /leɪt/

being or occurring at an advanced period of time or after a usual or expected time

From this reading My residence in both Peninsular countries, since they were visited either by Southey or Napier, has enabled me to add some additional particulars, derived from sources exhibited of late years, which tend to throw fresh light upon these transactions.

lessadverbUS /les/

used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs

From this reading The Emperor commenced with the invasion of Portugal, for various reasons, of which the chief was probably that, as there was no family alliance between France and Portugal, as between France and Spain, an injustice done to the former country would be less shocking and startling to the common feelings of mankind.

lightadjectiveUS /laɪt/

of comparatively little physical weight or density

From this reading My residence in both Peninsular countries, since they were visited either by Southey or Napier, has enabled me to add some additional particulars, derived from sources exhibited of late years, which tend to throw fresh light upon these transactions.

mankindnounUS /ˈmænˈkaɪnd/

all of the living human inhabitants of the earth

From this reading The Emperor commenced with the invasion of Portugal, for various reasons, of which the chief was probably that, as there was no family alliance between France and Portugal, as between France and Spain, an injustice done to the former country would be less shocking and startling to the common feelings of mankind.

mepronounUS /miː/

the person speaking, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading My residence in both Peninsular countries, since they were visited either by Southey or Napier, has enabled me to add some additional particulars, derived from sources exhibited of late years, which tend to throw fresh light upon these transactions.

monarchiesnounUS /ˈmɑːnɑːrkiz/

plural of “monarchy” — an autocracy governed by a monarch who usually inherits the authority

From this reading For the incidents connected with Napoléon’s invasion of Portugal and Spain, and for the state of both monarchies at that period, the reader is referred to Napier’s and Southey’s Histories of the Peninsular War, and (with the necessary caution in the perusal) to Thiers’s _Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire_.

MydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading My residence in both Peninsular countries, since they were visited either by Southey or Napier, has enabled me to add some additional particulars, derived from sources exhibited of late years, which tend to throw fresh light upon these transactions.

NapiernounUS /ˈneɪpiər/

Scottish mathematician who invented logarithms; introduced the use of the decimal point in writing numbers (1550-1617)

From this reading My residence in both Peninsular countries, since they were visited either by Southey or Napier, has enabled me to add some additional particulars, derived from sources exhibited of late years, which tend to throw fresh light upon these transactions.

Napier's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For the incidents connected with Napoléon’s invasion of Portugal and Spain, and for the state of both monarchies at that period, the reader is referred to Napier’s and Southey’s Histories of the Peninsular War, and (with the necessary caution in the perusal) to Thiers’s _Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire_.

Napoléon's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For the incidents connected with Napoléon’s invasion of Portugal and Spain, and for the state of both monarchies at that period, the reader is referred to Napier’s and Southey’s Histories of the Peninsular War, and (with the necessary caution in the perusal) to Thiers’s _Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire_.

naturenounUS /ˈneɪtʃər/

the essential qualities or characteristics by which something is recognized

From this reading I have endeavoured to adhere as closely to historical truth as the nature of poetical composition would permit.

necessaryadjectiveUS /ˈnesəseri/

absolutely essential

From this reading For the incidents connected with Napoléon’s invasion of Portugal and Spain, and for the state of both monarchies at that period, the reader is referred to Napier’s and Southey’s Histories of the Peninsular War, and (with the necessary caution in the perusal) to Thiers’s _Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire_.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading The Emperor commenced with the invasion of Portugal, for various reasons, of which the chief was probably that, as there was no family alliance between France and Portugal, as between France and Spain, an injustice done to the former country would be less shocking and startling to the common feelings of mankind.

NOTESnounUS /noʊts/

plural of “note” — a brief written record

From this reading HISTORICAL AND ILLUSTRATIVE NOTES TO CANTO VII.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading For the incidents connected with Napoléon’s invasion of Portugal and Spain, and for the state of both monarchies at that period, the reader is referred to Napier’s and Southey’s Histories of the Peninsular War, and (with the necessary caution in the perusal) to Thiers’s _Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire_.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading My residence in both Peninsular countries, since they were visited either by Southey or Napier, has enabled me to add some additional particulars, derived from sources exhibited of late years, which tend to throw fresh light upon these transactions.

particularsnounUS /pərˈtɪkjələrz/

plural of “particular” — a fact about some part (as opposed to general)

From this reading My residence in both Peninsular countries, since they were visited either by Southey or Napier, has enabled me to add some additional particulars, derived from sources exhibited of late years, which tend to throw fresh light upon these transactions.

