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Imaginary Conversations and Poems
Imaginary Conversations and Poems

Chapter II · Chapter 2

Chapter 2 of Imaginary Conversations and Poems is here in full — 408 sentences across 82 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/81 · 5 lines
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_Alexis._ Never have I undervalued civilization: on the contrary, I regretted whatever impeded it.
In my opinion, the evils that have been attributed to it sprang from its imperfections and voids; and no nation has yet acquired it more than very scantily.
_Peter._ How so? give me thy reasons--thy fancies, rather; for reason thou hast none.
_Alexis._ When I find the first of men, in rank and genius, hating one another, and becoming slanderers and liars in order to lower and vilify an opponent; when I hear the God of mercy invoked to massacres, and thanked for furthering what He reprobates and condemns--I look back in vain on any barbarous people for worse barbarism.
I have expressed my admiration of our forefathers, who, not being Christians, were yet more virtuous than those who are; more temperate, more just, more sincere, more chaste, more peaceable.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Imaginary Conversations and Poems

Chapter II · Chapter 2

Chapter 2 of Imaginary Conversations and Poems is here in full — 408 sentences across 82 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/81 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
_Alexis._ Never have I undervalued civilization: on the contrary, I regretted whatever impeded it.
Line 2
In my opinion, the evils that have been attributed to it sprang from its imperfections and voids; and no nation has yet acquired it more than very scantily.
/ɪn maɪ əˈpɪnjən ðə ˈiːvəlz ðæt hæv bɪn əˈtrɪbjətɪd tuː ɪt spræŋ frʌm ɪts ˌɪmpərˈfekʃənz ənd vɔɪdz ənd noʊ ˈneɪʃən hæz jet əˈkwaɪərd ɪt mɔːr ðæn ˈveri ˈskæntəli/
Line 3
_Peter._ How so? give me thy reasons--thy fancies, rather; for reason thou hast none.
Line 4
_Alexis._ When I find the first of men, in rank and genius, hating one another, and becoming slanderers and liars in order to lower and vilify an opponent; when I hear the God of mercy invoked to massacres, and thanked for furthering what He reprobates and condemns--I look back in vain on any barbarous people for worse barbarism.
Line 5
I have expressed my admiration of our forefathers, who, not being Christians, were yet more virtuous than those who are; more temperate, more just, more sincere, more chaste, more peaceable.
/aɪ hæv ɪkˈsprest maɪ ˌædmərˈeɪʃən ʌv ˈaʊər ˈfɔːrfɑːðərz huː nɑːt ˈbiːɪŋ ˈkrɪstʃənz wɜːr jet mɔːr ˈvɜːrtʃuːəs ðæn ðoʊz huː ɑːr mɔːr ˈtemprət mɔːr dʒʌst mɔːr sɪnˈsɪr mɔːr tʃeɪst mɔːr ˈpiːsəbəl/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

condemns verb US /kənˈdemz/

third-person singular of “condemn” — express strong disapproval of

From this reading “_Alexis._ When I find the first of men, in rank and genius, hating one another, and becoming slanderers and liars in order to lower and vilify an opponent; when I hear the God of mercy invoked to massacres, and thanked for furthering what He reprobates and condemns--I look back in vain on any barbarous people for worse barbarism.”

furthering verb US /ˈfɜːrðərɪŋ/

-ing form of “further” — promote the growth of

From this reading “_Alexis._ When I find the first of men, in rank and genius, hating one another, and becoming slanderers and liars in order to lower and vilify an opponent; when I hear the God of mercy invoked to massacres, and thanked for furthering what He reprobates and condemns--I look back in vain on any barbarous people for worse barbarism.”

imperfections noun US /ˌɪmpərˈfekʃənz/

plural of “imperfection” — the state or an instance of being imperfect

From this reading “In my opinion, the evils that have been attributed to it sprang from its imperfections and voids; and no nation has yet acquired it more than very scantily.”

