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In Old Kentucky
In Old Kentucky

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of In Old Kentucky is here in full — 318 sentences across 64 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/63 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
The afternoon was waning as Joe climbed a sudden rise and saw before him Layson's camp.
Through a cleft in the guardian range the sun's rays penetrated red and fiery.
Already the quick chill of the coming evening had begun to permeate the air.
A hawk, sailing from a day of foraging among the hen-yards of the distant valley, flew heavily across the sky, burdened with plunder for its little ones, nested at the top of a black stub on the mountain-side.
Squirrels were home-going after a busy day among the trees.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

In Old Kentucky

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of In Old Kentucky is here in full — 318 sentences across 64 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/63 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
The afternoon was waning as Joe climbed a sudden rise and saw before him Layson's camp.
Line 2
Through a cleft in the guardian range the sun's rays penetrated red and fiery.
/θruː ə kleft ɪn ðə ˈɡɑːrdiən reɪndʒ ðə sʌnz reɪz ˈpenətreɪtɪd red ənd ˈfaɪəri/
Line 3
Already the quick chill of the coming evening had begun to permeate the air.
/ɔːlˈredi ðə kwɪk tʃɪl ʌv ðə ˈkʌmɪŋ ˈiːvnɪŋ hæd bɪˈɡʌn tuː ˈpɜːrmieɪt ðə er/
Line 4
A hawk, sailing from a day of foraging among the hen-yards of the distant valley, flew heavily across the sky, burdened with plunder for its little ones, nested at the top of a black stub on the mountain-side.
Line 5
Squirrels were home-going after a busy day among the trees.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

burdened adjective US /ˈbɜːrdənd/

bearing a heavy burden of work or difficulties or responsibilities

From this reading “A hawk, sailing from a day of foraging among the hen-yards of the distant valley, flew heavily across the sky, burdened with plunder for its little ones, nested at the top of a black stub on the mountain-side.”

foraging noun US /ˈfɔːrɪdʒɪŋ/

the act of searching for food and provisions

From this reading “A hawk, sailing from a day of foraging among the hen-yards of the distant valley, flew heavily across the sky, burdened with plunder for its little ones, nested at the top of a black stub on the mountain-side.”

nested verb US /ˈnestəd/

past form of “nest” — inhabit a nest, usually after building

From this reading “A hawk, sailing from a day of foraging among the hen-yards of the distant valley, flew heavily across the sky, burdened with plunder for its little ones, nested at the top of a black stub on the mountain-side.”

permeate verb US /ˈpɜːrmieɪt/

spread or diffuse through

From this reading “Already the quick chill of the coming evening had begun to permeate the air.”

Squirrels noun US /ˈskwɜːrəlz/

plural of “squirrel” — a kind of arboreal rodent having a long bushy tail

From this reading “Squirrels were home-going after a busy day among the trees.”

stub noun US /stʌb/

a short piece remaining on a trunk or stem where a branch is lost

From this reading “A hawk, sailing from a day of foraging among the hen-yards of the distant valley, flew heavily across the sky, burdened with plunder for its little ones, nested at the top of a black stub on the mountain-side.”

sun's noun US /sʌnz/

possessive form of “sun” — the star that is the source of light and heat for the planets in the solar system

From this reading “Through a cleft in the guardian range the sun's rays penetrated red and fiery.”

waning noun US /ˈweɪnɪŋ/

a gradual decrease in magnitude or extent

From this reading “The afternoon was waning as Joe climbed a sudden rise and saw before him Layson's camp.”

All words in this reading · 70

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The afternoon was waning as Joe climbed a sudden rise and saw before him Layson's camp.

acrossprepositionUS /əˈkrɔːs/

from one side of something to the other

From this reading A hawk, sailing from a day of foraging among the hen-yards of the distant valley, flew heavily across the sky, burdened with plunder for its little ones, nested at the top of a black stub on the mountain-side.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading Squirrels were home-going after a busy day among the trees.

afternoonnounUS /ˌæftərˈnuːn/

the part of the day between noon and evening

From this reading The afternoon was waning as Joe climbed a sudden rise and saw before him Layson's camp.

airnounUS /er/

a mixture of gases (especially oxygen) required for breathing; the stuff that the wind consists of

From this reading Already the quick chill of the coming evening had begun to permeate the air.

