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Ice-Caves of France and Switzerland
Ice-Caves of France and Switzerland

Chapter XIX · Chapter 19

Chapter 19 of Ice-Caves of France and Switzerland is here in full — 88 sentences across 18 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/17 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
ON THE MEAN TEMPERATURE OF THE REGIONS IN WHICH THE GLACIÈRES OCCUR.
Many interesting experiments have for long been carried on with a view to determine the mean temperature at various depths below the surface of the earth.
The construction of Artesian wells has afforded useful opportunities for increasing the amount of our knowledge on this subject; and the well at Pregny, near Geneva,[211] and the Monk Wearmouth coal-mines, as observed by Professor Phillips while a fresh shaft was being sunk,[212] have supplied most valuable facts.
Without entering into any detail, which would be an unnecessary trouble, it may be stated generally, that, under ordinary circumstances, 1° F. of temperature is gained for every 50 or 60 feet of vertical descent into the interior of the earth.
I have only met with one account of an experiment made in a horizontal direction, and it is curious that the law of the increase of temperature then observed seemed to be very much the same as that determined by the mean of the vertical observations.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Ice-Caves of France and Switzerland

Chapter XIX · Chapter 19

Chapter 19 of Ice-Caves of France and Switzerland is here in full — 88 sentences across 18 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/17 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
ON THE MEAN TEMPERATURE OF THE REGIONS IN WHICH THE GLACIÈRES OCCUR.
Line 2
Many interesting experiments have for long been carried on with a view to determine the mean temperature at various depths below the surface of the earth.
/ˈmeni ˈɪntrəstɪŋ ɪkˈsperəmənts hæv fɔːr lɔːŋ bɪn ˈkærid ɑːn wɪð ə vjuː tuː dəˈtɜːrmən ðə miːn ˈtemprətʃər æt ˈveriəs depθs bɪˈloʊ ðə ˈsɜːrfəs ʌv ðə ɜːrθ/
Line 3
The construction of Artesian wells has afforded useful opportunities for increasing the amount of our knowledge on this subject; and the well at Pregny, near Geneva,[211] and the Monk Wearmouth coal-mines, as observed by Professor Phillips while a fresh shaft was being sunk,[212] have supplied most valuable facts.
Line 4
Without entering into any detail, which would be an unnecessary trouble, it may be stated generally, that, under ordinary circumstances, 1° F. of temperature is gained for every 50 or 60 feet of vertical descent into the interior of the earth.
Line 5
I have only met with one account of an experiment made in a horizontal direction, and it is curious that the law of the increase of temperature then observed seemed to be very much the same as that determined by the mean of the vertical observations.
/aɪ hæv ˈoʊnli met wɪð wʌn əˈkaʊnt ʌv æn ɪkˈsperəmənt meɪd ɪn ə ˌhɔːrəˈzɑːntəl dərˈekʃən ənd ɪt ɪz ˈkjʊriəs ðæt ðə lɔː ʌv ðə ˌɪnˈkriːs ʌv ˈtemprətʃər ðen əbˈzɜːrvd siːmd tuː biː ˈveri mʌtʃ ðə seɪm æz ðæt dɪˈtɜːrmənd baɪ ðə miːn ʌv ðə ˈvɜːrtɪkəl ˌɑːbzərˈveɪʃənz/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Artesian adjective US /ˌɑːrˈtiːʒən/

(of water) rising to the surface under internal hydrostatic pressure

From this reading “The construction of Artesian wells has afforded useful opportunities for increasing the amount of our knowledge on this subject; and the well at Pregny, near Geneva,[211] and the Monk Wearmouth coal-mines, as observed by Professor Phillips while a fresh shaft was being sunk,[212] have supplied most valuable facts.”

construction noun US /kənˈstrʌkʃən/

the act of constructing something

From this reading “The construction of Artesian wells has afforded useful opportunities for increasing the amount of our knowledge on this subject; and the well at Pregny, near Geneva,[211] and the Monk Wearmouth coal-mines, as observed by Professor Phillips while a fresh shaft was being sunk,[212] have supplied most valuable facts.”

experiments noun US /ɪkˈsperəmənts/

plural of “experiment” — the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation

From this reading “Many interesting experiments have for long been carried on with a view to determine the mean temperature at various depths below the surface of the earth.”

