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Illustrations of political economy, Volume 3 (of 9)
Illustrations of political economy, Volume 3 (of 9)

Chapter XXV

Chapter 25 of Illustrations of political economy, Volume 3 (of 9) is here in full — 240 sentences across 48 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/48 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
IRISH ADVENTURE.
The accidental bounty of the Mr. Rossos enabled Dan to furnish himself with the few tools he needed to begin his tillage, and his wife with a wheel and a small stock of flax.
As for clothes, they were obliged to wear, day and night, those they had on, having neither a change for the day, nor a bed which might supersede the use of them at night.
This was thought no great hardship by any of the family, for it was a very common one.
Many of their neighbours never attempted to undress after their garments had passed a certain point of wear.
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Illustrations of political economy, Volume 3 (of 9)

Chapter XXV

Chapter 25 of Illustrations of political economy, Volume 3 (of 9) is here in full — 240 sentences across 48 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/48 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
IRISH ADVENTURE.
/ˈaɪrɪʃ ædˈventʃər/
Line 2
The accidental bounty of the Mr. Rossos enabled Dan to furnish himself with the few tools he needed to begin his tillage, and his wife with a wheel and a small stock of flax.
Line 3
As for clothes, they were obliged to wear, day and night, those they had on, having neither a change for the day, nor a bed which might supersede the use of them at night.
/æz fɔːr kloʊðz ðeɪ wɜːr əˈblaɪdʒd tuː wer deɪ ənd naɪt ðoʊz ðeɪ hæd ɑːn ˈhævɪŋ ˈniːðər ə tʃeɪndʒ fɔːr ðə deɪ nɔːr ə bed wɪtʃ maɪt ˌsuːpərˈsiːd ðə juːs ʌv ðem æt naɪt/
Line 4
This was thought no great hardship by any of the family, for it was a very common one.
/ðɪs wɑːz θɔːt noʊ ɡreɪt ˈhɑːrdʃɪp baɪ ˈeni ʌv ðə ˈfæməli fɔːr ɪt wɑːz ə ˈveri ˈkɑːmən wʌn/
Line 5
Many of their neighbours never attempted to undress after their garments had passed a certain point of wear.
/ˈmeni ʌv ðer ˈneɪbərz ˈnevər əˈtemptɪd tuː ənˈdres ˈæftər ðer ˈɡɑːrmənts hæd pæst ə ˈsɜːrtən pɔɪnt ʌv wer/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

accidental adjective US /ˌæksəˈdentəl/

happening by chance or unexpectedly or unintentionally

From this reading “The accidental bounty of the Mr. Rossos enabled Dan to furnish himself with the few tools he needed to begin his tillage, and his wife with a wheel and a small stock of flax.”

bounty noun US /ˈbaʊnti/

payment or reward (especially from a government) for acts such as catching criminals or killing predatory animals or enlisting in the military

From this reading “The accidental bounty of the Mr. Rossos enabled Dan to furnish himself with the few tools he needed to begin his tillage, and his wife with a wheel and a small stock of flax.”

flax noun US /flæks/

fiber of the flax plant that is made into thread and woven into linen fabric

From this reading “The accidental bounty of the Mr. Rossos enabled Dan to furnish himself with the few tools he needed to begin his tillage, and his wife with a wheel and a small stock of flax.”

hardship noun US /ˈhɑːrdʃɪp/

a state of misfortune or affliction

From this reading “This was thought no great hardship by any of the family, for it was a very common one.”

supersede verb US /ˌsuːpərˈsiːd/

take the place or move into the position of

From this reading “As for clothes, they were obliged to wear, day and night, those they had on, having neither a change for the day, nor a bed which might supersede the use of them at night.”

tillage noun US /ˈtɪlɑːdʒ/

arable land that is worked by plowing and sowing and raising crops

From this reading “The accidental bounty of the Mr. Rossos enabled Dan to furnish himself with the few tools he needed to begin his tillage, and his wife with a wheel and a small stock of flax.”

tools noun US /tuːlz/

plural of “tool” — an implement used in the practice of a vocation

From this reading “The accidental bounty of the Mr. Rossos enabled Dan to furnish himself with the few tools he needed to begin his tillage, and his wife with a wheel and a small stock of flax.”

undress verb US /ənˈdres/

get undressed

From this reading “Many of their neighbours never attempted to undress after their garments had passed a certain point of wear.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

great hardship adjective + noun

In this reading “This was thought no great hardship by any of the family, for it was a very common one.”

certain point adjective + noun

In this reading “Many of their neighbours never attempted to undress after their garments had passed a certain point of wear.”

small stock adjective + noun

In this reading “The accidental bounty of the Mr. Rossos enabled Dan to furnish himself with the few tools he needed to begin his tillage, and his wife with a wheel and a small stock of flax.”

never attempted adverb + adjective

In this reading “Many of their neighbours never attempted to undress after their garments had passed a certain point of wear.”

at night preposition + noun

In this reading “As for clothes, they were obliged to wear, day and night, those they had on, having neither a change for the day, nor a bed which might supersede the use of them at night.”

