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In Old Madras
In Old Madras

Chapter I

Chapter 1 of In Old Madras is here in full — 128 sentences across 26 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/25 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
"_When you've 'eard the East a-calling You never 'eed nought else._" _KIPLING._ A heavy tropical surf boomed on the shingle, with the precision and monotony of minute guns, and a fierce clammy breeze raged from the sea, where Massulah boats and small shipping rocked uneasily.
The same wind, circulating inland, drove whirling clouds of brick-red dust through Madras City, and vigorously swept the long Mount Road,--ere it died with a whisper, among distant paddy fields.
By ten o'clock on this detestable morning, all troops had returned to barracks, signallers and golfers deserted the Island, riding-parties were no longer abroad, but under languid punkahs, or tireless electric fans, the military, civil, and mercantile element were still actively engaged.
Among the latter, the wealthy house of Brown, Brown and Co. stood prominent as one of the oldest firms in India.
Established in the humble early days of John Company, it had acquired name and fame, expanded and flourished.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

In Old Madras

Chapter I

Chapter 1 of In Old Madras is here in full — 128 sentences across 26 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/25 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
"_When you've 'eard the East a-calling You never 'eed nought else._" _KIPLING._ A heavy tropical surf boomed on the shingle, with the precision and monotony of minute guns, and a fierce clammy breeze raged from the sea, where Massulah boats and small shipping rocked uneasily.
Line 2
The same wind, circulating inland, drove whirling clouds of brick-red dust through Madras City, and vigorously swept the long Mount Road,--ere it died with a whisper, among distant paddy fields.
Line 3
By ten o'clock on this detestable morning, all troops had returned to barracks, signallers and golfers deserted the Island, riding-parties were no longer abroad, but under languid punkahs, or tireless electric fans, the military, civil, and mercantile element were still actively engaged.
Line 4
Among the latter, the wealthy house of Brown, Brown and Co. stood prominent as one of the oldest firms in India.
/əˈmʌŋ ðə ˈlætər ðə ˈwelθi haʊs ʌv braʊn braʊn ənd koʊ stʊd ˈprɑːmənənt æz wʌn ʌv ðə ˈoʊldəst fɜːrmz ɪn ˈɪndiə/
Line 5
Established in the humble early days of John Company, it had acquired name and fame, expanded and flourished.
/ɪˈstæblɪʃt ɪn ðə ˈhʌmbəl ˈɜːrli deɪz ʌv dʒɑːn ˈkʌmpəniː ɪt hæd əˈkwaɪərd neɪm ənd feɪm ɪkˈspændəd ənd ˈflɜːrɪʃt/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

circulating adjective US /ˈsɜːrkjəleɪtɪŋ/

passing from one to another

From this reading “The same wind, circulating inland, drove whirling clouds of brick-red dust through Madras City, and vigorously swept the long Mount Road,--ere it died with a whisper, among distant paddy fields.”

clammy adjective US /ˈklæmi/

unpleasantly cool and humid

From this reading “"_When you've 'eard the East a-calling You never 'eed nought else._" _KIPLING._ A heavy tropical surf boomed on the shingle, with the precision and monotony of minute guns, and a fierce clammy breeze raged from the sea, where Massulah boats and small shipping rocked uneasily.”

firms noun US /fɜːrmz/

plural of “firm” — the members of a business organization that owns or operates one or more establishments

From this reading “Among the latter, the wealthy house of Brown, Brown and Co. stood prominent as one of the oldest firms in India.”

golfers noun US /ˈɡɑːlfərz/

plural of “golfer” — someone who plays the game of golf

From this reading “By ten o'clock on this detestable morning, all troops had returned to barracks, signallers and golfers deserted the Island, riding-parties were no longer abroad, but under languid punkahs, or tireless electric fans, the military, civil, and mercantile element were still actively engaged.”

kipling noun US /ˈkɪplɪŋ/

English author of novels and poetry who was born in India (1865-1936)

Madras noun US /ˈmædrəs/

a state in southeastern India on the Bay of Bengal (south of Andhra Pradesh); formerly Madras

From this reading “The same wind, circulating inland, drove whirling clouds of brick-red dust through Madras City, and vigorously swept the long Mount Road,--ere it died with a whisper, among distant paddy fields.”

mercantile adjective US /ˈmɜːrkəntaɪl/

of or relating to the economic system of mercantilism

From this reading “By ten o'clock on this detestable morning, all troops had returned to barracks, signallers and golfers deserted the Island, riding-parties were no longer abroad, but under languid punkahs, or tireless electric fans, the military, civil, and mercantile element were still actively engaged.”

tireless adjective US /ˈtaɪərləs/

showing sustained enthusiastic action with unflagging vitality

From this reading “By ten o'clock on this detestable morning, all troops had returned to barracks, signallers and golfers deserted the Island, riding-parties were no longer abroad, but under languid punkahs, or tireless electric fans, the military, civil, and mercantile element were still actively engaged.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

actively engaged adverb + adjective

In this reading “By ten o'clock on this detestable morning, all troops had returned to barracks, signallers and golfers deserted the Island, riding-parties were no longer abroad, but under languid punkahs, or tireless electric fans, the military, civil, and mercantile element were still actively engaged.”