Geneva noun US /dʒəˈniːvə/

a city in southwestern Switzerland at the western end of Lake Geneva; it is the headquarters of various international organizations

From this reading “The construction of Artesian wells has afforded useful opportunities for increasing the amount of our knowledge on this subject; and the well at Pregny, near Geneva,[211] and the Monk Wearmouth coal-mines, as observed by Professor Phillips while a fresh shaft was being sunk,[212] have supplied most valuable facts.”

horizontal adjective US /ˌhɔːrəˈzɑːntəl/

parallel to or in the plane of the horizon or a base line

From this reading “I have only met with one account of an experiment made in a horizontal direction, and it is curious that the law of the increase of temperature then observed seemed to be very much the same as that determined by the mean of the vertical observations.”

temperature noun US /ˈtemprətʃər/

the degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment (corresponding to its molecular activity)

From this reading “ON THE MEAN TEMPERATURE OF THE REGIONS IN WHICH THE GLACIÈRES OCCUR.”

vertical adjective US /ˈvɜːrtɪkəl/

at right angles to the plane of the horizon or a base line

From this reading “Without entering into any detail, which would be an unnecessary trouble, it may be stated generally, that, under ordinary circumstances, 1° F. of temperature is gained for every 50 or 60 feet of vertical descent into the interior of the earth.”

wells noun US /welz/

prolific English writer best known for his science-fiction novels; he also wrote on contemporary social problems and wrote popular accounts of history and science (1866-1946)

From this reading “The construction of Artesian wells has afforded useful opportunities for increasing the amount of our knowledge on this subject; and the well at Pregny, near Geneva,[211] and the Monk Wearmouth coal-mines, as observed by Professor Phillips while a fresh shaft was being sunk,[212] have supplied most valuable facts.”

All words in this reading · 116

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Without entering into any detail, which would be an unnecessary trouble, it may be stated generally, that, under ordinary circumstances, 1° F. of temperature is gained for every 50 or 60 feet of vertical descent into the interior of the earth.

211

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The construction of Artesian wells has afforded useful opportunities for increasing the amount of our knowledge on this subject; and the well at Pregny, near Geneva,[211] and the Monk Wearmouth coal-mines, as observed by Professor Phillips while a fresh shaft was being sunk,[212] have supplied most valuable facts.

212

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The construction of Artesian wells has afforded useful opportunities for increasing the amount of our knowledge on this subject; and the well at Pregny, near Geneva,[211] and the Monk Wearmouth coal-mines, as observed by Professor Phillips while a fresh shaft was being sunk,[212] have supplied most valuable facts.

50

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Without entering into any detail, which would be an unnecessary trouble, it may be stated generally, that, under ordinary circumstances, 1° F. of temperature is gained for every 50 or 60 feet of vertical descent into the interior of the earth.

60

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Without entering into any detail, which would be an unnecessary trouble, it may be stated generally, that, under ordinary circumstances, 1° F. of temperature is gained for every 50 or 60 feet of vertical descent into the interior of the earth.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Many interesting experiments have for long been carried on with a view to determine the mean temperature at various depths below the surface of the earth.

accountnounUS /əˈkaʊnt/

a record or narrative description of past events

From this reading I have only met with one account of an experiment made in a horizontal direction, and it is curious that the law of the increase of temperature then observed seemed to be very much the same as that determined by the mean of the vertical observations.

affordedverbUS /əˈfɔːrdəd/

past form of “afford” — be able to spare or give up

From this reading The construction of Artesian wells has afforded useful opportunities for increasing the amount of our knowledge on this subject; and the well at Pregny, near Geneva,[211] and the Monk Wearmouth coal-mines, as observed by Professor Phillips while a fresh shaft was being sunk,[212] have supplied most valuable facts.

amountnounUS /əˈmaʊnt/

a quantity of money

From this reading The construction of Artesian wells has afforded useful opportunities for increasing the amount of our knowledge on this subject; and the well at Pregny, near Geneva,[211] and the Monk Wearmouth coal-mines, as observed by Professor Phillips while a fresh shaft was being sunk,[212] have supplied most valuable facts.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Without entering into any detail, which would be an unnecessary trouble, it may be stated generally, that, under ordinary circumstances, 1° F. of temperature is gained for every 50 or 60 feet of vertical descent into the interior of the earth.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The construction of Artesian wells has afforded useful opportunities for increasing the amount of our knowledge on this subject; and the well at Pregny, near Geneva,[211] and the Monk Wearmouth coal-mines, as observed by Professor Phillips while a fresh shaft was being sunk,[212] have supplied most valuable facts.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading Without entering into any detail, which would be an unnecessary trouble, it may be stated generally, that, under ordinary circumstances, 1° F. of temperature is gained for every 50 or 60 feet of vertical descent into the interior of the earth.