PeninsularadjectiveUS /pəˈnɪnsələr/

of or forming or resembling a peninsula

From this reading For the incidents connected with Napoléon’s invasion of Portugal and Spain, and for the state of both monarchies at that period, the reader is referred to Napier’s and Southey’s Histories of the Peninsular War, and (with the necessary caution in the perusal) to Thiers’s _Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire_.

periodnounUS /ˈpɪriəd/

an amount of time

From this reading For the incidents connected with Napoléon’s invasion of Portugal and Spain, and for the state of both monarchies at that period, the reader is referred to Napier’s and Southey’s Histories of the Peninsular War, and (with the necessary caution in the perusal) to Thiers’s _Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire_.

permitnounUS /pərˈmɪt/

a legal document giving official permission to do something

From this reading I have endeavoured to adhere as closely to historical truth as the nature of poetical composition would permit.

perusalnounUS /pərˈuːzəl/

reading carefully with intent to remember

From this reading For the incidents connected with Napoléon’s invasion of Portugal and Spain, and for the state of both monarchies at that period, the reader is referred to Napier’s and Southey’s Histories of the Peninsular War, and (with the necessary caution in the perusal) to Thiers’s _Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire_.

poeticaladjectiveUS /poʊˈetɪkəl/

of or relating to poetry

From this reading I have endeavoured to adhere as closely to historical truth as the nature of poetical composition would permit.

PortugalnounUS /ˈpɔːrtʃəɡəl/

a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; Portuguese explorers and colonists in the 15th and 16th centuries created a vast overseas empire (including Brazil)

From this reading For the incidents connected with Napoléon’s invasion of Portugal and Spain, and for the state of both monarchies at that period, the reader is referred to Napier’s and Southey’s Histories of the Peninsular War, and (with the necessary caution in the perusal) to Thiers’s _Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire_.

probablyadverbUS /ˈprɑːbəbliː/

with considerable certainty; without much doubt

From this reading The Emperor commenced with the invasion of Portugal, for various reasons, of which the chief was probably that, as there was no family alliance between France and Portugal, as between France and Spain, an injustice done to the former country would be less shocking and startling to the common feelings of mankind.

readernounUS /ˈriːdər/

a person who enjoys reading

From this reading For the incidents connected with Napoléon’s invasion of Portugal and Spain, and for the state of both monarchies at that period, the reader is referred to Napier’s and Southey’s Histories of the Peninsular War, and (with the necessary caution in the perusal) to Thiers’s _Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire_.

reasonsnounUS /ˈriːzənz/

plural of “reason” — a rational motive for a belief or action

From this reading The Emperor commenced with the invasion of Portugal, for various reasons, of which the chief was probably that, as there was no family alliance between France and Portugal, as between France and Spain, an injustice done to the former country would be less shocking and startling to the common feelings of mankind.

referredverbUS /rəˈfɜːrd/

inflected form of “refer” — make reference to

From this reading For the incidents connected with Napoléon’s invasion of Portugal and Spain, and for the state of both monarchies at that period, the reader is referred to Napier’s and Southey’s Histories of the Peninsular War, and (with the necessary caution in the perusal) to Thiers’s _Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire_.

residencenounUS /ˈrezɪdəns/

any address at which you dwell more than temporarily

From this reading My residence in both Peninsular countries, since they were visited either by Southey or Napier, has enabled me to add some additional particulars, derived from sources exhibited of late years, which tend to throw fresh light upon these transactions.

shockingadjectiveUS /ˈʃɑːkɪŋ/

glaringly vivid and graphic; marked by sensationalism

From this reading The Emperor commenced with the invasion of Portugal, for various reasons, of which the chief was probably that, as there was no family alliance between France and Portugal, as between France and Spain, an injustice done to the former country would be less shocking and startling to the common feelings of mankind.