massacres noun US /ˈmæsɪkərz/

plural of “massacre” — the savage and excessive killing of many people

From this reading “_Alexis._ When I find the first of men, in rank and genius, hating one another, and becoming slanderers and liars in order to lower and vilify an opponent; when I hear the God of mercy invoked to massacres, and thanked for furthering what He reprobates and condemns--I look back in vain on any barbarous people for worse barbarism.”

scantily adverb US /ˈskæntəli/

in a skimpy manner

From this reading “In my opinion, the evils that have been attributed to it sprang from its imperfections and voids; and no nation has yet acquired it more than very scantily.”

undervalued verb US /ˈʌndərvæljuːd/

past form of “undervalue” — assign too low a value to

From this reading “_Alexis._ Never have I undervalued civilization: on the contrary, I regretted whatever impeded it.”

vilify verb US /ˈvɪlɪfaɪ/

spread negative information about

From this reading “_Alexis._ When I find the first of men, in rank and genius, hating one another, and becoming slanderers and liars in order to lower and vilify an opponent; when I hear the God of mercy invoked to massacres, and thanked for furthering what He reprobates and condemns--I look back in vain on any barbarous people for worse barbarism.”

voids noun US /vɔɪdz/

plural of “void” — the state of nonexistence

From this reading “In my opinion, the evils that have been attributed to it sprang from its imperfections and voids; and no nation has yet acquired it more than very scantily.”

All words in this reading · 104

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

acquiredadjectiveUS /əˈkwaɪərd/

gotten through environmental forces

From this reading In my opinion, the evils that have been attributed to it sprang from its imperfections and voids; and no nation has yet acquired it more than very scantily.

admirationnounUS /ˌædmərˈeɪʃən/

a feeling of delighted approval and liking

From this reading I have expressed my admiration of our forefathers, who, not being Christians, were yet more virtuous than those who are; more temperate, more just, more sincere, more chaste, more peaceable.

Alexis

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _Alexis._ Never have I undervalued civilization: on the contrary, I regretted whatever impeded it.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading _Alexis._ When I find the first of men, in rank and genius, hating one another, and becoming slanderers and liars in order to lower and vilify an opponent; when I hear the God of mercy invoked to massacres, and thanked for furthering what He reprobates and condemns--I look back in vain on any barbarous people for worse barbarism.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading In my opinion, the evils that have been attributed to it sprang from its imperfections and voids; and no nation has yet acquired it more than very scantily.

anotherdeterminerUS /əˈnʌðər/

one more of the same kind, or a different one

From this reading _Alexis._ When I find the first of men, in rank and genius, hating one another, and becoming slanderers and liars in order to lower and vilify an opponent; when I hear the God of mercy invoked to massacres, and thanked for furthering what He reprobates and condemns--I look back in vain on any barbarous people for worse barbarism.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading _Alexis._ When I find the first of men, in rank and genius, hating one another, and becoming slanderers and liars in order to lower and vilify an opponent; when I hear the God of mercy invoked to massacres, and thanked for furthering what He reprobates and condemns--I look back in vain on any barbarous people for worse barbarism.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading I have expressed my admiration of our forefathers, who, not being Christians, were yet more virtuous than those who are; more temperate, more just, more sincere, more chaste, more peaceable.

attributedverbUS /əˈtrɪbjətɪd/

past form of “attribute” — attribute or credit to

From this reading In my opinion, the evils that have been attributed to it sprang from its imperfections and voids; and no nation has yet acquired it more than very scantily.

backadverbUS /bæk/

in or to or toward a former location

From this reading _Alexis._ When I find the first of men, in rank and genius, hating one another, and becoming slanderers and liars in order to lower and vilify an opponent; when I hear the God of mercy invoked to massacres, and thanked for furthering what He reprobates and condemns--I look back in vain on any barbarous people for worse barbarism.

barbarismnounUS /ˈbɑːrbərɪzəm/

a brutal barbarous savage act

From this reading _Alexis._ When I find the first of men, in rank and genius, hating one another, and becoming slanderers and liars in order to lower and vilify an opponent; when I hear the God of mercy invoked to massacres, and thanked for furthering what He reprobates and condemns--I look back in vain on any barbarous people for worse barbarism.