ArtesianadjectiveUS /ˌɑːrˈtiːʒən/

(of water) rising to the surface under internal hydrostatic pressure

From this reading The construction of Artesian wells has afforded useful opportunities for increasing the amount of our knowledge on this subject; and the well at Pregny, near Geneva,[211] and the Monk Wearmouth coal-mines, as observed by Professor Phillips while a fresh shaft was being sunk,[212] have supplied most valuable facts.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The construction of Artesian wells has afforded useful opportunities for increasing the amount of our knowledge on this subject; and the well at Pregny, near Geneva,[211] and the Monk Wearmouth coal-mines, as observed by Professor Phillips while a fresh shaft was being sunk,[212] have supplied most valuable facts.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Many interesting experiments have for long been carried on with a view to determine the mean temperature at various depths below the surface of the earth.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Without entering into any detail, which would be an unnecessary trouble, it may be stated generally, that, under ordinary circumstances, 1° F. of temperature is gained for every 50 or 60 feet of vertical descent into the interior of the earth.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Many interesting experiments have for long been carried on with a view to determine the mean temperature at various depths below the surface of the earth.

beingauxiliary verbUS /ˈbiːɪŋ/

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading The construction of Artesian wells has afforded useful opportunities for increasing the amount of our knowledge on this subject; and the well at Pregny, near Geneva,[211] and the Monk Wearmouth coal-mines, as observed by Professor Phillips while a fresh shaft was being sunk,[212] have supplied most valuable facts.

belowprepositionUS /bɪˈloʊ/

at or to a lower level than something

From this reading Many interesting experiments have for long been carried on with a view to determine the mean temperature at various depths below the surface of the earth.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading The construction of Artesian wells has afforded useful opportunities for increasing the amount of our knowledge on this subject; and the well at Pregny, near Geneva,[211] and the Monk Wearmouth coal-mines, as observed by Professor Phillips while a fresh shaft was being sunk,[212] have supplied most valuable facts.

carriedverbUS /ˈkærid/

inflected form of “carry” — move while supporting, either in a vehicle or in one's hands or on one's body

From this reading Many interesting experiments have for long been carried on with a view to determine the mean temperature at various depths below the surface of the earth.

circumstancesnounUS /ˈsɜːrkəmstænsəz/

your overall circumstances or condition in life (including everything that happens to you)

From this reading Without entering into any detail, which would be an unnecessary trouble, it may be stated generally, that, under ordinary circumstances, 1° F. of temperature is gained for every 50 or 60 feet of vertical descent into the interior of the earth.

coal-mines

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The construction of Artesian wells has afforded useful opportunities for increasing the amount of our knowledge on this subject; and the well at Pregny, near Geneva,[211] and the Monk Wearmouth coal-mines, as observed by Professor Phillips while a fresh shaft was being sunk,[212] have supplied most valuable facts.

constructionnounUS /kənˈstrʌkʃən/

the act of constructing something

From this reading The construction of Artesian wells has afforded useful opportunities for increasing the amount of our knowledge on this subject; and the well at Pregny, near Geneva,[211] and the Monk Wearmouth coal-mines, as observed by Professor Phillips while a fresh shaft was being sunk,[212] have supplied most valuable facts.

curiousadjectiveUS /ˈkjʊriəs/

beyond or deviating from the usual or expected

From this reading I have only met with one account of an experiment made in a horizontal direction, and it is curious that the law of the increase of temperature then observed seemed to be very much the same as that determined by the mean of the vertical observations.

depthsnounUS /depθs/

(plural) the deepest and most remote part

From this reading Many interesting experiments have for long been carried on with a view to determine the mean temperature at various depths below the surface of the earth.

descentnounUS /dɪˈsent/

An action of moving downward, dropping, or falling into a deeper place.

From this reading Without entering into any detail, which would be an unnecessary trouble, it may be stated generally, that, under ordinary circumstances, 1° F. of temperature is gained for every 50 or 60 feet of vertical descent into the interior of the earth.

detailnounUS /dɪˈteɪl/

an isolated fact that is considered separately from the whole

From this reading Without entering into any detail, which would be an unnecessary trouble, it may be stated generally, that, under ordinary circumstances, 1° F. of temperature is gained for every 50 or 60 feet of vertical descent into the interior of the earth.

determineverbUS /dəˈtɜːrmən/

establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study

From this reading Many interesting experiments have for long been carried on with a view to determine the mean temperature at various depths below the surface of the earth.

determinedadjectiveUS /dɪˈtɜːrmənd/

characterized by great determination

From this reading I have only met with one account of an experiment made in a horizontal direction, and it is curious that the law of the increase of temperature then observed seemed to be very much the same as that determined by the mean of the vertical observations.