early days adjective + noun

an early period of development

In this reading “Established in the humble early days of John Company, it had acquired name and fame, expanded and flourished.”

on the shingle preposition + article + noun counted as “on … shingle”

In this reading “"_When you've 'eard the East a-calling You never 'eed nought else._" _KIPLING._ A heavy tropical surf boomed on the shingle, with the precision and monotony of minute guns, and a fierce clammy breeze raged from the sea, where Massulah boats and small shipping rocked uneasily.”

clouds of verb + particle counted as “cloud of”

In this reading “The same wind, circulating inland, drove whirling clouds of brick-red dust through Madras City, and vigorously swept the long Mount Road,--ere it died with a whisper, among distant paddy fields.”

from the sea preposition + article + noun counted as “from … sea”

In this reading “"_When you've 'eard the East a-calling You never 'eed nought else._" _KIPLING._ A heavy tropical surf boomed on the shingle, with the precision and monotony of minute guns, and a fierce clammy breeze raged from the sea, where Massulah boats and small shipping rocked uneasily.”

All words in this reading · 124

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading "_When you've 'eard the East a-calling You never 'eed nought else._" _KIPLING._ A heavy tropical surf boomed on the shingle, with the precision and monotony of minute guns, and a fierce clammy breeze raged from the sea, where Massulah boats and small shipping rocked uneasily.

a-calling

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "_When you've 'eard the East a-calling You never 'eed nought else._" _KIPLING._ A heavy tropical surf boomed on the shingle, with the precision and monotony of minute guns, and a fierce clammy breeze raged from the sea, where Massulah boats and small shipping rocked uneasily.

abroadadverbUS /əˈbrɔːd/

to or in a foreign country

From this reading By ten o'clock on this detestable morning, all troops had returned to barracks, signallers and golfers deserted the Island, riding-parties were no longer abroad, but under languid punkahs, or tireless electric fans, the military, civil, and mercantile element were still actively engaged.

acquiredadjectiveUS /əˈkwaɪərd/

gotten through environmental forces

From this reading Established in the humble early days of John Company, it had acquired name and fame, expanded and flourished.

activelyadverbUS /ˈæktɪvli/

in an active manner

From this reading By ten o'clock on this detestable morning, all troops had returned to barracks, signallers and golfers deserted the Island, riding-parties were no longer abroad, but under languid punkahs, or tireless electric fans, the military, civil, and mercantile element were still actively engaged.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading By ten o'clock on this detestable morning, all troops had returned to barracks, signallers and golfers deserted the Island, riding-parties were no longer abroad, but under languid punkahs, or tireless electric fans, the military, civil, and mercantile element were still actively engaged.

amongprepositionUS /əˈmʌŋ/

surrounded by; in the middle of a group

From this reading The same wind, circulating inland, drove whirling clouds of brick-red dust through Madras City, and vigorously swept the long Mount Road,--ere it died with a whisper, among distant paddy fields.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading "_When you've 'eard the East a-calling You never 'eed nought else._" _KIPLING._ A heavy tropical surf boomed on the shingle, with the precision and monotony of minute guns, and a fierce clammy breeze raged from the sea, where Massulah boats and small shipping rocked uneasily.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Among the latter, the wealthy house of Brown, Brown and Co. stood prominent as one of the oldest firms in India.

barracksnounUS /ˈbærəks/

plural of “barrack” — a building or group of buildings used to house military personnel

From this reading By ten o'clock on this detestable morning, all troops had returned to barracks, signallers and golfers deserted the Island, riding-parties were no longer abroad, but under languid punkahs, or tireless electric fans, the military, civil, and mercantile element were still actively engaged.

boatsnounUS /boʊts/

plural of “boat” — a small vessel for travel on water

From this reading "_When you've 'eard the East a-calling You never 'eed nought else._" _KIPLING._ A heavy tropical surf boomed on the shingle, with the precision and monotony of minute guns, and a fierce clammy breeze raged from the sea, where Massulah boats and small shipping rocked uneasily.

boomedverbUS /buːmd/

past form of “boom” — make a resonant sound, like artillery

From this reading "_When you've 'eard the East a-calling You never 'eed nought else._" _KIPLING._ A heavy tropical surf boomed on the shingle, with the precision and monotony of minute guns, and a fierce clammy breeze raged from the sea, where Massulah boats and small shipping rocked uneasily.

breezenounUS /briːz/

a slight wind (usually refreshing)

From this reading "_When you've 'eard the East a-calling You never 'eed nought else._" _KIPLING._ A heavy tropical surf boomed on the shingle, with the precision and monotony of minute guns, and a fierce clammy breeze raged from the sea, where Massulah boats and small shipping rocked uneasily.

brick-red

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The same wind, circulating inland, drove whirling clouds of brick-red dust through Madras City, and vigorously swept the long Mount Road,--ere it died with a whisper, among distant paddy fields.