barbarousadjectiveUS /ˈbɑːrbərəs/

(of persons or their actions) able or disposed to inflict pain or suffering

From this reading _Alexis._ When I find the first of men, in rank and genius, hating one another, and becoming slanderers and liars in order to lower and vilify an opponent; when I hear the God of mercy invoked to massacres, and thanked for furthering what He reprobates and condemns--I look back in vain on any barbarous people for worse barbarism.

becomingadjectiveUS /bɪˈkʌmɪŋ/

according with custom or propriety

From this reading _Alexis._ When I find the first of men, in rank and genius, hating one another, and becoming slanderers and liars in order to lower and vilify an opponent; when I hear the God of mercy invoked to massacres, and thanked for furthering what He reprobates and condemns--I look back in vain on any barbarous people for worse barbarism.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading In my opinion, the evils that have been attributed to it sprang from its imperfections and voids; and no nation has yet acquired it more than very scantily.

beingauxiliary verbUS /ˈbiːɪŋ/

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading I have expressed my admiration of our forefathers, who, not being Christians, were yet more virtuous than those who are; more temperate, more just, more sincere, more chaste, more peaceable.

chasteadjectiveUS /tʃeɪst/

morally pure (especially not having experienced sexual intercourse)

From this reading I have expressed my admiration of our forefathers, who, not being Christians, were yet more virtuous than those who are; more temperate, more just, more sincere, more chaste, more peaceable.

ChristiansnounUS /ˈkrɪstʃənz/

plural of “christian” — a religious person who believes Jesus is the Christ and who is a member of a Christian denomination

From this reading I have expressed my admiration of our forefathers, who, not being Christians, were yet more virtuous than those who are; more temperate, more just, more sincere, more chaste, more peaceable.

civilizationnounUS /ˌsɪvəlɪˈzeɪʃən/

a society in an advanced state of social development (e.g., with complex legal and political and religious organizations)

From this reading _Alexis._ Never have I undervalued civilization: on the contrary, I regretted whatever impeded it.

condemnsverbUS /kənˈdemz/

third-person singular of “condemn” — express strong disapproval of

From this reading _Alexis._ When I find the first of men, in rank and genius, hating one another, and becoming slanderers and liars in order to lower and vilify an opponent; when I hear the God of mercy invoked to massacres, and thanked for furthering what He reprobates and condemns--I look back in vain on any barbarous people for worse barbarism.

contraryadjectiveUS /ˈkɑːntreri/

very opposed in nature or character or purpose

From this reading _Alexis._ Never have I undervalued civilization: on the contrary, I regretted whatever impeded it.

evilsnounUS /ˈiːvəlz/

plural of “evil” — morally objectionable behavior

From this reading In my opinion, the evils that have been attributed to it sprang from its imperfections and voids; and no nation has yet acquired it more than very scantily.

expressedadjectiveUS /ɪkˈsprest/

communicated in words

From this reading I have expressed my admiration of our forefathers, who, not being Christians, were yet more virtuous than those who are; more temperate, more just, more sincere, more chaste, more peaceable.

fanciesnounUS /ˈfænsiz/

plural of “fancy” — something many people believe that is false

From this reading _Peter._ How so? give me thy reasons--thy fancies, rather; for reason thou hast none.

findverbUS /faɪnd/

come upon, as if by accident; meet with

From this reading _Alexis._ When I find the first of men, in rank and genius, hating one another, and becoming slanderers and liars in order to lower and vilify an opponent; when I hear the God of mercy invoked to massacres, and thanked for furthering what He reprobates and condemns--I look back in vain on any barbarous people for worse barbarism.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading _Alexis._ When I find the first of men, in rank and genius, hating one another, and becoming slanderers and liars in order to lower and vilify an opponent; when I hear the God of mercy invoked to massacres, and thanked for furthering what He reprobates and condemns--I look back in vain on any barbarous people for worse barbarism.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading _Peter._ How so? give me thy reasons--thy fancies, rather; for reason thou hast none.

