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In Freedom's Cause
In Freedom's Cause

Chapter XI · Chapter 11

Chapter 11 of In Freedom's Cause is here in full — 177 sentences across 36 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/35 · 5 lines
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Robert The Bruce At the last great invasion by Edward, Archie did not take the field, seeing that Comyn, in despair of opposing so vast a host, did not call out the levies.
Upon the approach of the English army under the Prince of Wales he called the whole of his tenants into the castle.
Great stores of provisions had already been collected.
The women and children were sent away up into the hills, where provisions had also been garnered, and the old men and boys accompanied them.
As the Prince of Wales passed north, bands from his army spreading over the country destroyed every house in the district.
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/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
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In Freedom's Cause

Chapter XI · Chapter 11

Chapter 11 of In Freedom's Cause is here in full — 177 sentences across 36 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/35 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Robert The Bruce At the last great invasion by Edward, Archie did not take the field, seeing that Comyn, in despair of opposing so vast a host, did not call out the levies.
Line 2
Upon the approach of the English army under the Prince of Wales he called the whole of his tenants into the castle.
/əˈpɑːn ðə əˈproʊtʃ ʌv ðə ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ ˈɑːrmi ˈʌndər ðə prɪns ʌv weɪlz hiː kɔːld ðə hoʊl ʌv hɪz ˈtenənts ˈɪntuː ðə ˈkæsəl/
Line 3
Great stores of provisions had already been collected.
/ɡreɪt stɔːrz ʌv prəˈvɪʒənz hæd ɔːlˈredi bɪn kəˈlektəd/
Line 4
The women and children were sent away up into the hills, where provisions had also been garnered, and the old men and boys accompanied them.
/ðə ˈwɪmən ənd ˈtʃɪldrən wɜːr sent əˈweɪ ʌp ˈɪntuː ðə hɪlz wer prəˈvɪʒənz hæd ˈɔːlsoʊ bɪn ˈɡɑːrnərd ənd ðə oʊld men ənd bɔɪz əˈkʌmpənid ðem/
Line 5
As the Prince of Wales passed north, bands from his army spreading over the country destroyed every house in the district.
/æz ðə prɪns ʌv weɪlz pæst nɔːrθ bændz frʌm hɪz ˈɑːrmi ˈspredɪŋ ˈoʊvər ðə ˈkʌntri dɪˈstrɔɪd ˈevəri haʊs ɪn ðə ˈdɪstrɪkt/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

bands noun US /bændz/

plural of “band” — an unofficial association of people or groups

From this reading “As the Prince of Wales passed north, bands from his army spreading over the country destroyed every house in the district.”

Bruce noun US /bruːs/

Australian physician and bacteriologist who described the bacterium that causes undulant fever or brucellosis (1855-1931)

From this reading “Robert The Bruce At the last great invasion by Edward, Archie did not take the field, seeing that Comyn, in despair of opposing so vast a host, did not call out the levies.”

garnered verb US /ˈɡɑːrnərd/

past form of “garner” — acquire or deserve by one's efforts or actions

From this reading “The women and children were sent away up into the hills, where provisions had also been garnered, and the old men and boys accompanied them.”

invasion noun US /ˌɪnˈveɪʒən/

the act of invading; the act of an army that invades for conquest or plunder

From this reading “Robert The Bruce At the last great invasion by Edward, Archie did not take the field, seeing that Comyn, in despair of opposing so vast a host, did not call out the levies.”

levies noun US /ˈleviz/

plural of “levy” — a charge imposed and collected

From this reading “Robert The Bruce At the last great invasion by Edward, Archie did not take the field, seeing that Comyn, in despair of opposing so vast a host, did not call out the levies.”

opposing adjective US /əˈpoʊzɪŋ/

characterized by active hostility

From this reading “Robert The Bruce At the last great invasion by Edward, Archie did not take the field, seeing that Comyn, in despair of opposing so vast a host, did not call out the levies.”

tenants noun US /ˈtenənts/

plural of “tenant” — someone who pays rent to use land or a building or a car that is owned by someone else

From this reading “Upon the approach of the English army under the Prince of Wales he called the whole of his tenants into the castle.”

Wales noun US /weɪlz/

one of the four countries that make up the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; during Roman times the region was known as Cambria

From this reading “Upon the approach of the English army under the Prince of Wales he called the whole of his tenants into the castle.”