directionnounUS /dərˈekʃən/

a line leading to a place or point

From this reading I have only met with one account of an experiment made in a horizontal direction, and it is curious that the law of the increase of temperature then observed seemed to be very much the same as that determined by the mean of the vertical observations.

earthnounUS /ɜːrθ/

the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on

From this reading Many interesting experiments have for long been carried on with a view to determine the mean temperature at various depths below the surface of the earth.

enteringnounUS /ˈentərɪŋ/

a movement into or inward

From this reading Without entering into any detail, which would be an unnecessary trouble, it may be stated generally, that, under ordinary circumstances, 1° F. of temperature is gained for every 50 or 60 feet of vertical descent into the interior of the earth.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading Without entering into any detail, which would be an unnecessary trouble, it may be stated generally, that, under ordinary circumstances, 1° F. of temperature is gained for every 50 or 60 feet of vertical descent into the interior of the earth.

experimentnounUS /ɪkˈsperəmənt/

the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation

From this reading I have only met with one account of an experiment made in a horizontal direction, and it is curious that the law of the increase of temperature then observed seemed to be very much the same as that determined by the mean of the vertical observations.

experimentsnounUS /ɪkˈsperəmənts/

plural of “experiment” — the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation

From this reading Many interesting experiments have for long been carried on with a view to determine the mean temperature at various depths below the surface of the earth.

FnounUS /ef/

a degree on the Fahrenheit scale of temperature

From this reading Without entering into any detail, which would be an unnecessary trouble, it may be stated generally, that, under ordinary circumstances, 1° F. of temperature is gained for every 50 or 60 feet of vertical descent into the interior of the earth.

factsnounUS /fækts/

plural of “fact” — a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred

From this reading The construction of Artesian wells has afforded useful opportunities for increasing the amount of our knowledge on this subject; and the well at Pregny, near Geneva,[211] and the Monk Wearmouth coal-mines, as observed by Professor Phillips while a fresh shaft was being sunk,[212] have supplied most valuable facts.

feetnounUS /fiːt/

plural of “foot” — the part of the leg of a human being below the ankle joint

From this reading Without entering into any detail, which would be an unnecessary trouble, it may be stated generally, that, under ordinary circumstances, 1° F. of temperature is gained for every 50 or 60 feet of vertical descent into the interior of the earth.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Many interesting experiments have for long been carried on with a view to determine the mean temperature at various depths below the surface of the earth.

freshadjectiveUS /freʃ/

recently made, produced, or harvested

From this reading The construction of Artesian wells has afforded useful opportunities for increasing the amount of our knowledge on this subject; and the well at Pregny, near Geneva,[211] and the Monk Wearmouth coal-mines, as observed by Professor Phillips while a fresh shaft was being sunk,[212] have supplied most valuable facts.

gainedverbUS /ɡeɪnd/

past form of “gain” — obtain

From this reading Without entering into any detail, which would be an unnecessary trouble, it may be stated generally, that, under ordinary circumstances, 1° F. of temperature is gained for every 50 or 60 feet of vertical descent into the interior of the earth.

generallyadverbUS /ˈdʒenərəli/

usually; as a rule

From this reading Without entering into any detail, which would be an unnecessary trouble, it may be stated generally, that, under ordinary circumstances, 1° F. of temperature is gained for every 50 or 60 feet of vertical descent into the interior of the earth.

GenevanounUS /dʒəˈniːvə/

a city in southwestern Switzerland at the western end of Lake Geneva; it is the headquarters of various international organizations

From this reading The construction of Artesian wells has afforded useful opportunities for increasing the amount of our knowledge on this subject; and the well at Pregny, near Geneva,[211] and the Monk Wearmouth coal-mines, as observed by Professor Phillips while a fresh shaft was being sunk,[212] have supplied most valuable facts.

GLACIÈRES

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading ON THE MEAN TEMPERATURE OF THE REGIONS IN WHICH THE GLACIÈRES OCCUR.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The construction of Artesian wells has afforded useful opportunities for increasing the amount of our knowledge on this subject; and the well at Pregny, near Geneva,[211] and the Monk Wearmouth coal-mines, as observed by Professor Phillips while a fresh shaft was being sunk,[212] have supplied most valuable facts.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Many interesting experiments have for long been carried on with a view to determine the mean temperature at various depths below the surface of the earth.

horizontaladjectiveUS /ˌhɔːrəˈzɑːntəl/

parallel to or in the plane of the horizon or a base line

From this reading I have only met with one account of an experiment made in a horizontal direction, and it is curious that the law of the increase of temperature then observed seemed to be very much the same as that determined by the mean of the vertical observations.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading I have only met with one account of an experiment made in a horizontal direction, and it is curious that the law of the increase of temperature then observed seemed to be very much the same as that determined by the mean of the vertical observations.

INprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading ON THE MEAN TEMPERATURE OF THE REGIONS IN WHICH THE GLACIÈRES OCCUR.

increasenounUS /ˌɪnˈkriːs/

a quantity that is added

From this reading I have only met with one account of an experiment made in a horizontal direction, and it is curious that the law of the increase of temperature then observed seemed to be very much the same as that determined by the mean of the vertical observations.

increasingadjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈkriːsɪŋ/

becoming greater or larger

From this reading The construction of Artesian wells has afforded useful opportunities for increasing the amount of our knowledge on this subject; and the well at Pregny, near Geneva,[211] and the Monk Wearmouth coal-mines, as observed by Professor Phillips while a fresh shaft was being sunk,[212] have supplied most valuable facts.

interestingadjectiveUS /ˈɪntrəstɪŋ/

arousing or holding the attention

From this reading Many interesting experiments have for long been carried on with a view to determine the mean temperature at various depths below the surface of the earth.

interioradjectiveUS /ˌɪnˈtɪriər/

situated within or suitable for inside a building

From this reading Without entering into any detail, which would be an unnecessary trouble, it may be stated generally, that, under ordinary circumstances, 1° F. of temperature is gained for every 50 or 60 feet of vertical descent into the interior of the earth.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading Without entering into any detail, which would be an unnecessary trouble, it may be stated generally, that, under ordinary circumstances, 1° F. of temperature is gained for every 50 or 60 feet of vertical descent into the interior of the earth.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Without entering into any detail, which would be an unnecessary trouble, it may be stated generally, that, under ordinary circumstances, 1° F. of temperature is gained for every 50 or 60 feet of vertical descent into the interior of the earth.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Without entering into any detail, which would be an unnecessary trouble, it may be stated generally, that, under ordinary circumstances, 1° F. of temperature is gained for every 50 or 60 feet of vertical descent into the interior of the earth.

knowledgenounUS /ˈnɑːlədʒ/

the psychological result of perception and learning and reasoning

From this reading The construction of Artesian wells has afforded useful opportunities for increasing the amount of our knowledge on this subject; and the well at Pregny, near Geneva,[211] and the Monk Wearmouth coal-mines, as observed by Professor Phillips while a fresh shaft was being sunk,[212] have supplied most valuable facts.

lawnounUS /lɔː/

the collection of rules imposed by authority

From this reading I have only met with one account of an experiment made in a horizontal direction, and it is curious that the law of the increase of temperature then observed seemed to be very much the same as that determined by the mean of the vertical observations.

longadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading Many interesting experiments have for long been carried on with a view to determine the mean temperature at various depths below the surface of the earth.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading I have only met with one account of an experiment made in a horizontal direction, and it is curious that the law of the increase of temperature then observed seemed to be very much the same as that determined by the mean of the vertical observations.

ManyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading Many interesting experiments have for long been carried on with a view to determine the mean temperature at various depths below the surface of the earth.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading Without entering into any detail, which would be an unnecessary trouble, it may be stated generally, that, under ordinary circumstances, 1° F. of temperature is gained for every 50 or 60 feet of vertical descent into the interior of the earth.

MEANverbUS /miːn/

mean or intend to express or convey

From this reading ON THE MEAN TEMPERATURE OF THE REGIONS IN WHICH THE GLACIÈRES OCCUR.

metverbUS /met/

inflected form of “meet” — come together

From this reading I have only met with one account of an experiment made in a horizontal direction, and it is curious that the law of the increase of temperature then observed seemed to be very much the same as that determined by the mean of the vertical observations.

MonknounUS /mʌŋk/

a male religious living in a cloister and devoting himself to contemplation and prayer and work

From this reading The construction of Artesian wells has afforded useful opportunities for increasing the amount of our knowledge on this subject; and the well at Pregny, near Geneva,[211] and the Monk Wearmouth coal-mines, as observed by Professor Phillips while a fresh shaft was being sunk,[212] have supplied most valuable facts.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading The construction of Artesian wells has afforded useful opportunities for increasing the amount of our knowledge on this subject; and the well at Pregny, near Geneva,[211] and the Monk Wearmouth coal-mines, as observed by Professor Phillips while a fresh shaft was being sunk,[212] have supplied most valuable facts.