AlreadyadverbUS /ɔːlˈredi/

prior to a specified or implied time

From this reading Already the quick chill of the coming evening had begun to permeate the air.

amongprepositionUS /əˈmʌŋ/

surrounded by; in the middle of a group

From this reading A hawk, sailing from a day of foraging among the hen-yards of the distant valley, flew heavily across the sky, burdened with plunder for its little ones, nested at the top of a black stub on the mountain-side.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The afternoon was waning as Joe climbed a sudden rise and saw before him Layson's camp.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The afternoon was waning as Joe climbed a sudden rise and saw before him Layson's camp.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading A hawk, sailing from a day of foraging among the hen-yards of the distant valley, flew heavily across the sky, burdened with plunder for its little ones, nested at the top of a black stub on the mountain-side.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading The afternoon was waning as Joe climbed a sudden rise and saw before him Layson's camp.

begunverbUS /bɪˈɡʌn/

inflected form of “begin” — take the first step or steps in carrying out an action

From this reading Already the quick chill of the coming evening had begun to permeate the air.

blackadjectiveUS /blæk/

being of the achromatic color of maximum darkness; having little or no hue owing to absorption of almost all incident light

From this reading A hawk, sailing from a day of foraging among the hen-yards of the distant valley, flew heavily across the sky, burdened with plunder for its little ones, nested at the top of a black stub on the mountain-side.

burdenedadjectiveUS /ˈbɜːrdənd/

bearing a heavy burden of work or difficulties or responsibilities

From this reading A hawk, sailing from a day of foraging among the hen-yards of the distant valley, flew heavily across the sky, burdened with plunder for its little ones, nested at the top of a black stub on the mountain-side.

busyadjectiveUS /ˈbɪzi/

actively or fully engaged or occupied

From this reading Squirrels were home-going after a busy day among the trees.

campnounUS /kæmp/

temporary living quarters specially built by the army for soldiers

From this reading The afternoon was waning as Joe climbed a sudden rise and saw before him Layson's camp.

chillnounUS /tʃɪl/

coldness due to a cold environment

From this reading Already the quick chill of the coming evening had begun to permeate the air.

cleftnounUS /kleft/

a split or indentation in something (as the palate or chin)

From this reading Through a cleft in the guardian range the sun's rays penetrated red and fiery.

climbedverbUS /klaɪmd/

past form of “climb” — go upward with gradual or continuous progress

From this reading The afternoon was waning as Joe climbed a sudden rise and saw before him Layson's camp.

comingnounUS /ˈkʌmɪŋ/

the act of drawing spatially closer to something

From this reading Already the quick chill of the coming evening had begun to permeate the air.

daynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading A hawk, sailing from a day of foraging among the hen-yards of the distant valley, flew heavily across the sky, burdened with plunder for its little ones, nested at the top of a black stub on the mountain-side.

distantadjectiveUS /ˈdɪstənt/

separated in space or coming from or going to a distance

From this reading A hawk, sailing from a day of foraging among the hen-yards of the distant valley, flew heavily across the sky, burdened with plunder for its little ones, nested at the top of a black stub on the mountain-side.

eveningnounUS /ˈiːvnɪŋ/

the latter part of the day (the period of decreasing daylight from late afternoon until nightfall)

From this reading Already the quick chill of the coming evening had begun to permeate the air.

fieryadjectiveUS /ˈfaɪəri/

characterized by intense emotion

From this reading Through a cleft in the guardian range the sun's rays penetrated red and fiery.

flewverbUS /fluː/

inflected form of “fly” — travel through the air; be airborne

From this reading A hawk, sailing from a day of foraging among the hen-yards of the distant valley, flew heavily across the sky, burdened with plunder for its little ones, nested at the top of a black stub on the mountain-side.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading A hawk, sailing from a day of foraging among the hen-yards of the distant valley, flew heavily across the sky, burdened with plunder for its little ones, nested at the top of a black stub on the mountain-side.

foragingnounUS /ˈfɔːrɪdʒɪŋ/

the act of searching for food and provisions

From this reading A hawk, sailing from a day of foraging among the hen-yards of the distant valley, flew heavily across the sky, burdened with plunder for its little ones, nested at the top of a black stub on the mountain-side.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading A hawk, sailing from a day of foraging among the hen-yards of the distant valley, flew heavily across the sky, burdened with plunder for its little ones, nested at the top of a black stub on the mountain-side.