BrownnounUS /braʊn/

an orange of low brightness and saturation

From this reading Among the latter, the wealthy house of Brown, Brown and Co. stood prominent as one of the oldest firms in India.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading By ten o'clock on this detestable morning, all troops had returned to barracks, signallers and golfers deserted the Island, riding-parties were no longer abroad, but under languid punkahs, or tireless electric fans, the military, civil, and mercantile element were still actively engaged.

ByprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading By ten o'clock on this detestable morning, all troops had returned to barracks, signallers and golfers deserted the Island, riding-parties were no longer abroad, but under languid punkahs, or tireless electric fans, the military, civil, and mercantile element were still actively engaged.

circulatingadjectiveUS /ˈsɜːrkjəleɪtɪŋ/

passing from one to another

From this reading The same wind, circulating inland, drove whirling clouds of brick-red dust through Madras City, and vigorously swept the long Mount Road,--ere it died with a whisper, among distant paddy fields.

CitynounUS /ˈsɪti/

a large and densely populated urban area; may include several independent administrative districts

From this reading The same wind, circulating inland, drove whirling clouds of brick-red dust through Madras City, and vigorously swept the long Mount Road,--ere it died with a whisper, among distant paddy fields.

civiladjectiveUS /ˈsɪvəl/

applying to ordinary citizens as contrasted with the military

From this reading By ten o'clock on this detestable morning, all troops had returned to barracks, signallers and golfers deserted the Island, riding-parties were no longer abroad, but under languid punkahs, or tireless electric fans, the military, civil, and mercantile element were still actively engaged.

clammyadjectiveUS /ˈklæmi/

unpleasantly cool and humid

From this reading "_When you've 'eard the East a-calling You never 'eed nought else._" _KIPLING._ A heavy tropical surf boomed on the shingle, with the precision and monotony of minute guns, and a fierce clammy breeze raged from the sea, where Massulah boats and small shipping rocked uneasily.

cloudsnounUS /klaʊdz/

plural of “cloud” — any collection of particles (e.g., smoke or dust) or gases that is visible

From this reading The same wind, circulating inland, drove whirling clouds of brick-red dust through Madras City, and vigorously swept the long Mount Road,--ere it died with a whisper, among distant paddy fields.

ConounUS /koʊ/

an odorless very poisonous gas that is a product of incomplete combustion of carbon

From this reading Among the latter, the wealthy house of Brown, Brown and Co. stood prominent as one of the oldest firms in India.

CompanynounUS /ˈkʌmpəniː/

an institution created to conduct business

From this reading Established in the humble early days of John Company, it had acquired name and fame, expanded and flourished.

daysnounUS /deɪz/

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading Established in the humble early days of John Company, it had acquired name and fame, expanded and flourished.

desertedadjectiveUS /dɪˈzɜːrtɪd/

forsaken by owner or inhabitants

From this reading By ten o'clock on this detestable morning, all troops had returned to barracks, signallers and golfers deserted the Island, riding-parties were no longer abroad, but under languid punkahs, or tireless electric fans, the military, civil, and mercantile element were still actively engaged.

detestableadjective

offensive to the mind

From this reading By ten o'clock on this detestable morning, all troops had returned to barracks, signallers and golfers deserted the Island, riding-parties were no longer abroad, but under languid punkahs, or tireless electric fans, the military, civil, and mercantile element were still actively engaged.

diedverbUS /daɪd/

past form of “die” — pass from physical life and lose all bodily attributes and functions necessary to sustain life

From this reading The same wind, circulating inland, drove whirling clouds of brick-red dust through Madras City, and vigorously swept the long Mount Road,--ere it died with a whisper, among distant paddy fields.

distantadjectiveUS /ˈdɪstənt/

separated in space or coming from or going to a distance

From this reading The same wind, circulating inland, drove whirling clouds of brick-red dust through Madras City, and vigorously swept the long Mount Road,--ere it died with a whisper, among distant paddy fields.

drovenounUS /droʊv/

a group of animals (a herd or flock) moving together

From this reading The same wind, circulating inland, drove whirling clouds of brick-red dust through Madras City, and vigorously swept the long Mount Road,--ere it died with a whisper, among distant paddy fields.

dustverbUS /dʌst/

remove the dust from

From this reading The same wind, circulating inland, drove whirling clouds of brick-red dust through Madras City, and vigorously swept the long Mount Road,--ere it died with a whisper, among distant paddy fields.

eard

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "_When you've 'eard the East a-calling You never 'eed nought else._" _KIPLING._ A heavy tropical surf boomed on the shingle, with the precision and monotony of minute guns, and a fierce clammy breeze raged from the sea, where Massulah boats and small shipping rocked uneasily.

earlyadjectiveUS /ˈɜːrli/

at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time

From this reading Established in the humble early days of John Company, it had acquired name and fame, expanded and flourished.

