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In the Irish Brigade
In the Irish Brigade

Chapter XII · Chapter 12

Chapter 12 of In the Irish Brigade is here in full — 323 sentences across 65 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/64 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
Desmond did not remain long at the marshal's camp, but accompanied expeditions that were sent to Bruges, Ghent, and Ypres.
The inhabitants of these towns had, for some time, been in communication with the marshal.
They were hostile to the English, and had a standing feud, of many years' duration, with the Dutch.
As soon, therefore, as the French columns approached, they opened their gates.
The weak garrisons that had been placed there, finding themselves unable to at once control the population and defend the walls, evacuated the town before the French arrived.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

In the Irish Brigade

Chapter XII · Chapter 12

Chapter 12 of In the Irish Brigade is here in full — 323 sentences across 65 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/64 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Desmond did not remain long at the marshal's camp, but accompanied expeditions that were sent to Bruges, Ghent, and Ypres.
Line 2
The inhabitants of these towns had, for some time, been in communication with the marshal.
/ðə ɪnˈhæbətənts ʌv ðiːz taʊnz hæd fɔːr sʌm taɪm bɪn ɪn kəˌmjuːnəˈkeɪʃən wɪð ðə ˈmɑːrʃəl/
Line 3
They were hostile to the English, and had a standing feud, of many years' duration, with the Dutch.
/ðeɪ wɜːr ˈhɑːstəl tuː ðə ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ ənd hæd ə ˈstændɪŋ fjuːd ʌv ˈmeni jɪrz ˈdʊˈreɪʃən wɪð ðə dʌtʃ/
Line 4
As soon, therefore, as the French columns approached, they opened their gates.
/æz suːn ˈðerfɔːr æz ðə frentʃ ˈkɑːləmz əˈproʊtʃt ðeɪ ˈoʊpənd ðer ɡeɪts/
Line 5
The weak garrisons that had been placed there, finding themselves unable to at once control the population and defend the walls, evacuated the town before the French arrived.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Bruges noun US /ˈbruːdʒɪz/

a city in northwestern Belgium that is connected by canal to the North Sea; in the 13th century it was a leading member of the Hanseatic League; the old city (known as the City of Bridges) is a popular tourist attraction

From this reading “Desmond did not remain long at the marshal's camp, but accompanied expeditions that were sent to Bruges, Ghent, and Ypres.”

duration noun US /ˈdʊˈreɪʃən/

the period of time during which something continues

From this reading “They were hostile to the English, and had a standing feud, of many years' duration, with the Dutch.”

evacuated verb US /ɪˈvækjəweɪtɪd/

past form of “evacuate” — move out of an unsafe location into safety

From this reading “The weak garrisons that had been placed there, finding themselves unable to at once control the population and defend the walls, evacuated the town before the French arrived.”

expeditions noun US /ˌekspəˈdɪʃənz/

plural of “expedition” — a military campaign designed to achieve a specific objective in a foreign country

From this reading “Desmond did not remain long at the marshal's camp, but accompanied expeditions that were sent to Bruges, Ghent, and Ypres.”

feud noun US /fjuːd/

a bitter quarrel between two parties

From this reading “They were hostile to the English, and had a standing feud, of many years' duration, with the Dutch.”

Ghent noun US /ɡent/

port city in northwestern Belgium and industrial center; famous for cloth industry

From this reading “Desmond did not remain long at the marshal's camp, but accompanied expeditions that were sent to Bruges, Ghent, and Ypres.”

marshal verb US /ˈmɑːrʃəl/

place in proper rank

From this reading “Desmond did not remain long at the marshal's camp, but accompanied expeditions that were sent to Bruges, Ghent, and Ypres.”

marshal's noun US /ˈmɑːrʃəlz/

possessive form of “marshal” — a law officer having duties similar to those of a sheriff in carrying out the judgments of a court of law

From this reading “Desmond did not remain long at the marshal's camp, but accompanied expeditions that were sent to Bruges, Ghent, and Ypres.”