sinceprepositionUS /sɪns/

from a time in the past until now

From this reading My residence in both Peninsular countries, since they were visited either by Southey or Napier, has enabled me to add some additional particulars, derived from sources exhibited of late years, which tend to throw fresh light upon these transactions.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading My residence in both Peninsular countries, since they were visited either by Southey or Napier, has enabled me to add some additional particulars, derived from sources exhibited of late years, which tend to throw fresh light upon these transactions.

sourcesnounUS /ˈsɔːrsəz/

plural of “source” — the place where something begins, where it springs into being

From this reading My residence in both Peninsular countries, since they were visited either by Southey or Napier, has enabled me to add some additional particulars, derived from sources exhibited of late years, which tend to throw fresh light upon these transactions.

Southeynoun

English poet and friend of Wordsworth and Coleridge (1774-1843)

From this reading My residence in both Peninsular countries, since they were visited either by Southey or Napier, has enabled me to add some additional particulars, derived from sources exhibited of late years, which tend to throw fresh light upon these transactions.

Southey's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For the incidents connected with Napoléon’s invasion of Portugal and Spain, and for the state of both monarchies at that period, the reader is referred to Napier’s and Southey’s Histories of the Peninsular War, and (with the necessary caution in the perusal) to Thiers’s _Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire_.

SpainnounUS /speɪn/

a parliamentary monarchy in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; a former colonial power

From this reading For the incidents connected with Napoléon’s invasion of Portugal and Spain, and for the state of both monarchies at that period, the reader is referred to Napier’s and Southey’s Histories of the Peninsular War, and (with the necessary caution in the perusal) to Thiers’s _Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire_.

startlingadjectiveUS /ˈstɑːrtlɪŋ/

so remarkably different or sudden as to cause momentary shock or alarm

From this reading The Emperor commenced with the invasion of Portugal, for various reasons, of which the chief was probably that, as there was no family alliance between France and Portugal, as between France and Spain, an injustice done to the former country would be less shocking and startling to the common feelings of mankind.

statenounUS /steɪt/

the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation

From this reading For the incidents connected with Napoléon’s invasion of Portugal and Spain, and for the state of both monarchies at that period, the reader is referred to Napier’s and Southey’s Histories of the Peninsular War, and (with the necessary caution in the perusal) to Thiers’s _Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire_.

tendverbUS /tend/

have a tendency or disposition to do or be something; be inclined

From this reading My residence in both Peninsular countries, since they were visited either by Southey or Napier, has enabled me to add some additional particulars, derived from sources exhibited of late years, which tend to throw fresh light upon these transactions.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading For the incidents connected with Napoléon’s invasion of Portugal and Spain, and for the state of both monarchies at that period, the reader is referred to Napier’s and Southey’s Histories of the Peninsular War, and (with the necessary caution in the perusal) to Thiers’s _Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire_.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading For the incidents connected with Napoléon’s invasion of Portugal and Spain, and for the state of both monarchies at that period, the reader is referred to Napier’s and Southey’s Histories of the Peninsular War, and (with the necessary caution in the perusal) to Thiers’s _Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire_.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading The Emperor commenced with the invasion of Portugal, for various reasons, of which the chief was probably that, as there was no family alliance between France and Portugal, as between France and Spain, an injustice done to the former country would be less shocking and startling to the common feelings of mankind.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading My residence in both Peninsular countries, since they were visited either by Southey or Napier, has enabled me to add some additional particulars, derived from sources exhibited of late years, which tend to throw fresh light upon these transactions.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading My residence in both Peninsular countries, since they were visited either by Southey or Napier, has enabled me to add some additional particulars, derived from sources exhibited of late years, which tend to throw fresh light upon these transactions.

Thiers's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For the incidents connected with Napoléon’s invasion of Portugal and Spain, and for the state of both monarchies at that period, the reader is referred to Napier’s and Southey’s Histories of the Peninsular War, and (with the necessary caution in the perusal) to Thiers’s _Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire_.

throwverbUS /θroʊ/

propel through the air

From this reading My residence in both Peninsular countries, since they were visited either by Southey or Napier, has enabled me to add some additional particulars, derived from sources exhibited of late years, which tend to throw fresh light upon these transactions.

TOparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading HISTORICAL AND ILLUSTRATIVE NOTES TO CANTO VII.

transactionsnounUS /trænˈzækʃənz/

a written account of what transpired at a meeting

From this reading My residence in both Peninsular countries, since they were visited either by Southey or Napier, has enabled me to add some additional particulars, derived from sources exhibited of late years, which tend to throw fresh light upon these transactions.

truthnounUS /truːθ/

a fact that has been verified

From this reading I have endeavoured to adhere as closely to historical truth as the nature of poetical composition would permit.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading My residence in both Peninsular countries, since they were visited either by Southey or Napier, has enabled me to add some additional particulars, derived from sources exhibited of late years, which tend to throw fresh light upon these transactions.

variousadjectiveUS /ˈveriəs/

of many different kinds purposefully arranged but lacking any uniformity

From this reading The Emperor commenced with the invasion of Portugal, for various reasons, of which the chief was probably that, as there was no family alliance between France and Portugal, as between France and Spain, an injustice done to the former country would be less shocking and startling to the common feelings of mankind.

VIInoun

the cardinal number that is the sum of six and one

From this reading HISTORICAL AND ILLUSTRATIVE NOTES TO CANTO VII.

visitedverbUS /ˈvɪzɪtɪd/

past form of “visit” — go to see a place, as for entertainment

From this reading My residence in both Peninsular countries, since they were visited either by Southey or Napier, has enabled me to add some additional particulars, derived from sources exhibited of late years, which tend to throw fresh light upon these transactions.

WarnounUS /wɔːr/

the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading For the incidents connected with Napoléon’s invasion of Portugal and Spain, and for the state of both monarchies at that period, the reader is referred to Napier’s and Southey’s Histories of the Peninsular War, and (with the necessary caution in the perusal) to Thiers’s _Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire_.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The Emperor commenced with the invasion of Portugal, for various reasons, of which the chief was probably that, as there was no family alliance between France and Portugal, as between France and Spain, an injustice done to the former country would be less shocking and startling to the common feelings of mankind.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading My residence in both Peninsular countries, since they were visited either by Southey or Napier, has enabled me to add some additional particulars, derived from sources exhibited of late years, which tend to throw fresh light upon these transactions.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading My residence in both Peninsular countries, since they were visited either by Southey or Napier, has enabled me to add some additional particulars, derived from sources exhibited of late years, which tend to throw fresh light upon these transactions.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading For the incidents connected with Napoléon’s invasion of Portugal and Spain, and for the state of both monarchies at that period, the reader is referred to Napier’s and Southey’s Histories of the Peninsular War, and (with the necessary caution in the perusal) to Thiers’s _Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire_.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading I have endeavoured to adhere as closely to historical truth as the nature of poetical composition would permit.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading My residence in both Peninsular countries, since they were visited either by Southey or Napier, has enabled me to add some additional particulars, derived from sources exhibited of late years, which tend to throw fresh light upon these transactions.

Chapter 9 of Iberia Won by T. M. (Terence McMahon) Hughes holds 372 sentences, grouped into 75 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 9 of Iberia Won contain?

Chapter 9 holds 372 sentences of Iberia Won, unabridged, divided into 75 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 9 of Iberia Won by T. M. (Terence McMahon) Hughes exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 372 sentences, grouped into 75 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 9 of Iberia Won?

Work through the 75 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 75 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 9 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 9 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Iberia Won

Common questions about reading Iberia Won by T. M. (Terence McMahon) Hughes on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Iberia Won?

Yes. All 5190 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #53855 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Iberia Won is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #53855, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Iberia Won take to read?

About 432 minutes of reading across 1038 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Iberia Won section by section

How to work through Iberia Won section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 14 chapters of Iberia Won to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Iberia Won

Words and structures a reader meets early in Iberia Won, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Italic
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Iberia Won; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Denoted
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Iberia Won; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Underscores
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Iberia Won; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Table
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Iberia Won; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.