EastnounUS /iːst/

the cardinal compass point that is at 90 degrees

From this reading "_When you've 'eard the East a-calling You never 'eed nought else._" _KIPLING._ A heavy tropical surf boomed on the shingle, with the precision and monotony of minute guns, and a fierce clammy breeze raged from the sea, where Massulah boats and small shipping rocked uneasily.

eed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "_When you've 'eard the East a-calling You never 'eed nought else._" _KIPLING._ A heavy tropical surf boomed on the shingle, with the precision and monotony of minute guns, and a fierce clammy breeze raged from the sea, where Massulah boats and small shipping rocked uneasily.

electricadjectiveUS /ɪˈlektrɪk/

using or providing or producing or transmitting or operated by electricity

From this reading By ten o'clock on this detestable morning, all troops had returned to barracks, signallers and golfers deserted the Island, riding-parties were no longer abroad, but under languid punkahs, or tireless electric fans, the military, civil, and mercantile element were still actively engaged.

elementnounUS /ˈeləmənt/

an abstract part of something

From this reading By ten o'clock on this detestable morning, all troops had returned to barracks, signallers and golfers deserted the Island, riding-parties were no longer abroad, but under languid punkahs, or tireless electric fans, the military, civil, and mercantile element were still actively engaged.

else

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "_When you've 'eard the East a-calling You never 'eed nought else._" _KIPLING._ A heavy tropical surf boomed on the shingle, with the precision and monotony of minute guns, and a fierce clammy breeze raged from the sea, where Massulah boats and small shipping rocked uneasily.

engagedadjectiveUS /enˈɡeɪdʒd/

having ones attention or mind or energy engaged

From this reading By ten o'clock on this detestable morning, all troops had returned to barracks, signallers and golfers deserted the Island, riding-parties were no longer abroad, but under languid punkahs, or tireless electric fans, the military, civil, and mercantile element were still actively engaged.

ereconjunctionUS /er/

an old word for “before”

From this reading The same wind, circulating inland, drove whirling clouds of brick-red dust through Madras City, and vigorously swept the long Mount Road,--ere it died with a whisper, among distant paddy fields.

EstablishedadjectiveUS /ɪˈstæblɪʃt/

brought about or set up or accepted; especially long established

From this reading Established in the humble early days of John Company, it had acquired name and fame, expanded and flourished.

expandedadjectiveUS /ɪkˈspændəd/

increased in extent or size or bulk or scope

From this reading Established in the humble early days of John Company, it had acquired name and fame, expanded and flourished.

famenounUS /feɪm/

the state or quality of being widely honored and acclaimed

From this reading Established in the humble early days of John Company, it had acquired name and fame, expanded and flourished.

fansnounUS /fænz/

plural of “fan” — a device for creating a current of air by movement of a surface or surfaces

From this reading By ten o'clock on this detestable morning, all troops had returned to barracks, signallers and golfers deserted the Island, riding-parties were no longer abroad, but under languid punkahs, or tireless electric fans, the military, civil, and mercantile element were still actively engaged.

fieldsnounUS /fiːldz/

United States comedian and film actor (1880-1946)

From this reading The same wind, circulating inland, drove whirling clouds of brick-red dust through Madras City, and vigorously swept the long Mount Road,--ere it died with a whisper, among distant paddy fields.

fierceadjectiveUS /fɪrs/

marked by extreme and violent energy

From this reading "_When you've 'eard the East a-calling You never 'eed nought else._" _KIPLING._ A heavy tropical surf boomed on the shingle, with the precision and monotony of minute guns, and a fierce clammy breeze raged from the sea, where Massulah boats and small shipping rocked uneasily.

firmsnounUS /fɜːrmz/

plural of “firm” — the members of a business organization that owns or operates one or more establishments

From this reading Among the latter, the wealthy house of Brown, Brown and Co. stood prominent as one of the oldest firms in India.

flourishedverbUS /ˈflɜːrɪʃt/

past form of “flourish” — grow vigorously

From this reading Established in the humble early days of John Company, it had acquired name and fame, expanded and flourished.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading "_When you've 'eard the East a-calling You never 'eed nought else._" _KIPLING._ A heavy tropical surf boomed on the shingle, with the precision and monotony of minute guns, and a fierce clammy breeze raged from the sea, where Massulah boats and small shipping rocked uneasily.

golfersnounUS /ˈɡɑːlfərz/

plural of “golfer” — someone who plays the game of golf

From this reading By ten o'clock on this detestable morning, all troops had returned to barracks, signallers and golfers deserted the Island, riding-parties were no longer abroad, but under languid punkahs, or tireless electric fans, the military, civil, and mercantile element were still actively engaged.

gunsnounUS /ɡʌnz/

plural of “gun” — a weapon that discharges a missile at high velocity (especially from a metal tube or barrel)

From this reading "_When you've 'eard the East a-calling You never 'eed nought else._" _KIPLING._ A heavy tropical surf boomed on the shingle, with the precision and monotony of minute guns, and a fierce clammy breeze raged from the sea, where Massulah boats and small shipping rocked uneasily.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading By ten o'clock on this detestable morning, all troops had returned to barracks, signallers and golfers deserted the Island, riding-parties were no longer abroad, but under languid punkahs, or tireless electric fans, the military, civil, and mercantile element were still actively engaged.

heavyadjectiveUS /ˈhevi/

of comparatively great physical weight or density

From this reading "_When you've 'eard the East a-calling You never 'eed nought else._" _KIPLING._ A heavy tropical surf boomed on the shingle, with the precision and monotony of minute guns, and a fierce clammy breeze raged from the sea, where Massulah boats and small shipping rocked uneasily.

housenounUS /haʊs/

a dwelling that serves as living quarters for one or more families

From this reading Among the latter, the wealthy house of Brown, Brown and Co. stood prominent as one of the oldest firms in India.

humbleadjectiveUS /ˈhʌmbəl/

low or inferior in station or quality

From this reading Established in the humble early days of John Company, it had acquired name and fame, expanded and flourished.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Among the latter, the wealthy house of Brown, Brown and Co. stood prominent as one of the oldest firms in India.