forefathersnounUS /ˈfɔːrfɑːðərz/

plural of “forefather” — the founder of a family

From this reading I have expressed my admiration of our forefathers, who, not being Christians, were yet more virtuous than those who are; more temperate, more just, more sincere, more chaste, more peaceable.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading In my opinion, the evils that have been attributed to it sprang from its imperfections and voids; and no nation has yet acquired it more than very scantily.

furtheringverbUS /ˈfɜːrðərɪŋ/

-ing form of “further” — promote the growth of

From this reading _Alexis._ When I find the first of men, in rank and genius, hating one another, and becoming slanderers and liars in order to lower and vilify an opponent; when I hear the God of mercy invoked to massacres, and thanked for furthering what He reprobates and condemns--I look back in vain on any barbarous people for worse barbarism.

geniusnounUS /ˈdʒiːnjəs/

someone who has exceptional intellectual ability and originality

From this reading _Alexis._ When I find the first of men, in rank and genius, hating one another, and becoming slanderers and liars in order to lower and vilify an opponent; when I hear the God of mercy invoked to massacres, and thanked for furthering what He reprobates and condemns--I look back in vain on any barbarous people for worse barbarism.

giveverbUS /ɡɪv/

cause to have, in the abstract sense or physical sense

From this reading _Peter._ How so? give me thy reasons--thy fancies, rather; for reason thou hast none.

GodnounUS /ɡɑːd/

the supernatural being conceived as the perfect and omnipotent and omniscient originator and ruler of the universe; the object of worship in monotheistic religions

From this reading _Alexis._ When I find the first of men, in rank and genius, hating one another, and becoming slanderers and liars in order to lower and vilify an opponent; when I hear the God of mercy invoked to massacres, and thanked for furthering what He reprobates and condemns--I look back in vain on any barbarous people for worse barbarism.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading In my opinion, the evils that have been attributed to it sprang from its imperfections and voids; and no nation has yet acquired it more than very scantily.

hastauxiliary verbUS /hæst/

an old form of “have”, used with “thou”

From this reading _Peter._ How so? give me thy reasons--thy fancies, rather; for reason thou hast none.

hatingverbUS /ˈheɪtɪŋ/

-ing form of “hate” — dislike intensely; feel antipathy or aversion towards

From this reading _Alexis._ When I find the first of men, in rank and genius, hating one another, and becoming slanderers and liars in order to lower and vilify an opponent; when I hear the God of mercy invoked to massacres, and thanked for furthering what He reprobates and condemns--I look back in vain on any barbarous people for worse barbarism.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading _Alexis._ Never have I undervalued civilization: on the contrary, I regretted whatever impeded it.

HepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading _Alexis._ When I find the first of men, in rank and genius, hating one another, and becoming slanderers and liars in order to lower and vilify an opponent; when I hear the God of mercy invoked to massacres, and thanked for furthering what He reprobates and condemns--I look back in vain on any barbarous people for worse barbarism.

hearverbUS /hiːr/

perceive (sound) via the auditory sense

From this reading _Alexis._ When I find the first of men, in rank and genius, hating one another, and becoming slanderers and liars in order to lower and vilify an opponent; when I hear the God of mercy invoked to massacres, and thanked for furthering what He reprobates and condemns--I look back in vain on any barbarous people for worse barbarism.

How

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _Peter._ How so? give me thy reasons--thy fancies, rather; for reason thou hast none.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading _Alexis._ Never have I undervalued civilization: on the contrary, I regretted whatever impeded it.

impededadjectiveUS /ˌɪmˈpiːdɪd/

made difficult or slow

From this reading _Alexis._ Never have I undervalued civilization: on the contrary, I regretted whatever impeded it.

imperfectionsnounUS /ˌɪmpərˈfekʃənz/

plural of “imperfection” — the state or an instance of being imperfect

From this reading In my opinion, the evils that have been attributed to it sprang from its imperfections and voids; and no nation has yet acquired it more than very scantily.

InprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading In my opinion, the evils that have been attributed to it sprang from its imperfections and voids; and no nation has yet acquired it more than very scantily.

invokedverbUS /ˌɪnˈvoʊkt/

past form of “invoke” — summon into action or bring into existence, often as if by magic

From this reading _Alexis._ When I find the first of men, in rank and genius, hating one another, and becoming slanderers and liars in order to lower and vilify an opponent; when I hear the God of mercy invoked to massacres, and thanked for furthering what He reprobates and condemns--I look back in vain on any barbarous people for worse barbarism.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading _Alexis._ Never have I undervalued civilization: on the contrary, I regretted whatever impeded it.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading In my opinion, the evils that have been attributed to it sprang from its imperfections and voids; and no nation has yet acquired it more than very scantily.

justadverbUS /dʒʌst/

and nothing more

From this reading I have expressed my admiration of our forefathers, who, not being Christians, were yet more virtuous than those who are; more temperate, more just, more sincere, more chaste, more peaceable.

liarsnounUS /ˈlaɪərz/

plural of “liar” — a person who has lied or who lies repeatedly

From this reading _Alexis._ When I find the first of men, in rank and genius, hating one another, and becoming slanderers and liars in order to lower and vilify an opponent; when I hear the God of mercy invoked to massacres, and thanked for furthering what He reprobates and condemns--I look back in vain on any barbarous people for worse barbarism.

lookverbUS /lʊk/

perceive with attention; direct one's gaze towards

From this reading _Alexis._ When I find the first of men, in rank and genius, hating one another, and becoming slanderers and liars in order to lower and vilify an opponent; when I hear the God of mercy invoked to massacres, and thanked for furthering what He reprobates and condemns--I look back in vain on any barbarous people for worse barbarism.

lowerverbUS /ˈloʊər/

move something or somebody to a lower position

From this reading _Alexis._ When I find the first of men, in rank and genius, hating one another, and becoming slanderers and liars in order to lower and vilify an opponent; when I hear the God of mercy invoked to massacres, and thanked for furthering what He reprobates and condemns--I look back in vain on any barbarous people for worse barbarism.

massacresnounUS /ˈmæsɪkərz/

plural of “massacre” — the savage and excessive killing of many people

From this reading _Alexis._ When I find the first of men, in rank and genius, hating one another, and becoming slanderers and liars in order to lower and vilify an opponent; when I hear the God of mercy invoked to massacres, and thanked for furthering what He reprobates and condemns--I look back in vain on any barbarous people for worse barbarism.

mepronounUS /miː/

the person speaking, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading _Peter._ How so? give me thy reasons--thy fancies, rather; for reason thou hast none.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading _Alexis._ When I find the first of men, in rank and genius, hating one another, and becoming slanderers and liars in order to lower and vilify an opponent; when I hear the God of mercy invoked to massacres, and thanked for furthering what He reprobates and condemns--I look back in vain on any barbarous people for worse barbarism.

mercynounUS /ˈmɜːrsi/

leniency and compassion shown toward offenders by a person or agency charged with administering justice

From this reading _Alexis._ When I find the first of men, in rank and genius, hating one another, and becoming slanderers and liars in order to lower and vilify an opponent; when I hear the God of mercy invoked to massacres, and thanked for furthering what He reprobates and condemns--I look back in vain on any barbarous people for worse barbarism.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading In my opinion, the evils that have been attributed to it sprang from its imperfections and voids; and no nation has yet acquired it more than very scantily.

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading In my opinion, the evils that have been attributed to it sprang from its imperfections and voids; and no nation has yet acquired it more than very scantily.

nationnounUS /ˈneɪʃən/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading In my opinion, the evils that have been attributed to it sprang from its imperfections and voids; and no nation has yet acquired it more than very scantily.