All words in this reading · 76

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Robert The Bruce At the last great invasion by Edward, Archie did not take the field, seeing that Comyn, in despair of opposing so vast a host, did not call out the levies.

accompaniedadjectiveUS /əˈkʌmpənid/

having companions or an escort

From this reading The women and children were sent away up into the hills, where provisions had also been garnered, and the old men and boys accompanied them.

alreadyadverbUS /ɔːlˈredi/

prior to a specified or implied time

From this reading Great stores of provisions had already been collected.

alsoadverbUS /ˈɔːlsoʊ/

in addition

From this reading The women and children were sent away up into the hills, where provisions had also been garnered, and the old men and boys accompanied them.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The women and children were sent away up into the hills, where provisions had also been garnered, and the old men and boys accompanied them.

approachverbUS /əˈproʊtʃ/

move towards

From this reading Upon the approach of the English army under the Prince of Wales he called the whole of his tenants into the castle.

Archie

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Robert The Bruce At the last great invasion by Edward, Archie did not take the field, seeing that Comyn, in despair of opposing so vast a host, did not call out the levies.

armynounUS /ˈɑːrmi/

a permanent organization of the military land forces of a nation or state

From this reading Upon the approach of the English army under the Prince of Wales he called the whole of his tenants into the castle.

AsconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading As the Prince of Wales passed north, bands from his army spreading over the country destroyed every house in the district.

AtprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Robert The Bruce At the last great invasion by Edward, Archie did not take the field, seeing that Comyn, in despair of opposing so vast a host, did not call out the levies.

awayadverbUS /əˈweɪ/

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading The women and children were sent away up into the hills, where provisions had also been garnered, and the old men and boys accompanied them.

bandsnounUS /bændz/

plural of “band” — an unofficial association of people or groups

From this reading As the Prince of Wales passed north, bands from his army spreading over the country destroyed every house in the district.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Great stores of provisions had already been collected.

boysnounUS /bɔɪz/

plural of “boy” — a youthful male person

From this reading The women and children were sent away up into the hills, where provisions had also been garnered, and the old men and boys accompanied them.

BrucenounUS /bruːs/

Australian physician and bacteriologist who described the bacterium that causes undulant fever or brucellosis (1855-1931)

From this reading Robert The Bruce At the last great invasion by Edward, Archie did not take the field, seeing that Comyn, in despair of opposing so vast a host, did not call out the levies.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading Robert The Bruce At the last great invasion by Edward, Archie did not take the field, seeing that Comyn, in despair of opposing so vast a host, did not call out the levies.

callverbUS /kɔːl/

assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading Robert The Bruce At the last great invasion by Edward, Archie did not take the field, seeing that Comyn, in despair of opposing so vast a host, did not call out the levies.

calledverbUS /kɔːld/

past form of “call” — assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading Upon the approach of the English army under the Prince of Wales he called the whole of his tenants into the castle.

castlenounUS /ˈkæsəl/

a large and stately mansion

From this reading Upon the approach of the English army under the Prince of Wales he called the whole of his tenants into the castle.

childrennounUS /ˈtʃɪldrən/

plural of “child” — a young person of either sex

From this reading The women and children were sent away up into the hills, where provisions had also been garnered, and the old men and boys accompanied them.

collectedadjectiveUS /kəˈlektəd/

brought together in one place

From this reading Great stores of provisions had already been collected.

Comyn

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Robert The Bruce At the last great invasion by Edward, Archie did not take the field, seeing that Comyn, in despair of opposing so vast a host, did not call out the levies.

countrynounUS /ˈkʌntri/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading As the Prince of Wales passed north, bands from his army spreading over the country destroyed every house in the district.

despairnounUS /dɪˈsper/

a state in which all hope is lost or absent

From this reading Robert The Bruce At the last great invasion by Edward, Archie did not take the field, seeing that Comyn, in despair of opposing so vast a host, did not call out the levies.

destroyedadjectiveUS /dɪˈstrɔɪd/

spoiled or ruined or demolished

From this reading As the Prince of Wales passed north, bands from his army spreading over the country destroyed every house in the district.

didauxiliary verbUS /dɪd/

the past form of “do”, used in questions and negatives

From this reading Robert The Bruce At the last great invasion by Edward, Archie did not take the field, seeing that Comyn, in despair of opposing so vast a host, did not call out the levies.

districtnounUS /ˈdɪstrɪkt/

a region marked off for administrative or other purposes

From this reading As the Prince of Wales passed north, bands from his army spreading over the country destroyed every house in the district.

EdwardnounUS /ˈedwərd/

King of England and Ireland in 1936; his marriage to Wallis Warfield Simpson created a constitutional crisis leading to his abdication (1894-1972)

From this reading Robert The Bruce At the last great invasion by Edward, Archie did not take the field, seeing that Comyn, in despair of opposing so vast a host, did not call out the levies.

EnglishnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading Upon the approach of the English army under the Prince of Wales he called the whole of his tenants into the castle.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading As the Prince of Wales passed north, bands from his army spreading over the country destroyed every house in the district.

fieldnounUS /fiːld/

a piece of land cleared of trees and usually enclosed

From this reading Robert The Bruce At the last great invasion by Edward, Archie did not take the field, seeing that Comyn, in despair of opposing so vast a host, did not call out the levies.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading As the Prince of Wales passed north, bands from his army spreading over the country destroyed every house in the district.

garneredverbUS /ˈɡɑːrnərd/

past form of “garner” — acquire or deserve by one's efforts or actions

From this reading The women and children were sent away up into the hills, where provisions had also been garnered, and the old men and boys accompanied them.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading Robert The Bruce At the last great invasion by Edward, Archie did not take the field, seeing that Comyn, in despair of opposing so vast a host, did not call out the levies.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Great stores of provisions had already been collected.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Upon the approach of the English army under the Prince of Wales he called the whole of his tenants into the castle.

hillsnounUS /hɪlz/

plural of “hill” — a local and well-defined elevation of the land

From this reading The women and children were sent away up into the hills, where provisions had also been garnered, and the old men and boys accompanied them.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Upon the approach of the English army under the Prince of Wales he called the whole of his tenants into the castle.

hostnounUS /hoʊst/

a person who invites guests to a social event (such as a party in his or her own home) and who is responsible for them while they are there

From this reading Robert The Bruce At the last great invasion by Edward, Archie did not take the field, seeing that Comyn, in despair of opposing so vast a host, did not call out the levies.

housenounUS /haʊs/

a dwelling that serves as living quarters for one or more families

From this reading As the Prince of Wales passed north, bands from his army spreading over the country destroyed every house in the district.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Robert The Bruce At the last great invasion by Edward, Archie did not take the field, seeing that Comyn, in despair of opposing so vast a host, did not call out the levies.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading Upon the approach of the English army under the Prince of Wales he called the whole of his tenants into the castle.

invasionnounUS /ˌɪnˈveɪʒən/

the act of invading; the act of an army that invades for conquest or plunder

From this reading Robert The Bruce At the last great invasion by Edward, Archie did not take the field, seeing that Comyn, in despair of opposing so vast a host, did not call out the levies.

lastadjectiveUS /læst/

immediately past

From this reading Robert The Bruce At the last great invasion by Edward, Archie did not take the field, seeing that Comyn, in despair of opposing so vast a host, did not call out the levies.

leviesnounUS /ˈleviz/

plural of “levy” — a charge imposed and collected

From this reading Robert The Bruce At the last great invasion by Edward, Archie did not take the field, seeing that Comyn, in despair of opposing so vast a host, did not call out the levies.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading The women and children were sent away up into the hills, where provisions had also been garnered, and the old men and boys accompanied them.

northnounUS /nɔːrθ/

the region of the United States lying to the north of the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading As the Prince of Wales passed north, bands from his army spreading over the country destroyed every house in the district.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Robert The Bruce At the last great invasion by Edward, Archie did not take the field, seeing that Comyn, in despair of opposing so vast a host, did not call out the levies.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Robert The Bruce At the last great invasion by Edward, Archie did not take the field, seeing that Comyn, in despair of opposing so vast a host, did not call out the levies.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading The women and children were sent away up into the hills, where provisions had also been garnered, and the old men and boys accompanied them.

opposingadjectiveUS /əˈpoʊzɪŋ/

characterized by active hostility

From this reading Robert The Bruce At the last great invasion by Edward, Archie did not take the field, seeing that Comyn, in despair of opposing so vast a host, did not call out the levies.

outadjectiveUS /aʊt/

not allowed to continue to bat or run

From this reading Robert The Bruce At the last great invasion by Edward, Archie did not take the field, seeing that Comyn, in despair of opposing so vast a host, did not call out the levies.

overprepositionUS /ˈoʊvər/

above and across; more than

From this reading As the Prince of Wales passed north, bands from his army spreading over the country destroyed every house in the district.

passedverbUS /pæst/

past form of “pass” — go across or through

From this reading As the Prince of Wales passed north, bands from his army spreading over the country destroyed every house in the district.

PrincenounUS /prɪns/

a male member of a royal family other than the sovereign (especially the son of a sovereign)

From this reading Upon the approach of the English army under the Prince of Wales he called the whole of his tenants into the castle.

provisionsnounUS /prəˈvɪʒənz/

a stock or supply of foods

From this reading Great stores of provisions had already been collected.