All words in this reading · 68

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading They were hostile to the English, and had a standing feud, of many years' duration, with the Dutch.

accompaniedadjectiveUS /əˈkʌmpənid/

having companions or an escort

From this reading Desmond did not remain long at the marshal's camp, but accompanied expeditions that were sent to Bruges, Ghent, and Ypres.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Desmond did not remain long at the marshal's camp, but accompanied expeditions that were sent to Bruges, Ghent, and Ypres.

approachedverbUS /əˈproʊtʃt/

past form of “approach” — move towards

From this reading As soon, therefore, as the French columns approached, they opened their gates.

arrivedverbUS /ərˈaɪvd/

past form of “arrive” — reach a destination; arrive by movement or progress

From this reading The weak garrisons that had been placed there, finding themselves unable to at once control the population and defend the walls, evacuated the town before the French arrived.

AsconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading As soon, therefore, as the French columns approached, they opened their gates.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Desmond did not remain long at the marshal's camp, but accompanied expeditions that were sent to Bruges, Ghent, and Ypres.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading The inhabitants of these towns had, for some time, been in communication with the marshal.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading The weak garrisons that had been placed there, finding themselves unable to at once control the population and defend the walls, evacuated the town before the French arrived.

BrugesnounUS /ˈbruːdʒɪz/

a city in northwestern Belgium that is connected by canal to the North Sea; in the 13th century it was a leading member of the Hanseatic League; the old city (known as the City of Bridges) is a popular tourist attraction

From this reading Desmond did not remain long at the marshal's camp, but accompanied expeditions that were sent to Bruges, Ghent, and Ypres.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading Desmond did not remain long at the marshal's camp, but accompanied expeditions that were sent to Bruges, Ghent, and Ypres.

campnounUS /kæmp/

temporary living quarters specially built by the army for soldiers

From this reading Desmond did not remain long at the marshal's camp, but accompanied expeditions that were sent to Bruges, Ghent, and Ypres.

columnsnounUS /ˈkɑːləmz/

plural of “column” — a line of units following one after another

From this reading As soon, therefore, as the French columns approached, they opened their gates.

communicationnounUS /kəˌmjuːnəˈkeɪʃən/

the activity of communicating; the activity of conveying information

From this reading The inhabitants of these towns had, for some time, been in communication with the marshal.

controlnounUS /kənˈtroʊl/

power to direct or determine

From this reading The weak garrisons that had been placed there, finding themselves unable to at once control the population and defend the walls, evacuated the town before the French arrived.

defendverbUS /dɪˈfend/

argue or speak in defense of

From this reading The weak garrisons that had been placed there, finding themselves unable to at once control the population and defend the walls, evacuated the town before the French arrived.

Desmond

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Desmond did not remain long at the marshal's camp, but accompanied expeditions that were sent to Bruges, Ghent, and Ypres.

didauxiliary verbUS /dɪd/

the past form of “do”, used in questions and negatives

From this reading Desmond did not remain long at the marshal's camp, but accompanied expeditions that were sent to Bruges, Ghent, and Ypres.

durationnounUS /ˈdʊˈreɪʃən/

the period of time during which something continues

From this reading They were hostile to the English, and had a standing feud, of many years' duration, with the Dutch.

DutchadjectiveUS /dʌtʃ/

of or relating to the Netherlands or its people or culture

From this reading They were hostile to the English, and had a standing feud, of many years' duration, with the Dutch.

EnglishnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading They were hostile to the English, and had a standing feud, of many years' duration, with the Dutch.

evacuatedverbUS /ɪˈvækjəweɪtɪd/

past form of “evacuate” — move out of an unsafe location into safety

From this reading The weak garrisons that had been placed there, finding themselves unable to at once control the population and defend the walls, evacuated the town before the French arrived.

expeditionsnounUS /ˌekspəˈdɪʃənz/

plural of “expedition” — a military campaign designed to achieve a specific objective in a foreign country

From this reading Desmond did not remain long at the marshal's camp, but accompanied expeditions that were sent to Bruges, Ghent, and Ypres.

feudnounUS /fjuːd/

a bitter quarrel between two parties

From this reading They were hostile to the English, and had a standing feud, of many years' duration, with the Dutch.

findingnounUS /ˈfaɪndɪŋ/

the act of determining the properties of something, usually by research or calculation

From this reading The weak garrisons that had been placed there, finding themselves unable to at once control the population and defend the walls, evacuated the town before the French arrived.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading The inhabitants of these towns had, for some time, been in communication with the marshal.