NeveradverbUS /ˈnevər/

not ever; at no time in the past or future

From this reading _Alexis._ Never have I undervalued civilization: on the contrary, I regretted whatever impeded it.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading In my opinion, the evils that have been attributed to it sprang from its imperfections and voids; and no nation has yet acquired it more than very scantily.

nonepronounUS /nʌn/

not one, and not any

From this reading _Peter._ How so? give me thy reasons--thy fancies, rather; for reason thou hast none.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading I have expressed my admiration of our forefathers, who, not being Christians, were yet more virtuous than those who are; more temperate, more just, more sincere, more chaste, more peaceable.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading _Alexis._ When I find the first of men, in rank and genius, hating one another, and becoming slanderers and liars in order to lower and vilify an opponent; when I hear the God of mercy invoked to massacres, and thanked for furthering what He reprobates and condemns--I look back in vain on any barbarous people for worse barbarism.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading _Alexis._ Never have I undervalued civilization: on the contrary, I regretted whatever impeded it.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading _Alexis._ When I find the first of men, in rank and genius, hating one another, and becoming slanderers and liars in order to lower and vilify an opponent; when I hear the God of mercy invoked to massacres, and thanked for furthering what He reprobates and condemns--I look back in vain on any barbarous people for worse barbarism.

opinionnounUS /əˈpɪnjən/

a personal belief or judgment that is not founded on proof or certainty

From this reading In my opinion, the evils that have been attributed to it sprang from its imperfections and voids; and no nation has yet acquired it more than very scantily.

opponentnounUS /əˈpoʊnənt/

a contestant that you are matched against

From this reading _Alexis._ When I find the first of men, in rank and genius, hating one another, and becoming slanderers and liars in order to lower and vilify an opponent; when I hear the God of mercy invoked to massacres, and thanked for furthering what He reprobates and condemns--I look back in vain on any barbarous people for worse barbarism.

ordernounUS /ˈɔːrdər/

(often plural) a command given by a superior (e.g., a military or law enforcement officer) that must be obeyed

From this reading _Alexis._ When I find the first of men, in rank and genius, hating one another, and becoming slanderers and liars in order to lower and vilify an opponent; when I hear the God of mercy invoked to massacres, and thanked for furthering what He reprobates and condemns--I look back in vain on any barbarous people for worse barbarism.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading I have expressed my admiration of our forefathers, who, not being Christians, were yet more virtuous than those who are; more temperate, more just, more sincere, more chaste, more peaceable.

peaceableadjectiveUS /ˈpiːsəbəl/

inclined or disposed to peace

From this reading I have expressed my admiration of our forefathers, who, not being Christians, were yet more virtuous than those who are; more temperate, more just, more sincere, more chaste, more peaceable.

peoplenounUS /ˈpiːpəl/

(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively

From this reading _Alexis._ When I find the first of men, in rank and genius, hating one another, and becoming slanderers and liars in order to lower and vilify an opponent; when I hear the God of mercy invoked to massacres, and thanked for furthering what He reprobates and condemns--I look back in vain on any barbarous people for worse barbarism.

PeternounUS /ˈpiːtər/

disciple of Jesus and leader of the Apostles; regarded by Catholics as the vicar of Christ on earth and first Pope

From this reading _Peter._ How so? give me thy reasons--thy fancies, rather; for reason thou hast none.

ranknounUS /ræŋk/

a row or line of people (especially soldiers or police) standing abreast of one another

From this reading _Alexis._ When I find the first of men, in rank and genius, hating one another, and becoming slanderers and liars in order to lower and vilify an opponent; when I hear the God of mercy invoked to massacres, and thanked for furthering what He reprobates and condemns--I look back in vain on any barbarous people for worse barbarism.

ratheradverbUS /ˈræðər/

on the contrary

From this reading _Peter._ How so? give me thy reasons--thy fancies, rather; for reason thou hast none.

reasonnounUS /ˈriːzən/

a rational motive for a belief or action

From this reading _Peter._ How so? give me thy reasons--thy fancies, rather; for reason thou hast none.