IndianounUS /ˈɪndiə/

a republic in the Asian subcontinent in southern Asia; second most populous country in the world; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1947

From this reading Among the latter, the wealthy house of Brown, Brown and Co. stood prominent as one of the oldest firms in India.

inlandadjectiveUS /ˈɪnlænd/

situated away from an area's coast or border

From this reading The same wind, circulating inland, drove whirling clouds of brick-red dust through Madras City, and vigorously swept the long Mount Road,--ere it died with a whisper, among distant paddy fields.

IslandnounUS /ˈaɪlənd/

a land mass (smaller than a continent) that is surrounded by water

From this reading By ten o'clock on this detestable morning, all troops had returned to barracks, signallers and golfers deserted the Island, riding-parties were no longer abroad, but under languid punkahs, or tireless electric fans, the military, civil, and mercantile element were still actively engaged.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading The same wind, circulating inland, drove whirling clouds of brick-red dust through Madras City, and vigorously swept the long Mount Road,--ere it died with a whisper, among distant paddy fields.

JohnnounUS /dʒɑːn/

a room or building equipped with one or more toilets

From this reading Established in the humble early days of John Company, it had acquired name and fame, expanded and flourished.

KIPLINGnounUS /ˈkɪplɪŋ/

English author of novels and poetry who was born in India (1865-1936)

From this reading "_When you've 'eard the East a-calling You never 'eed nought else._" _KIPLING._ A heavy tropical surf boomed on the shingle, with the precision and monotony of minute guns, and a fierce clammy breeze raged from the sea, where Massulah boats and small shipping rocked uneasily.

languidadjectiveUS /ˈlæŋɡwəd/

lacking spirit or liveliness

From this reading By ten o'clock on this detestable morning, all troops had returned to barracks, signallers and golfers deserted the Island, riding-parties were no longer abroad, but under languid punkahs, or tireless electric fans, the military, civil, and mercantile element were still actively engaged.

latteradjectiveUS /ˈlætər/

referring to the second of two things or persons mentioned (or the last one or ones of several)

From this reading Among the latter, the wealthy house of Brown, Brown and Co. stood prominent as one of the oldest firms in India.

longadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading The same wind, circulating inland, drove whirling clouds of brick-red dust through Madras City, and vigorously swept the long Mount Road,--ere it died with a whisper, among distant paddy fields.

longeradverbUS /ˈlɔːŋɡər/

for more time

From this reading By ten o'clock on this detestable morning, all troops had returned to barracks, signallers and golfers deserted the Island, riding-parties were no longer abroad, but under languid punkahs, or tireless electric fans, the military, civil, and mercantile element were still actively engaged.

MadrasnounUS /ˈmædrəs/

a state in southeastern India on the Bay of Bengal (south of Andhra Pradesh); formerly Madras

From this reading The same wind, circulating inland, drove whirling clouds of brick-red dust through Madras City, and vigorously swept the long Mount Road,--ere it died with a whisper, among distant paddy fields.

Massulah

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "_When you've 'eard the East a-calling You never 'eed nought else._" _KIPLING._ A heavy tropical surf boomed on the shingle, with the precision and monotony of minute guns, and a fierce clammy breeze raged from the sea, where Massulah boats and small shipping rocked uneasily.

mercantileadjectiveUS /ˈmɜːrkəntaɪl/

of or relating to the economic system of mercantilism

From this reading By ten o'clock on this detestable morning, all troops had returned to barracks, signallers and golfers deserted the Island, riding-parties were no longer abroad, but under languid punkahs, or tireless electric fans, the military, civil, and mercantile element were still actively engaged.

militaryadjectiveUS /ˈmɪləteri/

of or relating to the study of the principles of warfare

From this reading By ten o'clock on this detestable morning, all troops had returned to barracks, signallers and golfers deserted the Island, riding-parties were no longer abroad, but under languid punkahs, or tireless electric fans, the military, civil, and mercantile element were still actively engaged.

minutenounUS /ˈmɪnət/

a unit of time equal to 60 seconds or 1/60th of an hour

From this reading "_When you've 'eard the East a-calling You never 'eed nought else._" _KIPLING._ A heavy tropical surf boomed on the shingle, with the precision and monotony of minute guns, and a fierce clammy breeze raged from the sea, where Massulah boats and small shipping rocked uneasily.

monotonynounUS /məˈnɑːtəni/

the quality of wearisome constancy, routine, and lack of variety

From this reading "_When you've 'eard the East a-calling You never 'eed nought else._" _KIPLING._ A heavy tropical surf boomed on the shingle, with the precision and monotony of minute guns, and a fierce clammy breeze raged from the sea, where Massulah boats and small shipping rocked uneasily.

morningnounUS /ˈmɔːrnɪŋ/

the time period between dawn and noon

From this reading By ten o'clock on this detestable morning, all troops had returned to barracks, signallers and golfers deserted the Island, riding-parties were no longer abroad, but under languid punkahs, or tireless electric fans, the military, civil, and mercantile element were still actively engaged.