FrenchnounUS /frentʃ/

the Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France

From this reading As soon, therefore, as the French columns approached, they opened their gates.

garrisons

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The weak garrisons that had been placed there, finding themselves unable to at once control the population and defend the walls, evacuated the town before the French arrived.

gatesnounUS /ɡeɪts/

United States computer entrepreneur whose software company made him the youngest multi-billionaire in the history of the United States (born in 1955)

From this reading As soon, therefore, as the French columns approached, they opened their gates.

GhentnounUS /ɡent/

port city in northwestern Belgium and industrial center; famous for cloth industry

From this reading Desmond did not remain long at the marshal's camp, but accompanied expeditions that were sent to Bruges, Ghent, and Ypres.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading The inhabitants of these towns had, for some time, been in communication with the marshal.

hostileadjectiveUS /ˈhɑːstəl/

characterized by enmity or ill will

From this reading They were hostile to the English, and had a standing feud, of many years' duration, with the Dutch.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The inhabitants of these towns had, for some time, been in communication with the marshal.

inhabitantsnounUS /ɪnˈhæbətənts/

plural of “inhabitant” — a person who inhabits a particular place

From this reading The inhabitants of these towns had, for some time, been in communication with the marshal.

longadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading Desmond did not remain long at the marshal's camp, but accompanied expeditions that were sent to Bruges, Ghent, and Ypres.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading They were hostile to the English, and had a standing feud, of many years' duration, with the Dutch.

marshalverbUS /ˈmɑːrʃəl/

place in proper rank

From this reading The inhabitants of these towns had, for some time, been in communication with the marshal.

marshal'snounUS /ˈmɑːrʃəlz/

possessive form of “marshal” — a law officer having duties similar to those of a sheriff in carrying out the judgments of a court of law

From this reading Desmond did not remain long at the marshal's camp, but accompanied expeditions that were sent to Bruges, Ghent, and Ypres.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Desmond did not remain long at the marshal's camp, but accompanied expeditions that were sent to Bruges, Ghent, and Ypres.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The inhabitants of these towns had, for some time, been in communication with the marshal.

onceadverbUS /wʌns/

on one occasion

From this reading The weak garrisons that had been placed there, finding themselves unable to at once control the population and defend the walls, evacuated the town before the French arrived.

openedadjectiveUS /ˈoʊpənd/

used of mouth or eyes

From this reading As soon, therefore, as the French columns approached, they opened their gates.

placedadjectiveUS /pleɪst/

situated in a particular spot or position

From this reading The weak garrisons that had been placed there, finding themselves unable to at once control the population and defend the walls, evacuated the town before the French arrived.

populationnounUS /ˌpɑːpjəˈleɪʃən/

the people who inhabit a territory or state

From this reading The weak garrisons that had been placed there, finding themselves unable to at once control the population and defend the walls, evacuated the town before the French arrived.

remainverbUS /rɪˈmeɪn/

stay the same; remain in a certain state

From this reading Desmond did not remain long at the marshal's camp, but accompanied expeditions that were sent to Bruges, Ghent, and Ypres.

sentnounUS /sent/

100 senti equal 1 kroon in Estonia

From this reading Desmond did not remain long at the marshal's camp, but accompanied expeditions that were sent to Bruges, Ghent, and Ypres.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading The inhabitants of these towns had, for some time, been in communication with the marshal.

soonadverbUS /suːn/

in the near future

From this reading As soon, therefore, as the French columns approached, they opened their gates.