reasonsnounUS /ˈriːzənz/

plural of “reason” — a rational motive for a belief or action

From this reading _Peter._ How so? give me thy reasons--thy fancies, rather; for reason thou hast none.

regrettedverbUS /rɪˈɡretɪd/

inflected form of “regret” — feel remorse for; feel sorry for; be contrite about

From this reading _Alexis._ Never have I undervalued civilization: on the contrary, I regretted whatever impeded it.

reprobates

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _Alexis._ When I find the first of men, in rank and genius, hating one another, and becoming slanderers and liars in order to lower and vilify an opponent; when I hear the God of mercy invoked to massacres, and thanked for furthering what He reprobates and condemns--I look back in vain on any barbarous people for worse barbarism.

scantilyadverbUS /ˈskæntəli/

in a skimpy manner

From this reading In my opinion, the evils that have been attributed to it sprang from its imperfections and voids; and no nation has yet acquired it more than very scantily.

sincereadjectiveUS /sɪnˈsɪr/

open and genuine; not deceitful

From this reading I have expressed my admiration of our forefathers, who, not being Christians, were yet more virtuous than those who are; more temperate, more just, more sincere, more chaste, more peaceable.

slanderers

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _Alexis._ When I find the first of men, in rank and genius, hating one another, and becoming slanderers and liars in order to lower and vilify an opponent; when I hear the God of mercy invoked to massacres, and thanked for furthering what He reprobates and condemns--I look back in vain on any barbarous people for worse barbarism.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading _Peter._ How so? give me thy reasons--thy fancies, rather; for reason thou hast none.

sprangverbUS /spræŋ/

inflected form of “spring” — move forward by leaps and bounds

From this reading In my opinion, the evils that have been attributed to it sprang from its imperfections and voids; and no nation has yet acquired it more than very scantily.

temperateadjectiveUS /ˈtemprət/

(of weather or climate) free from extremes; mild; or characteristic of such weather or climate

From this reading I have expressed my admiration of our forefathers, who, not being Christians, were yet more virtuous than those who are; more temperate, more just, more sincere, more chaste, more peaceable.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading In my opinion, the evils that have been attributed to it sprang from its imperfections and voids; and no nation has yet acquired it more than very scantily.

thankedverbUS /θæŋkt/

past form of “thank” — express gratitude or show appreciation to

From this reading _Alexis._ When I find the first of men, in rank and genius, hating one another, and becoming slanderers and liars in order to lower and vilify an opponent; when I hear the God of mercy invoked to massacres, and thanked for furthering what He reprobates and condemns--I look back in vain on any barbarous people for worse barbarism.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading In my opinion, the evils that have been attributed to it sprang from its imperfections and voids; and no nation has yet acquired it more than very scantily.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading _Alexis._ Never have I undervalued civilization: on the contrary, I regretted whatever impeded it.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading I have expressed my admiration of our forefathers, who, not being Christians, were yet more virtuous than those who are; more temperate, more just, more sincere, more chaste, more peaceable.

thoupronounUS /ðaʊ/

an old word for “you”, as the subject, speaking to one person

From this reading _Peter._ How so? give me thy reasons--thy fancies, rather; for reason thou hast none.

thydeterminerUS /ðaɪ/

an old word for “your”, speaking to one person

From this reading _Peter._ How so? give me thy reasons--thy fancies, rather; for reason thou hast none.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading In my opinion, the evils that have been attributed to it sprang from its imperfections and voids; and no nation has yet acquired it more than very scantily.

undervaluedverbUS /ˈʌndərvæljuːd/

past form of “undervalue” — assign too low a value to

From this reading _Alexis._ Never have I undervalued civilization: on the contrary, I regretted whatever impeded it.

vainadjectiveUS /veɪn/

characteristic of false pride; having an exaggerated sense of self-importance

From this reading _Alexis._ When I find the first of men, in rank and genius, hating one another, and becoming slanderers and liars in order to lower and vilify an opponent; when I hear the God of mercy invoked to massacres, and thanked for furthering what He reprobates and condemns--I look back in vain on any barbarous people for worse barbarism.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading In my opinion, the evils that have been attributed to it sprang from its imperfections and voids; and no nation has yet acquired it more than very scantily.