MountverbUS /maʊnt/

attach to a support

From this reading The same wind, circulating inland, drove whirling clouds of brick-red dust through Madras City, and vigorously swept the long Mount Road,--ere it died with a whisper, among distant paddy fields.

nameverbUS /neɪm/

assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading Established in the humble early days of John Company, it had acquired name and fame, expanded and flourished.

neveradverbUS /ˈnevər/

not ever; at no time in the past or future

From this reading "_When you've 'eard the East a-calling You never 'eed nought else._" _KIPLING._ A heavy tropical surf boomed on the shingle, with the precision and monotony of minute guns, and a fierce clammy breeze raged from the sea, where Massulah boats and small shipping rocked uneasily.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading By ten o'clock on this detestable morning, all troops had returned to barracks, signallers and golfers deserted the Island, riding-parties were no longer abroad, but under languid punkahs, or tireless electric fans, the military, civil, and mercantile element were still actively engaged.

noughtnoun

a mathematical element that when added to another number yields the same number

From this reading "_When you've 'eard the East a-calling You never 'eed nought else._" _KIPLING._ A heavy tropical surf boomed on the shingle, with the precision and monotony of minute guns, and a fierce clammy breeze raged from the sea, where Massulah boats and small shipping rocked uneasily.

o'clockadverbUS /əˈklɑːk/

according to the clock

From this reading By ten o'clock on this detestable morning, all troops had returned to barracks, signallers and golfers deserted the Island, riding-parties were no longer abroad, but under languid punkahs, or tireless electric fans, the military, civil, and mercantile element were still actively engaged.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading "_When you've 'eard the East a-calling You never 'eed nought else._" _KIPLING._ A heavy tropical surf boomed on the shingle, with the precision and monotony of minute guns, and a fierce clammy breeze raged from the sea, where Massulah boats and small shipping rocked uneasily.

oldestadjectiveUS /ˈoʊldəst/

superlative of “old” — (used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading Among the latter, the wealthy house of Brown, Brown and Co. stood prominent as one of the oldest firms in India.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading "_When you've 'eard the East a-calling You never 'eed nought else._" _KIPLING._ A heavy tropical surf boomed on the shingle, with the precision and monotony of minute guns, and a fierce clammy breeze raged from the sea, where Massulah boats and small shipping rocked uneasily.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading Among the latter, the wealthy house of Brown, Brown and Co. stood prominent as one of the oldest firms in India.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading By ten o'clock on this detestable morning, all troops had returned to barracks, signallers and golfers deserted the Island, riding-parties were no longer abroad, but under languid punkahs, or tireless electric fans, the military, civil, and mercantile element were still actively engaged.

paddynounUS /ˈpædi/

(ethnic slur) offensive term for a person of Irish descent

From this reading The same wind, circulating inland, drove whirling clouds of brick-red dust through Madras City, and vigorously swept the long Mount Road,--ere it died with a whisper, among distant paddy fields.

precisionnounUS /priˈsɪʒən/

the quality of being reproducible in amount or performance

From this reading "_When you've 'eard the East a-calling You never 'eed nought else._" _KIPLING._ A heavy tropical surf boomed on the shingle, with the precision and monotony of minute guns, and a fierce clammy breeze raged from the sea, where Massulah boats and small shipping rocked uneasily.

prominentadjectiveUS /ˈprɑːmənənt/

having a quality that thrusts itself into attention

From this reading Among the latter, the wealthy house of Brown, Brown and Co. stood prominent as one of the oldest firms in India.

punkahs

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading By ten o'clock on this detestable morning, all troops had returned to barracks, signallers and golfers deserted the Island, riding-parties were no longer abroad, but under languid punkahs, or tireless electric fans, the military, civil, and mercantile element were still actively engaged.

ragedverbUS /reɪdʒd/

past form of “rage” — behave violently, as if in state of a great anger

From this reading "_When you've 'eard the East a-calling You never 'eed nought else._" _KIPLING._ A heavy tropical surf boomed on the shingle, with the precision and monotony of minute guns, and a fierce clammy breeze raged from the sea, where Massulah boats and small shipping rocked uneasily.

returnedverbUS /rɪˈtɜːrnd/

past form of “return” — go or come back to place, condition, or activity where one has been before

From this reading By ten o'clock on this detestable morning, all troops had returned to barracks, signallers and golfers deserted the Island, riding-parties were no longer abroad, but under languid punkahs, or tireless electric fans, the military, civil, and mercantile element were still actively engaged.

riding-parties

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading By ten o'clock on this detestable morning, all troops had returned to barracks, signallers and golfers deserted the Island, riding-parties were no longer abroad, but under languid punkahs, or tireless electric fans, the military, civil, and mercantile element were still actively engaged.