All words in this reading · 75

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The accidental bounty of the Mr. Rossos enabled Dan to furnish himself with the few tools he needed to begin his tillage, and his wife with a wheel and a small stock of flax.

accidentaladjectiveUS /ˌæksəˈdentəl/

happening by chance or unexpectedly or unintentionally

From this reading The accidental bounty of the Mr. Rossos enabled Dan to furnish himself with the few tools he needed to begin his tillage, and his wife with a wheel and a small stock of flax.

ADVENTUREverbUS /ædˈventʃər/

take a risk in the hope of a favorable outcome

From this reading IRISH ADVENTURE.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading Many of their neighbours never attempted to undress after their garments had passed a certain point of wear.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The accidental bounty of the Mr. Rossos enabled Dan to furnish himself with the few tools he needed to begin his tillage, and his wife with a wheel and a small stock of flax.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading This was thought no great hardship by any of the family, for it was a very common one.

AsconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading As for clothes, they were obliged to wear, day and night, those they had on, having neither a change for the day, nor a bed which might supersede the use of them at night.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading As for clothes, they were obliged to wear, day and night, those they had on, having neither a change for the day, nor a bed which might supersede the use of them at night.

attemptedadjectiveUS /əˈtemptɪd/

tried unsuccessfully

From this reading Many of their neighbours never attempted to undress after their garments had passed a certain point of wear.

bednounUS /bed/

a piece of furniture that provides a place to sleep

From this reading As for clothes, they were obliged to wear, day and night, those they had on, having neither a change for the day, nor a bed which might supersede the use of them at night.

beginverbUS /bɪˈɡɪn/

take the first step or steps in carrying out an action

From this reading The accidental bounty of the Mr. Rossos enabled Dan to furnish himself with the few tools he needed to begin his tillage, and his wife with a wheel and a small stock of flax.

bountynounUS /ˈbaʊnti/

payment or reward (especially from a government) for acts such as catching criminals or killing predatory animals or enlisting in the military

From this reading The accidental bounty of the Mr. Rossos enabled Dan to furnish himself with the few tools he needed to begin his tillage, and his wife with a wheel and a small stock of flax.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading This was thought no great hardship by any of the family, for it was a very common one.

certainadjectiveUS /ˈsɜːrtən/

definite but not specified or identified

From this reading Many of their neighbours never attempted to undress after their garments had passed a certain point of wear.

changeverbUS /tʃeɪndʒ/

cause to change; make different; cause a transformation

From this reading As for clothes, they were obliged to wear, day and night, those they had on, having neither a change for the day, nor a bed which might supersede the use of them at night.

clothesnounUS /kloʊðz/

clothing in general

From this reading As for clothes, they were obliged to wear, day and night, those they had on, having neither a change for the day, nor a bed which might supersede the use of them at night.

commonadjectiveUS /ˈkɑːmən/

belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public

From this reading This was thought no great hardship by any of the family, for it was a very common one.

Dan

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The accidental bounty of the Mr. Rossos enabled Dan to furnish himself with the few tools he needed to begin his tillage, and his wife with a wheel and a small stock of flax.

daynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading As for clothes, they were obliged to wear, day and night, those they had on, having neither a change for the day, nor a bed which might supersede the use of them at night.

enabledverbUS /eˈneɪbəld/

past form of “enable” — render capable or able for some task

From this reading The accidental bounty of the Mr. Rossos enabled Dan to furnish himself with the few tools he needed to begin his tillage, and his wife with a wheel and a small stock of flax.

familynounUS /ˈfæməli/

a social unit living together

From this reading This was thought no great hardship by any of the family, for it was a very common one.

fewadjectiveUS /fjuː/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “a”; a small but indefinite number

From this reading The accidental bounty of the Mr. Rossos enabled Dan to furnish himself with the few tools he needed to begin his tillage, and his wife with a wheel and a small stock of flax.

flaxnounUS /flæks/

fiber of the flax plant that is made into thread and woven into linen fabric

From this reading The accidental bounty of the Mr. Rossos enabled Dan to furnish himself with the few tools he needed to begin his tillage, and his wife with a wheel and a small stock of flax.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading As for clothes, they were obliged to wear, day and night, those they had on, having neither a change for the day, nor a bed which might supersede the use of them at night.

furnishverbUS /ˈfɜːrnɪʃ/

give something useful or necessary to

From this reading The accidental bounty of the Mr. Rossos enabled Dan to furnish himself with the few tools he needed to begin his tillage, and his wife with a wheel and a small stock of flax.