vilifyverbUS /ˈvɪlɪfaɪ/

spread negative information about

From this reading _Alexis._ When I find the first of men, in rank and genius, hating one another, and becoming slanderers and liars in order to lower and vilify an opponent; when I hear the God of mercy invoked to massacres, and thanked for furthering what He reprobates and condemns--I look back in vain on any barbarous people for worse barbarism.

virtuousadjectiveUS /ˈvɜːrtʃuːəs/

morally excellent

From this reading I have expressed my admiration of our forefathers, who, not being Christians, were yet more virtuous than those who are; more temperate, more just, more sincere, more chaste, more peaceable.

voidsnounUS /vɔɪdz/

plural of “void” — the state of nonexistence

From this reading In my opinion, the evils that have been attributed to it sprang from its imperfections and voids; and no nation has yet acquired it more than very scantily.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading I have expressed my admiration of our forefathers, who, not being Christians, were yet more virtuous than those who are; more temperate, more just, more sincere, more chaste, more peaceable.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading _Alexis._ When I find the first of men, in rank and genius, hating one another, and becoming slanderers and liars in order to lower and vilify an opponent; when I hear the God of mercy invoked to massacres, and thanked for furthering what He reprobates and condemns--I look back in vain on any barbarous people for worse barbarism.

whateverdeterminerUS /ˌwʌˈtevər/

any or all of a kind, it does not matter which

From this reading _Alexis._ Never have I undervalued civilization: on the contrary, I regretted whatever impeded it.

WhenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading _Alexis._ When I find the first of men, in rank and genius, hating one another, and becoming slanderers and liars in order to lower and vilify an opponent; when I hear the God of mercy invoked to massacres, and thanked for furthering what He reprobates and condemns--I look back in vain on any barbarous people for worse barbarism.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading I have expressed my admiration of our forefathers, who, not being Christians, were yet more virtuous than those who are; more temperate, more just, more sincere, more chaste, more peaceable.

worseadjectiveUS /wɜːrs/

(comparative of “bad”) inferior to another in quality or condition or desirability

From this reading _Alexis._ When I find the first of men, in rank and genius, hating one another, and becoming slanderers and liars in order to lower and vilify an opponent; when I hear the God of mercy invoked to massacres, and thanked for furthering what He reprobates and condemns--I look back in vain on any barbarous people for worse barbarism.

yetconjunctionUS /jet/

but in spite of that

From this reading In my opinion, the evils that have been attributed to it sprang from its imperfections and voids; and no nation has yet acquired it more than very scantily.

Chapter 2 of Imaginary Conversations and Poems by Walter Savage Landor holds 408 sentences, grouped into 82 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 2 of Imaginary Conversations and Poems contain?

Chapter 2 holds 408 sentences of Imaginary Conversations and Poems, unabridged, divided into 82 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 2 of Imaginary Conversations and Poems by Walter Savage Landor exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 408 sentences, grouped into 82 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 2 of Imaginary Conversations and Poems?

Work through the 82 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 82 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 2 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 2 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Imaginary Conversations and Poems

Common questions about reading Imaginary Conversations and Poems by Walter Savage Landor on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Imaginary Conversations and Poems?

Yes. All 7349 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #21628 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Imaginary Conversations and Poems is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #21628, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Imaginary Conversations and Poems take to read?

About 600 minutes of reading across 1470 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Imaginary Conversations and Poems section by section

How to work through Imaginary Conversations and Poems section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Imaginary Conversations and Poems

Words and structures a reader meets early in Imaginary Conversations and Poems, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Bossuet
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Imaginary Conversations and Poems; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Duchess
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Imaginary Conversations and Poems; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Fontanges
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Imaginary Conversations and Poems; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Gaunt
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Imaginary Conversations and Poems; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.