RoadnounUS /roʊd/

an open way (generally public) for travel or transportation

From this reading The same wind, circulating inland, drove whirling clouds of brick-red dust through Madras City, and vigorously swept the long Mount Road,--ere it died with a whisper, among distant paddy fields.

rockedverbUS /rɑːkt/

past form of “rock” — move back and forth or sideways

From this reading "_When you've 'eard the East a-calling You never 'eed nought else._" _KIPLING._ A heavy tropical surf boomed on the shingle, with the precision and monotony of minute guns, and a fierce clammy breeze raged from the sea, where Massulah boats and small shipping rocked uneasily.

sameadjectiveUS /seɪm/

Identical; not different.

From this reading The same wind, circulating inland, drove whirling clouds of brick-red dust through Madras City, and vigorously swept the long Mount Road,--ere it died with a whisper, among distant paddy fields.

seanounUS /siː/

a division of an ocean or a large body of salt water partially enclosed by land

From this reading "_When you've 'eard the East a-calling You never 'eed nought else._" _KIPLING._ A heavy tropical surf boomed on the shingle, with the precision and monotony of minute guns, and a fierce clammy breeze raged from the sea, where Massulah boats and small shipping rocked uneasily.

shinglenounUS /ˈʃɪŋɡəl/

building material used as siding or roofing

From this reading "_When you've 'eard the East a-calling You never 'eed nought else._" _KIPLING._ A heavy tropical surf boomed on the shingle, with the precision and monotony of minute guns, and a fierce clammy breeze raged from the sea, where Massulah boats and small shipping rocked uneasily.

shippingnounUS /ˈʃɪpɪŋ/

the commercial enterprise of moving goods and materials

From this reading "_When you've 'eard the East a-calling You never 'eed nought else._" _KIPLING._ A heavy tropical surf boomed on the shingle, with the precision and monotony of minute guns, and a fierce clammy breeze raged from the sea, where Massulah boats and small shipping rocked uneasily.

signallers

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading By ten o'clock on this detestable morning, all troops had returned to barracks, signallers and golfers deserted the Island, riding-parties were no longer abroad, but under languid punkahs, or tireless electric fans, the military, civil, and mercantile element were still actively engaged.

smalladjectiveUS /smɔːl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading "_When you've 'eard the East a-calling You never 'eed nought else._" _KIPLING._ A heavy tropical surf boomed on the shingle, with the precision and monotony of minute guns, and a fierce clammy breeze raged from the sea, where Massulah boats and small shipping rocked uneasily.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading By ten o'clock on this detestable morning, all troops had returned to barracks, signallers and golfers deserted the Island, riding-parties were no longer abroad, but under languid punkahs, or tireless electric fans, the military, civil, and mercantile element were still actively engaged.

stoodverbUS /stʊd/

Maintained an upright posture.

From this reading Among the latter, the wealthy house of Brown, Brown and Co. stood prominent as one of the oldest firms in India.

surfnounUS /sɜːrf/

waves breaking on the shore

From this reading "_When you've 'eard the East a-calling You never 'eed nought else._" _KIPLING._ A heavy tropical surf boomed on the shingle, with the precision and monotony of minute guns, and a fierce clammy breeze raged from the sea, where Massulah boats and small shipping rocked uneasily.

sweptadjectiveUS /swept/

possessing sweep

From this reading The same wind, circulating inland, drove whirling clouds of brick-red dust through Madras City, and vigorously swept the long Mount Road,--ere it died with a whisper, among distant paddy fields.

tennounUS /ten/

the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system

From this reading By ten o'clock on this detestable morning, all troops had returned to barracks, signallers and golfers deserted the Island, riding-parties were no longer abroad, but under languid punkahs, or tireless electric fans, the military, civil, and mercantile element were still actively engaged.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading "_When you've 'eard the East a-calling You never 'eed nought else._" _KIPLING._ A heavy tropical surf boomed on the shingle, with the precision and monotony of minute guns, and a fierce clammy breeze raged from the sea, where Massulah boats and small shipping rocked uneasily.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading By ten o'clock on this detestable morning, all troops had returned to barracks, signallers and golfers deserted the Island, riding-parties were no longer abroad, but under languid punkahs, or tireless electric fans, the military, civil, and mercantile element were still actively engaged.

throughprepositionUS /θruː/

from one end or side of something to the other

From this reading The same wind, circulating inland, drove whirling clouds of brick-red dust through Madras City, and vigorously swept the long Mount Road,--ere it died with a whisper, among distant paddy fields.