garmentsnounUS /ˈɡɑːrmənts/

plural of “garment” — an article of clothing

From this reading Many of their neighbours never attempted to undress after their garments had passed a certain point of wear.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading This was thought no great hardship by any of the family, for it was a very common one.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading As for clothes, they were obliged to wear, day and night, those they had on, having neither a change for the day, nor a bed which might supersede the use of them at night.

hardshipnounUS /ˈhɑːrdʃɪp/

a state of misfortune or affliction

From this reading This was thought no great hardship by any of the family, for it was a very common one.

havingauxiliary verbUS /ˈhævɪŋ/

the -ing form of “have”

From this reading As for clothes, they were obliged to wear, day and night, those they had on, having neither a change for the day, nor a bed which might supersede the use of them at night.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading The accidental bounty of the Mr. Rossos enabled Dan to furnish himself with the few tools he needed to begin his tillage, and his wife with a wheel and a small stock of flax.

himselfpronounUS /hɪmˈself/

used when the man or boy doing the action is also its object

From this reading The accidental bounty of the Mr. Rossos enabled Dan to furnish himself with the few tools he needed to begin his tillage, and his wife with a wheel and a small stock of flax.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading The accidental bounty of the Mr. Rossos enabled Dan to furnish himself with the few tools he needed to begin his tillage, and his wife with a wheel and a small stock of flax.

IRISHnounUS /ˈaɪrɪʃ/

people of Ireland or of Irish extraction

From this reading IRISH ADVENTURE.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading This was thought no great hardship by any of the family, for it was a very common one.

ManyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading Many of their neighbours never attempted to undress after their garments had passed a certain point of wear.

mightmodal verbUS /maɪt/

used to say something is possible but not certain

From this reading As for clothes, they were obliged to wear, day and night, those they had on, having neither a change for the day, nor a bed which might supersede the use of them at night.

MrnounUS /ˈmɪstər/

a form of address for a man

From this reading The accidental bounty of the Mr. Rossos enabled Dan to furnish himself with the few tools he needed to begin his tillage, and his wife with a wheel and a small stock of flax.

neededadjectiveUS /ˈniːdəd/

necessary for relief or supply

From this reading The accidental bounty of the Mr. Rossos enabled Dan to furnish himself with the few tools he needed to begin his tillage, and his wife with a wheel and a small stock of flax.

neighboursnounUS /ˈneɪbərz/

plural of “neighbour” — a person who lives (or is located) near another

From this reading Many of their neighbours never attempted to undress after their garments had passed a certain point of wear.

neitherdeterminerUS /ˈniːðər/

not one and not the other of two

From this reading As for clothes, they were obliged to wear, day and night, those they had on, having neither a change for the day, nor a bed which might supersede the use of them at night.

neveradverbUS /ˈnevər/

not ever; at no time in the past or future

From this reading Many of their neighbours never attempted to undress after their garments had passed a certain point of wear.

nightnounUS /naɪt/

the time after sunset and before sunrise while it is dark outside

From this reading As for clothes, they were obliged to wear, day and night, those they had on, having neither a change for the day, nor a bed which might supersede the use of them at night.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading This was thought no great hardship by any of the family, for it was a very common one.

norconjunctionUS /nɔːr/

and not; used after a negative to add a second negative

From this reading As for clothes, they were obliged to wear, day and night, those they had on, having neither a change for the day, nor a bed which might supersede the use of them at night.

obligedadjectiveUS /əˈblaɪdʒd/

under a moral obligation to do something

From this reading As for clothes, they were obliged to wear, day and night, those they had on, having neither a change for the day, nor a bed which might supersede the use of them at night.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The accidental bounty of the Mr. Rossos enabled Dan to furnish himself with the few tools he needed to begin his tillage, and his wife with a wheel and a small stock of flax.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading As for clothes, they were obliged to wear, day and night, those they had on, having neither a change for the day, nor a bed which might supersede the use of them at night.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading This was thought no great hardship by any of the family, for it was a very common one.

passedverbUS /pæst/

past form of “pass” — go across or through

From this reading Many of their neighbours never attempted to undress after their garments had passed a certain point of wear.

pointnounUS /pɔɪnt/

a geometric element that has position but no extension

From this reading Many of their neighbours never attempted to undress after their garments had passed a certain point of wear.