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading I have only met with one account of an experiment made in a horizontal direction, and it is curious that the law of the increase of temperature then observed seemed to be very much the same as that determined by the mean of the vertical observations.

nearadverbUS /nɪr/

near in time or place or relationship

From this reading The construction of Artesian wells has afforded useful opportunities for increasing the amount of our knowledge on this subject; and the well at Pregny, near Geneva,[211] and the Monk Wearmouth coal-mines, as observed by Professor Phillips while a fresh shaft was being sunk,[212] have supplied most valuable facts.

observationsnounUS /ˌɑːbzərˈveɪʃənz/

plural of “observation” — the act of making and recording a measurement

From this reading I have only met with one account of an experiment made in a horizontal direction, and it is curious that the law of the increase of temperature then observed seemed to be very much the same as that determined by the mean of the vertical observations.

observedadjectiveUS /əbˈzɜːrvd/

discovered or determined by scientific observation

From this reading The construction of Artesian wells has afforded useful opportunities for increasing the amount of our knowledge on this subject; and the well at Pregny, near Geneva,[211] and the Monk Wearmouth coal-mines, as observed by Professor Phillips while a fresh shaft was being sunk,[212] have supplied most valuable facts.

OCCURverbUS /əˈkɜːr/

come to pass

From this reading ON THE MEAN TEMPERATURE OF THE REGIONS IN WHICH THE GLACIÈRES OCCUR.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading ON THE MEAN TEMPERATURE OF THE REGIONS IN WHICH THE GLACIÈRES OCCUR.

ONprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading ON THE MEAN TEMPERATURE OF THE REGIONS IN WHICH THE GLACIÈRES OCCUR.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading I have only met with one account of an experiment made in a horizontal direction, and it is curious that the law of the increase of temperature then observed seemed to be very much the same as that determined by the mean of the vertical observations.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading I have only met with one account of an experiment made in a horizontal direction, and it is curious that the law of the increase of temperature then observed seemed to be very much the same as that determined by the mean of the vertical observations.

opportunitiesnounUS /ˌɑːpərˈtuːnətiz/

plural of “opportunity” — a possibility due to a favorable combination of circumstances

From this reading The construction of Artesian wells has afforded useful opportunities for increasing the amount of our knowledge on this subject; and the well at Pregny, near Geneva,[211] and the Monk Wearmouth coal-mines, as observed by Professor Phillips while a fresh shaft was being sunk,[212] have supplied most valuable facts.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Without entering into any detail, which would be an unnecessary trouble, it may be stated generally, that, under ordinary circumstances, 1° F. of temperature is gained for every 50 or 60 feet of vertical descent into the interior of the earth.

ordinarynounUS /ˈɔːrdəneri/

a judge of a probate court

From this reading Without entering into any detail, which would be an unnecessary trouble, it may be stated generally, that, under ordinary circumstances, 1° F. of temperature is gained for every 50 or 60 feet of vertical descent into the interior of the earth.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading The construction of Artesian wells has afforded useful opportunities for increasing the amount of our knowledge on this subject; and the well at Pregny, near Geneva,[211] and the Monk Wearmouth coal-mines, as observed by Professor Phillips while a fresh shaft was being sunk,[212] have supplied most valuable facts.

Phillips

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The construction of Artesian wells has afforded useful opportunities for increasing the amount of our knowledge on this subject; and the well at Pregny, near Geneva,[211] and the Monk Wearmouth coal-mines, as observed by Professor Phillips while a fresh shaft was being sunk,[212] have supplied most valuable facts.

Pregny

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The construction of Artesian wells has afforded useful opportunities for increasing the amount of our knowledge on this subject; and the well at Pregny, near Geneva,[211] and the Monk Wearmouth coal-mines, as observed by Professor Phillips while a fresh shaft was being sunk,[212] have supplied most valuable facts.

ProfessornounUS /prəˈfesər/

someone who is a member of the faculty at a college or university

From this reading The construction of Artesian wells has afforded useful opportunities for increasing the amount of our knowledge on this subject; and the well at Pregny, near Geneva,[211] and the Monk Wearmouth coal-mines, as observed by Professor Phillips while a fresh shaft was being sunk,[212] have supplied most valuable facts.

REGIONSnounUS /ˈriːdʒənz/

plural of “region” — the extended spatial location of something

From this reading ON THE MEAN TEMPERATURE OF THE REGIONS IN WHICH THE GLACIÈRES OCCUR.

sameadjectiveUS /seɪm/

Identical; not different.