RobertnounUS /ˈrɑːbərt/

United States parliamentary authority and author (in 1876) of Robert's Rules of Order (1837-1923)

From this reading Robert The Bruce At the last great invasion by Edward, Archie did not take the field, seeing that Comyn, in despair of opposing so vast a host, did not call out the levies.

seeingnounUS /ˈsiːɪŋ/

perception by means of the eyes

From this reading Robert The Bruce At the last great invasion by Edward, Archie did not take the field, seeing that Comyn, in despair of opposing so vast a host, did not call out the levies.

sentnounUS /sent/

100 senti equal 1 kroon in Estonia

From this reading The women and children were sent away up into the hills, where provisions had also been garnered, and the old men and boys accompanied them.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading Robert The Bruce At the last great invasion by Edward, Archie did not take the field, seeing that Comyn, in despair of opposing so vast a host, did not call out the levies.

spreadingnounUS /ˈspredɪŋ/

process or result of distributing or extending over a wide expanse of space

From this reading As the Prince of Wales passed north, bands from his army spreading over the country destroyed every house in the district.

storesnounUS /stɔːrz/

plural of “store” — a mercantile establishment for the retail sale of goods or services

From this reading Great stores of provisions had already been collected.

takeverbUS /teɪk/

carry out

From this reading Robert The Bruce At the last great invasion by Edward, Archie did not take the field, seeing that Comyn, in despair of opposing so vast a host, did not call out the levies.

tenantsnounUS /ˈtenənts/

plural of “tenant” — someone who pays rent to use land or a building or a car that is owned by someone else

From this reading Upon the approach of the English army under the Prince of Wales he called the whole of his tenants into the castle.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Robert The Bruce At the last great invasion by Edward, Archie did not take the field, seeing that Comyn, in despair of opposing so vast a host, did not call out the levies.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Robert The Bruce At the last great invasion by Edward, Archie did not take the field, seeing that Comyn, in despair of opposing so vast a host, did not call out the levies.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading The women and children were sent away up into the hills, where provisions had also been garnered, and the old men and boys accompanied them.

underprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading Upon the approach of the English army under the Prince of Wales he called the whole of his tenants into the castle.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading The women and children were sent away up into the hills, where provisions had also been garnered, and the old men and boys accompanied them.

UponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading Upon the approach of the English army under the Prince of Wales he called the whole of his tenants into the castle.

vastadjectiveUS /væst/

unusually great in size or amount or degree or especially extent or scope

From this reading Robert The Bruce At the last great invasion by Edward, Archie did not take the field, seeing that Comyn, in despair of opposing so vast a host, did not call out the levies.

WalesnounUS /weɪlz/

one of the four countries that make up the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; during Roman times the region was known as Cambria

From this reading Upon the approach of the English army under the Prince of Wales he called the whole of his tenants into the castle.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The women and children were sent away up into the hills, where provisions had also been garnered, and the old men and boys accompanied them.

whereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading The women and children were sent away up into the hills, where provisions had also been garnered, and the old men and boys accompanied them.

wholeadjectiveUS /hoʊl/

including all components without exception; being one unit or constituting the full amount or extent or duration; complete

From this reading Upon the approach of the English army under the Prince of Wales he called the whole of his tenants into the castle.

womennounUS /ˈwɪmən/

plural of “woman” — an adult female person (as opposed to a man)

From this reading The women and children were sent away up into the hills, where provisions had also been garnered, and the old men and boys accompanied them.

Chapter 11 of In Freedom's Cause by G. A. (George Alfred) Henty holds 177 sentences, grouped into 36 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 11 of In Freedom's Cause contain?

Chapter 11 holds 177 sentences of In Freedom's Cause, unabridged, divided into 36 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 11 of In Freedom's Cause by G. A. (George Alfred) Henty exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 177 sentences, grouped into 36 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 11 of In Freedom's Cause?

Work through the 36 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 36 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 11 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 11 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading In Freedom's Cause

Common questions about reading In Freedom's Cause by G. A. (George Alfred) Henty on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of In Freedom's Cause?

Yes. All 4640 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #4792 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of In Freedom's Cause is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #4792, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does In Freedom's Cause take to read?

About 386 minutes of reading across 928 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in In Freedom's Cause

Words and structures a reader meets early in In Freedom's Cause, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Village
A word that appears in the opening chapter of In Freedom's Cause; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Cairn
A word that appears in the opening chapter of In Freedom's Cause; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Situated
A word that appears in the opening chapter of In Freedom's Cause; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Valley
A word that appears in the opening chapter of In Freedom's Cause; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.