Rossos

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The accidental bounty of the Mr. Rossos enabled Dan to furnish himself with the few tools he needed to begin his tillage, and his wife with a wheel and a small stock of flax.

smalladjectiveUS /smɔːl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading The accidental bounty of the Mr. Rossos enabled Dan to furnish himself with the few tools he needed to begin his tillage, and his wife with a wheel and a small stock of flax.

stocknounUS /stɑːk/

the capital raised by a corporation through the issue of shares entitling holders to an ownership interest

From this reading The accidental bounty of the Mr. Rossos enabled Dan to furnish himself with the few tools he needed to begin his tillage, and his wife with a wheel and a small stock of flax.

supersedeverbUS /ˌsuːpərˈsiːd/

take the place or move into the position of

From this reading As for clothes, they were obliged to wear, day and night, those they had on, having neither a change for the day, nor a bed which might supersede the use of them at night.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The accidental bounty of the Mr. Rossos enabled Dan to furnish himself with the few tools he needed to begin his tillage, and his wife with a wheel and a small stock of flax.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading Many of their neighbours never attempted to undress after their garments had passed a certain point of wear.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading As for clothes, they were obliged to wear, day and night, those they had on, having neither a change for the day, nor a bed which might supersede the use of them at night.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading As for clothes, they were obliged to wear, day and night, those they had on, having neither a change for the day, nor a bed which might supersede the use of them at night.

ThisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading This was thought no great hardship by any of the family, for it was a very common one.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading As for clothes, they were obliged to wear, day and night, those they had on, having neither a change for the day, nor a bed which might supersede the use of them at night.

thoughtnounUS /θɔːt/

the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about

From this reading This was thought no great hardship by any of the family, for it was a very common one.

tillagenounUS /ˈtɪlɑːdʒ/

arable land that is worked by plowing and sowing and raising crops

From this reading The accidental bounty of the Mr. Rossos enabled Dan to furnish himself with the few tools he needed to begin his tillage, and his wife with a wheel and a small stock of flax.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The accidental bounty of the Mr. Rossos enabled Dan to furnish himself with the few tools he needed to begin his tillage, and his wife with a wheel and a small stock of flax.

toolsnounUS /tuːlz/

plural of “tool” — an implement used in the practice of a vocation

From this reading The accidental bounty of the Mr. Rossos enabled Dan to furnish himself with the few tools he needed to begin his tillage, and his wife with a wheel and a small stock of flax.

undressverbUS /ənˈdres/

get undressed

From this reading Many of their neighbours never attempted to undress after their garments had passed a certain point of wear.

usenounUS /juːs/

the act of using

From this reading As for clothes, they were obliged to wear, day and night, those they had on, having neither a change for the day, nor a bed which might supersede the use of them at night.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading This was thought no great hardship by any of the family, for it was a very common one.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading This was thought no great hardship by any of the family, for it was a very common one.

wearverbUS /wer/

be dressed in

From this reading As for clothes, they were obliged to wear, day and night, those they had on, having neither a change for the day, nor a bed which might supersede the use of them at night.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading As for clothes, they were obliged to wear, day and night, those they had on, having neither a change for the day, nor a bed which might supersede the use of them at night.

wheelverbUS /wiːl/

change directions as if revolving on a pivot

From this reading The accidental bounty of the Mr. Rossos enabled Dan to furnish himself with the few tools he needed to begin his tillage, and his wife with a wheel and a small stock of flax.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading As for clothes, they were obliged to wear, day and night, those they had on, having neither a change for the day, nor a bed which might supersede the use of them at night.

wifenounUS /waɪf/

a married woman; a man's partner in marriage

From this reading The accidental bounty of the Mr. Rossos enabled Dan to furnish himself with the few tools he needed to begin his tillage, and his wife with a wheel and a small stock of flax.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The accidental bounty of the Mr. Rossos enabled Dan to furnish himself with the few tools he needed to begin his tillage, and his wife with a wheel and a small stock of flax.

Chapter 25 of Illustrations of political economy, Volume 3 (of 9) by Harriet Martineau holds 240 sentences, grouped into 48 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 25 of Illustrations of political economy, Volume 3 (of 9) contain?

Chapter 25 holds 240 sentences of Illustrations of political economy, Volume 3 (of 9), unabridged, divided into 48 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 25 of Illustrations of political economy, Volume 3 (of 9) by Harriet Martineau exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 240 sentences, grouped into 48 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 25 of Illustrations of political economy, Volume 3 (of 9)?

Work through the 48 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 48 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 25 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 25 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Yes. All 4302 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #71169 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #71169, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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About 358 minutes of reading across 861 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in Illustrations of political economy, Volume 3 (of 9)

Words and structures a reader meets early in Illustrations of political economy, Volume 3 (of 9), each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Version
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Illustrations of political economy, Volume 3 (of 9); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Cannot
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Illustrations of political economy, Volume 3 (of 9); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Represent
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Illustrations of political economy, Volume 3 (of 9); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Certain
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Illustrations of political economy, Volume 3 (of 9); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.