standingadjectiveUS /ˈstændɪŋ/

having a supporting base

From this reading They were hostile to the English, and had a standing feud, of many years' duration, with the Dutch.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Desmond did not remain long at the marshal's camp, but accompanied expeditions that were sent to Bruges, Ghent, and Ypres.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Desmond did not remain long at the marshal's camp, but accompanied expeditions that were sent to Bruges, Ghent, and Ypres.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading As soon, therefore, as the French columns approached, they opened their gates.

themselvespronounUS /ðemˈselvz/

used when the people doing the action are also its object

From this reading The weak garrisons that had been placed there, finding themselves unable to at once control the population and defend the walls, evacuated the town before the French arrived.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading The weak garrisons that had been placed there, finding themselves unable to at once control the population and defend the walls, evacuated the town before the French arrived.

thereforeadverbUS /ˈðerfɔːr/

for that reason; as a result

From this reading As soon, therefore, as the French columns approached, they opened their gates.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading The inhabitants of these towns had, for some time, been in communication with the marshal.

TheypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading They were hostile to the English, and had a standing feud, of many years' duration, with the Dutch.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading The inhabitants of these towns had, for some time, been in communication with the marshal.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Desmond did not remain long at the marshal's camp, but accompanied expeditions that were sent to Bruges, Ghent, and Ypres.

townnounUS /taʊn/

an urban area with a fixed boundary that is smaller than a city

From this reading The weak garrisons that had been placed there, finding themselves unable to at once control the population and defend the walls, evacuated the town before the French arrived.

townsnounUS /taʊnz/

plural of “town” — an urban area with a fixed boundary that is smaller than a city

From this reading The inhabitants of these towns had, for some time, been in communication with the marshal.

unableadjectiveUS /əˈneɪbəl/

(usually followed by “to”) not having the necessary means or skill or know-how

From this reading The weak garrisons that had been placed there, finding themselves unable to at once control the population and defend the walls, evacuated the town before the French arrived.

wallsnounUS /wɔːlz/

plural of “wall” — an architectural partition with a height and length greater than its thickness; used to divide or enclose an area or to support another structure

From this reading The weak garrisons that had been placed there, finding themselves unable to at once control the population and defend the walls, evacuated the town before the French arrived.

weakadjectiveUS /wiːk/

wanting in physical strength

From this reading The weak garrisons that had been placed there, finding themselves unable to at once control the population and defend the walls, evacuated the town before the French arrived.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Desmond did not remain long at the marshal's camp, but accompanied expeditions that were sent to Bruges, Ghent, and Ypres.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The inhabitants of these towns had, for some time, been in communication with the marshal.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading They were hostile to the English, and had a standing feud, of many years' duration, with the Dutch.

Ypresnoun

battle in World War I (1917); an Allied offensive which eventually failed because tanks bogged down in the waterlogged soil of Flanders; Germans introduced mustard gas which interfered with the Allied artillery

From this reading Desmond did not remain long at the marshal's camp, but accompanied expeditions that were sent to Bruges, Ghent, and Ypres.

Chapter 12 of In the Irish Brigade by G. A. (George Alfred) Henty holds 323 sentences, grouped into 65 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 12 of In the Irish Brigade contain?

Chapter 12 holds 323 sentences of In the Irish Brigade, unabridged, divided into 65 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 12 of In the Irish Brigade by G. A. (George Alfred) Henty exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 323 sentences, grouped into 65 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 12 of In the Irish Brigade?

Work through the 65 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 65 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 12 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 12 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading In the Irish Brigade

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Is this the complete text of In the Irish Brigade?

Yes. All 5663 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #18349 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of In the Irish Brigade is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #18349, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does In the Irish Brigade take to read?

About 471 minutes of reading across 1133 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in In the Irish Brigade

Words and structures a reader meets early in In the Irish Brigade, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Number
A word that appears in the opening chapter of In the Irish Brigade; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Officers
A word that appears in the opening chapter of In the Irish Brigade; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
O'brien's
A word that appears in the opening chapter of In the Irish Brigade; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Regiment
A word that appears in the opening chapter of In the Irish Brigade; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.