guardiannounUS /ˈɡɑːrdiən/

a person who cares for persons or property

From this reading Through a cleft in the guardian range the sun's rays penetrated red and fiery.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading Already the quick chill of the coming evening had begun to permeate the air.

hawknounUS /hɔːk/

diurnal bird of prey typically having short rounded wings and a long tail

From this reading A hawk, sailing from a day of foraging among the hen-yards of the distant valley, flew heavily across the sky, burdened with plunder for its little ones, nested at the top of a black stub on the mountain-side.

heavilyadverbUS /ˈhevəli/

to a considerable degree

From this reading A hawk, sailing from a day of foraging among the hen-yards of the distant valley, flew heavily across the sky, burdened with plunder for its little ones, nested at the top of a black stub on the mountain-side.

hen-yards

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading A hawk, sailing from a day of foraging among the hen-yards of the distant valley, flew heavily across the sky, burdened with plunder for its little ones, nested at the top of a black stub on the mountain-side.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading The afternoon was waning as Joe climbed a sudden rise and saw before him Layson's camp.

home-going

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Squirrels were home-going after a busy day among the trees.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Through a cleft in the guardian range the sun's rays penetrated red and fiery.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading A hawk, sailing from a day of foraging among the hen-yards of the distant valley, flew heavily across the sky, burdened with plunder for its little ones, nested at the top of a black stub on the mountain-side.

Joe

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The afternoon was waning as Joe climbed a sudden rise and saw before him Layson's camp.

Layson's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The afternoon was waning as Joe climbed a sudden rise and saw before him Layson's camp.

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading A hawk, sailing from a day of foraging among the hen-yards of the distant valley, flew heavily across the sky, burdened with plunder for its little ones, nested at the top of a black stub on the mountain-side.

mountain-side

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading A hawk, sailing from a day of foraging among the hen-yards of the distant valley, flew heavily across the sky, burdened with plunder for its little ones, nested at the top of a black stub on the mountain-side.

nestedverbUS /ˈnestəd/

past form of “nest” — inhabit a nest, usually after building

From this reading A hawk, sailing from a day of foraging among the hen-yards of the distant valley, flew heavily across the sky, burdened with plunder for its little ones, nested at the top of a black stub on the mountain-side.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Already the quick chill of the coming evening had begun to permeate the air.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading A hawk, sailing from a day of foraging among the hen-yards of the distant valley, flew heavily across the sky, burdened with plunder for its little ones, nested at the top of a black stub on the mountain-side.

onesnounUS /wʌnz/

plural of “one” — the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number

From this reading A hawk, sailing from a day of foraging among the hen-yards of the distant valley, flew heavily across the sky, burdened with plunder for its little ones, nested at the top of a black stub on the mountain-side.

penetratedverbUS /ˈpenətreɪtɪd/

past form of “penetrate” — pass into or through, often by overcoming resistance

From this reading Through a cleft in the guardian range the sun's rays penetrated red and fiery.

permeateverbUS /ˈpɜːrmieɪt/

spread or diffuse through

From this reading Already the quick chill of the coming evening had begun to permeate the air.

plundernounUS /ˈplʌn.dər/

Goods or treasure taken by force or theft, especially in war or banditry.

From this reading A hawk, sailing from a day of foraging among the hen-yards of the distant valley, flew heavily across the sky, burdened with plunder for its little ones, nested at the top of a black stub on the mountain-side.

quickadjectiveUS /kwɪk/

accomplished rapidly and without delay

From this reading Already the quick chill of the coming evening had begun to permeate the air.

rangenounUS /reɪndʒ/

an area in which something acts or operates or has power or control: "the range of a supersonic jet"

From this reading Through a cleft in the guardian range the sun's rays penetrated red and fiery.

raysnounUS /reɪz/

plural of “ray” — a column of light (as from a beacon)

From this reading Through a cleft in the guardian range the sun's rays penetrated red and fiery.

rednounUS /red/

red color or pigment; the chromatic color resembling the hue of blood

From this reading Through a cleft in the guardian range the sun's rays penetrated red and fiery.

riseverbUS /raɪz/

move upward

From this reading The afternoon was waning as Joe climbed a sudden rise and saw before him Layson's camp.