From this reading I have only met with one account of an experiment made in a horizontal direction, and it is curious that the law of the increase of temperature then observed seemed to be very much the same as that determined by the mean of the vertical observations.

seemedverbUS /siːmd/

past form of “seem” — give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading I have only met with one account of an experiment made in a horizontal direction, and it is curious that the law of the increase of temperature then observed seemed to be very much the same as that determined by the mean of the vertical observations.

shaftnounUS /ʃæft/

a line that forms the length of an arrow pointer

From this reading The construction of Artesian wells has afforded useful opportunities for increasing the amount of our knowledge on this subject; and the well at Pregny, near Geneva,[211] and the Monk Wearmouth coal-mines, as observed by Professor Phillips while a fresh shaft was being sunk,[212] have supplied most valuable facts.

statedadjectiveUS /ˈsteɪtɪd/

declared as fact; explicitly stated

From this reading Without entering into any detail, which would be an unnecessary trouble, it may be stated generally, that, under ordinary circumstances, 1° F. of temperature is gained for every 50 or 60 feet of vertical descent into the interior of the earth.

subjectnounUS /səbˈdʒekt/

the subject matter of a conversation or discussion

From this reading The construction of Artesian wells has afforded useful opportunities for increasing the amount of our knowledge on this subject; and the well at Pregny, near Geneva,[211] and the Monk Wearmouth coal-mines, as observed by Professor Phillips while a fresh shaft was being sunk,[212] have supplied most valuable facts.

sunkadjectiveUS /sʌŋk/

doomed to extinction

From this reading The construction of Artesian wells has afforded useful opportunities for increasing the amount of our knowledge on this subject; and the well at Pregny, near Geneva,[211] and the Monk Wearmouth coal-mines, as observed by Professor Phillips while a fresh shaft was being sunk,[212] have supplied most valuable facts.

suppliedverbUS /səˈplaɪd/

inflected form of “supply” — give something useful or necessary to

From this reading The construction of Artesian wells has afforded useful opportunities for increasing the amount of our knowledge on this subject; and the well at Pregny, near Geneva,[211] and the Monk Wearmouth coal-mines, as observed by Professor Phillips while a fresh shaft was being sunk,[212] have supplied most valuable facts.

surfacenounUS /ˈsɜːrfəs/

the outer boundary of an artifact or a material layer constituting or resembling such a boundary

From this reading Many interesting experiments have for long been carried on with a view to determine the mean temperature at various depths below the surface of the earth.

TEMPERATUREnounUS /ˈtemprətʃər/

the degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment (corresponding to its molecular activity)

From this reading ON THE MEAN TEMPERATURE OF THE REGIONS IN WHICH THE GLACIÈRES OCCUR.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Without entering into any detail, which would be an unnecessary trouble, it may be stated generally, that, under ordinary circumstances, 1° F. of temperature is gained for every 50 or 60 feet of vertical descent into the interior of the earth.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading ON THE MEAN TEMPERATURE OF THE REGIONS IN WHICH THE GLACIÈRES OCCUR.

thenadverbUS /ðen/

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading I have only met with one account of an experiment made in a horizontal direction, and it is curious that the law of the increase of temperature then observed seemed to be very much the same as that determined by the mean of the vertical observations.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading The construction of Artesian wells has afforded useful opportunities for increasing the amount of our knowledge on this subject; and the well at Pregny, near Geneva,[211] and the Monk Wearmouth coal-mines, as observed by Professor Phillips while a fresh shaft was being sunk,[212] have supplied most valuable facts.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Many interesting experiments have for long been carried on with a view to determine the mean temperature at various depths below the surface of the earth.

troublenounUS /ˈtrʌbəl/

a source of difficulty

From this reading Without entering into any detail, which would be an unnecessary trouble, it may be stated generally, that, under ordinary circumstances, 1° F. of temperature is gained for every 50 or 60 feet of vertical descent into the interior of the earth.

underprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading Without entering into any detail, which would be an unnecessary trouble, it may be stated generally, that, under ordinary circumstances, 1° F. of temperature is gained for every 50 or 60 feet of vertical descent into the interior of the earth.

unnecessaryadjectiveUS /ənˈnesəseri/

not necessary

From this reading Without entering into any detail, which would be an unnecessary trouble, it may be stated generally, that, under ordinary circumstances, 1° F. of temperature is gained for every 50 or 60 feet of vertical descent into the interior of the earth.

usefuladjectiveUS /ˈjuːsfəl/

being of use or service

From this reading The construction of Artesian wells has afforded useful opportunities for increasing the amount of our knowledge on this subject; and the well at Pregny, near Geneva,[211] and the Monk Wearmouth coal-mines, as observed by Professor Phillips while a fresh shaft was being sunk,[212] have supplied most valuable facts.