tirelessadjectiveUS /ˈtaɪərləs/

showing sustained enthusiastic action with unflagging vitality

From this reading By ten o'clock on this detestable morning, all troops had returned to barracks, signallers and golfers deserted the Island, riding-parties were no longer abroad, but under languid punkahs, or tireless electric fans, the military, civil, and mercantile element were still actively engaged.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading By ten o'clock on this detestable morning, all troops had returned to barracks, signallers and golfers deserted the Island, riding-parties were no longer abroad, but under languid punkahs, or tireless electric fans, the military, civil, and mercantile element were still actively engaged.

troopsnounUS /truːps/

soldiers collectively

From this reading By ten o'clock on this detestable morning, all troops had returned to barracks, signallers and golfers deserted the Island, riding-parties were no longer abroad, but under languid punkahs, or tireless electric fans, the military, civil, and mercantile element were still actively engaged.

tropicaladjectiveUS /ˈtrɑːpɪkəl/

relating to or situated in or characteristic of the tropics (the region on either side of the equator)

From this reading "_When you've 'eard the East a-calling You never 'eed nought else._" _KIPLING._ A heavy tropical surf boomed on the shingle, with the precision and monotony of minute guns, and a fierce clammy breeze raged from the sea, where Massulah boats and small shipping rocked uneasily.

underprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading By ten o'clock on this detestable morning, all troops had returned to barracks, signallers and golfers deserted the Island, riding-parties were no longer abroad, but under languid punkahs, or tireless electric fans, the military, civil, and mercantile element were still actively engaged.

uneasilyadverbUS /əˈniːzəli/

with anxiety or apprehension

From this reading "_When you've 'eard the East a-calling You never 'eed nought else._" _KIPLING._ A heavy tropical surf boomed on the shingle, with the precision and monotony of minute guns, and a fierce clammy breeze raged from the sea, where Massulah boats and small shipping rocked uneasily.

vigorouslyadverbUS /ˈvɪɡərəsli/

with vigor; in a vigorous manner

From this reading The same wind, circulating inland, drove whirling clouds of brick-red dust through Madras City, and vigorously swept the long Mount Road,--ere it died with a whisper, among distant paddy fields.

wealthyadjectiveUS /ˈwelθi/

having an abundant supply of money or possessions of value

From this reading Among the latter, the wealthy house of Brown, Brown and Co. stood prominent as one of the oldest firms in India.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading By ten o'clock on this detestable morning, all troops had returned to barracks, signallers and golfers deserted the Island, riding-parties were no longer abroad, but under languid punkahs, or tireless electric fans, the military, civil, and mercantile element were still actively engaged.

WhenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading "_When you've 'eard the East a-calling You never 'eed nought else._" _KIPLING._ A heavy tropical surf boomed on the shingle, with the precision and monotony of minute guns, and a fierce clammy breeze raged from the sea, where Massulah boats and small shipping rocked uneasily.

whereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading "_When you've 'eard the East a-calling You never 'eed nought else._" _KIPLING._ A heavy tropical surf boomed on the shingle, with the precision and monotony of minute guns, and a fierce clammy breeze raged from the sea, where Massulah boats and small shipping rocked uneasily.

whirlingnounUS /ˈwɜːrlɪŋ/

the act of rotating in a circle or spiral

From this reading The same wind, circulating inland, drove whirling clouds of brick-red dust through Madras City, and vigorously swept the long Mount Road,--ere it died with a whisper, among distant paddy fields.

whispernounUS /ˈwɪspər/

speaking softly without vibration of the vocal cords

From this reading The same wind, circulating inland, drove whirling clouds of brick-red dust through Madras City, and vigorously swept the long Mount Road,--ere it died with a whisper, among distant paddy fields.

windnounUS /waɪnd/

air moving (sometimes with considerable force) from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure

From this reading The same wind, circulating inland, drove whirling clouds of brick-red dust through Madras City, and vigorously swept the long Mount Road,--ere it died with a whisper, among distant paddy fields.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading "_When you've 'eard the East a-calling You never 'eed nought else._" _KIPLING._ A heavy tropical surf boomed on the shingle, with the precision and monotony of minute guns, and a fierce clammy breeze raged from the sea, where Massulah boats and small shipping rocked uneasily.

YoupronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading "_When you've 'eard the East a-calling You never 'eed nought else._" _KIPLING._ A heavy tropical surf boomed on the shingle, with the precision and monotony of minute guns, and a fierce clammy breeze raged from the sea, where Massulah boats and small shipping rocked uneasily.

you've

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "_When you've 'eard the East a-calling You never 'eed nought else._" _KIPLING._ A heavy tropical surf boomed on the shingle, with the precision and monotony of minute guns, and a fierce clammy breeze raged from the sea, where Massulah boats and small shipping rocked uneasily.

Chapter 1 of In Old Madras by B. M. (Bithia Mary) Croker holds 128 sentences, grouped into 26 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 1 of In Old Madras contain?

Chapter 1 holds 128 sentences of In Old Madras, unabridged, divided into 26 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 1 of In Old Madras by B. M. (Bithia Mary) Croker exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 128 sentences, grouped into 26 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

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Work through the 26 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

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Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #?, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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Chapter 1
One of the 0 chapters of In Old Madras, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.
Chapter 2
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Chapter 3
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