sailingnounUS /ˈseɪlɪŋ/

the work of a sailor

From this reading A hawk, sailing from a day of foraging among the hen-yards of the distant valley, flew heavily across the sky, burdened with plunder for its little ones, nested at the top of a black stub on the mountain-side.

sawverbUS /sɔː/

cut with a saw

From this reading The afternoon was waning as Joe climbed a sudden rise and saw before him Layson's camp.

skynounUS /skaɪ/

the atmosphere and outer space as viewed from the earth

From this reading A hawk, sailing from a day of foraging among the hen-yards of the distant valley, flew heavily across the sky, burdened with plunder for its little ones, nested at the top of a black stub on the mountain-side.

SquirrelsnounUS /ˈskwɜːrəlz/

plural of “squirrel” — a kind of arboreal rodent having a long bushy tail

From this reading Squirrels were home-going after a busy day among the trees.

stubnounUS /stʌb/

a short piece remaining on a trunk or stem where a branch is lost

From this reading A hawk, sailing from a day of foraging among the hen-yards of the distant valley, flew heavily across the sky, burdened with plunder for its little ones, nested at the top of a black stub on the mountain-side.

suddenadjectiveUS /ˈsʌdən/

happening without warning or in a short space of time

From this reading The afternoon was waning as Joe climbed a sudden rise and saw before him Layson's camp.

sun'snounUS /sʌnz/

possessive form of “sun” — the star that is the source of light and heat for the planets in the solar system

From this reading Through a cleft in the guardian range the sun's rays penetrated red and fiery.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The afternoon was waning as Joe climbed a sudden rise and saw before him Layson's camp.

ThroughprepositionUS /θruː/

from one end or side of something to the other

From this reading Through a cleft in the guardian range the sun's rays penetrated red and fiery.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Already the quick chill of the coming evening had begun to permeate the air.

topnounUS /tɑːp/

the upper part of anything

From this reading A hawk, sailing from a day of foraging among the hen-yards of the distant valley, flew heavily across the sky, burdened with plunder for its little ones, nested at the top of a black stub on the mountain-side.

treesnounUS /triːz/

plural of “tree” — a tall perennial woody plant having a main trunk and branches forming a distinct elevated crown; includes both gymnosperms and angiosperms

From this reading Squirrels were home-going after a busy day among the trees.

valleynounUS /ˈvæli/

a long depression in the surface of the land that usually contains a river

From this reading A hawk, sailing from a day of foraging among the hen-yards of the distant valley, flew heavily across the sky, burdened with plunder for its little ones, nested at the top of a black stub on the mountain-side.

waningnounUS /ˈweɪnɪŋ/

a gradual decrease in magnitude or extent

From this reading The afternoon was waning as Joe climbed a sudden rise and saw before him Layson's camp.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The afternoon was waning as Joe climbed a sudden rise and saw before him Layson's camp.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Squirrels were home-going after a busy day among the trees.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading A hawk, sailing from a day of foraging among the hen-yards of the distant valley, flew heavily across the sky, burdened with plunder for its little ones, nested at the top of a black stub on the mountain-side.

Chapter 8 of In Old Kentucky by Edward Marshall holds 318 sentences, grouped into 64 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of In Old Kentucky contain?

Chapter 8 holds 318 sentences of In Old Kentucky, unabridged, divided into 64 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of In Old Kentucky by Edward Marshall exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 318 sentences, grouped into 64 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of In Old Kentucky?

Work through the 64 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 64 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading In Old Kentucky

Common questions about reading In Old Kentucky by Edward Marshall on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of In Old Kentucky?

Yes. All 4853 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #13933 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of In Old Kentucky is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #13933, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does In Old Kentucky take to read?

About 404 minutes of reading across 971 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read In Old Kentucky section by section

How to work through In Old Kentucky section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 19 chapters of In Old Kentucky to begin.

  2. Read one section

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  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in In Old Kentucky

Words and structures a reader meets early in In Old Kentucky, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Coming
A word that appears in the opening chapter of In Old Kentucky; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Singing
A word that appears in the opening chapter of In Old Kentucky; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Mountain--
A word that appears in the opening chapter of In Old Kentucky; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Mounted
A word that appears in the opening chapter of In Old Kentucky; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.