valuableadjectiveUS /ˈvæljəbəl/

having great material or monetary value especially for use or exchange

From this reading The construction of Artesian wells has afforded useful opportunities for increasing the amount of our knowledge on this subject; and the well at Pregny, near Geneva,[211] and the Monk Wearmouth coal-mines, as observed by Professor Phillips while a fresh shaft was being sunk,[212] have supplied most valuable facts.

variousadjectiveUS /ˈveriəs/

of many different kinds purposefully arranged but lacking any uniformity

From this reading Many interesting experiments have for long been carried on with a view to determine the mean temperature at various depths below the surface of the earth.

verticaladjectiveUS /ˈvɜːrtɪkəl/

at right angles to the plane of the horizon or a base line

From this reading Without entering into any detail, which would be an unnecessary trouble, it may be stated generally, that, under ordinary circumstances, 1° F. of temperature is gained for every 50 or 60 feet of vertical descent into the interior of the earth.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading I have only met with one account of an experiment made in a horizontal direction, and it is curious that the law of the increase of temperature then observed seemed to be very much the same as that determined by the mean of the vertical observations.

viewnounUS /vjuː/

a way of regarding situations or topics etc.

From this reading Many interesting experiments have for long been carried on with a view to determine the mean temperature at various depths below the surface of the earth.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The construction of Artesian wells has afforded useful opportunities for increasing the amount of our knowledge on this subject; and the well at Pregny, near Geneva,[211] and the Monk Wearmouth coal-mines, as observed by Professor Phillips while a fresh shaft was being sunk,[212] have supplied most valuable facts.

Wearmouth

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The construction of Artesian wells has afforded useful opportunities for increasing the amount of our knowledge on this subject; and the well at Pregny, near Geneva,[211] and the Monk Wearmouth coal-mines, as observed by Professor Phillips while a fresh shaft was being sunk,[212] have supplied most valuable facts.

welladverbUS /wel/

(often used as a combining form) in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard (“good” is a nonstandard dialectal variant for “well”)

From this reading The construction of Artesian wells has afforded useful opportunities for increasing the amount of our knowledge on this subject; and the well at Pregny, near Geneva,[211] and the Monk Wearmouth coal-mines, as observed by Professor Phillips while a fresh shaft was being sunk,[212] have supplied most valuable facts.

wellsnounUS /welz/

prolific English writer best known for his science-fiction novels; he also wrote on contemporary social problems and wrote popular accounts of history and science (1866-1946)

From this reading The construction of Artesian wells has afforded useful opportunities for increasing the amount of our knowledge on this subject; and the well at Pregny, near Geneva,[211] and the Monk Wearmouth coal-mines, as observed by Professor Phillips while a fresh shaft was being sunk,[212] have supplied most valuable facts.

WHICHpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading ON THE MEAN TEMPERATURE OF THE REGIONS IN WHICH THE GLACIÈRES OCCUR.

whileconjunctionUS /waɪl/

during the time that

From this reading The construction of Artesian wells has afforded useful opportunities for increasing the amount of our knowledge on this subject; and the well at Pregny, near Geneva,[211] and the Monk Wearmouth coal-mines, as observed by Professor Phillips while a fresh shaft was being sunk,[212] have supplied most valuable facts.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Many interesting experiments have for long been carried on with a view to determine the mean temperature at various depths below the surface of the earth.

WithoutprepositionUS /wɪˈθaʊt/

not having, not using, or not accompanied by

From this reading Without entering into any detail, which would be an unnecessary trouble, it may be stated generally, that, under ordinary circumstances, 1° F. of temperature is gained for every 50 or 60 feet of vertical descent into the interior of the earth.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading Without entering into any detail, which would be an unnecessary trouble, it may be stated generally, that, under ordinary circumstances, 1° F. of temperature is gained for every 50 or 60 feet of vertical descent into the interior of the earth.

Chapter 19 of Ice-Caves of France and Switzerland by G. F. (George Forrest) Browne holds 88 sentences, grouped into 18 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 19 of Ice-Caves of France and Switzerland contain?

Chapter 19 holds 88 sentences of Ice-Caves of France and Switzerland, unabridged, divided into 18 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 19 of Ice-Caves of France and Switzerland by G. F. (George Forrest) Browne exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 88 sentences, grouped into 18 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

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Work through the 18 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #14012, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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Vocabulary met early in Ice-Caves of France and Switzerland

Words and structures a reader meets early in Ice-Caves of France and Switzerland, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Glaci
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Ice-Caves of France and Switzerland; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Genolli
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Ice-Caves of France and Switzerland; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Summer
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Ice-Caves of France and Switzerland; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Found
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Ice-Caves of France and Switzerland; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.