used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one
From this reading The natives cut off and pound the bark, from which they thus obtain the fibres for making a strong and fine cord.
how long something has existed
From this reading The tree in which we had taken shelter was evidently of great age.
aliveadjectiveUS /əˈlaɪv/
possessing life
From this reading I have since heard that some people suppose that the patriarchs of these trees may have been alive before the Flood.
in spite of the fact that
From this reading Although the bark of many of the trees near their villages is completely torn off in a way that would destroy any other tree, the baobab does not suffer, but throws out a new bark as often as the old one is cut off.
used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together
From this reading The natives cut off and pound the bark, from which they thus obtain the fibres for making a strong and fine cord.
one or some or every or all without specification
From this reading Although the bark of many of the trees near their villages is completely torn off in a way that would destroy any other tree, the baobab does not suffer, but throws out a new bark as often as the old one is cut off.
areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/
the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun
From this reading Trees are either exogenous--that is to say, grow by means of successive layers on the outside; or they endogenous-- which means that they are increased by layers in the inside.
at the same time that; because; in the way that
From this reading Although the bark of many of the trees near their villages is completely torn off in a way that would destroy any other tree, the baobab does not suffer, but throws out a new bark as often as the old one is cut off.
baobabnoun
African tree having an exceedingly thick trunk and fruit that resembles a gourd and has an edible pulp called monkey bread
From this reading Although the bark of many of the trees near their villages is completely torn off in a way that would destroy any other tree, the baobab does not suffer, but throws out a new bark as often as the old one is cut off.
barknounUS /bɑːrk/
tough protective covering of the woody stems and roots of trees and other woody plants
From this reading The natives cut off and pound the bark, from which they thus obtain the fibres for making a strong and fine cord.
beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/
the past participle of “be”
From this reading I have since heard that some people suppose that the patriarchs of these trees may have been alive before the Flood.
earlier than; in front of
From this reading I have since heard that some people suppose that the patriarchs of these trees may have been alive before the Flood.
used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before
From this reading Although the bark of many of the trees near their villages is completely torn off in a way that would destroy any other tree, the baobab does not suffer, but throws out a new bark as often as the old one is cut off.
showing who or what does the action
From this reading Trees are either exogenous--that is to say, grow by means of successive layers on the outside; or they endogenous-- which means that they are increased by layers in the inside.
to a complete degree or to the full or entire extent (“whole” is often used informally for “wholly”)
From this reading Although the bark of many of the trees near their villages is completely torn off in a way that would destroy any other tree, the baobab does not suffer, but throws out a new bark as often as the old one is cut off.
cordnounUS /kɔːrd/
a line made of twisted fibers or threads
From this reading The natives cut off and pound the bark, from which they thus obtain the fibres for making a strong and fine cord.
separate with or as if with an instrument
From this reading The natives cut off and pound the bark, from which they thus obtain the fibres for making a strong and fine cord.
do away with, cause the destruction or undoing of
From this reading Although the bark of many of the trees near their villages is completely torn off in a way that would destroy any other tree, the baobab does not suffer, but throws out a new bark as often as the old one is cut off.
doesauxiliary verbUS /dʌz/
the form of “do” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun
From this reading Although the bark of many of the trees near their villages is completely torn off in a way that would destroy any other tree, the baobab does not suffer, but throws out a new bark as often as the old one is cut off.
one or the other of two
From this reading Trees are either exogenous--that is to say, grow by means of successive layers on the outside; or they endogenous-- which means that they are increased by layers in the inside.
endogenousadjectiveUS /ˌenˈdɔːdʒenəs/
of or resembling an endogen
From this reading Trees are either exogenous--that is to say, grow by means of successive layers on the outside; or they endogenous-- which means that they are increased by layers in the inside.
unmistakably (“plain” is often used informally for “plainly”)
From this reading The tree in which we had taken shelter was evidently of great age.
exogenousadjectiveUS /ˌekˈsoʊdʒənəs/
derived or originating externally
From this reading Trees are either exogenous--that is to say, grow by means of successive layers on the outside; or they endogenous-- which means that they are increased by layers in the inside.
fibresnounUS /ˈfaɪbərz/
plural of “fibre” — a slender and greatly elongated substance capable of being spun into yarn
From this reading The natives cut off and pound the bark, from which they thus obtain the fibres for making a strong and fine cord.
being satisfactory or in satisfactory condition
From this reading The natives cut off and pound the bark, from which they thus obtain the fibres for making a strong and fine cord.
FloodnounUS /flʌd/
the rising of a body of water and its overflowing onto normally dry land
From this reading I have since heard that some people suppose that the patriarchs of these trees may have been alive before the Flood.
intended to be given to, or used by, somebody
From this reading The natives cut off and pound the bark, from which they thus obtain the fibres for making a strong and fine cord.
showing where something starts, or who sent it
From this reading The natives cut off and pound the bark, from which they thus obtain the fibres for making a strong and fine cord.
relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind
From this reading The tree in which we had taken shelter was evidently of great age.
pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become
From this reading Trees are either exogenous--that is to say, grow by means of successive layers on the outside; or they endogenous-- which means that they are increased by layers in the inside.
hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/
the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect
From this reading The tree in which we had taken shelter was evidently of great age.
haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/
used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses
From this reading I have since heard that some people suppose that the patriarchs of these trees may have been alive before the Flood.
detected or perceived by the sense of hearing
From this reading I have since heard that some people suppose that the patriarchs of these trees may have been alive before the Flood.
the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb
From this reading I have since heard that some people suppose that the patriarchs of these trees may have been alive before the Flood.
inside something, or within a place, period, or state
From this reading The tree in which we had taken shelter was evidently of great age.
made greater in size or amount or degree
From this reading Trees are either exogenous--that is to say, grow by means of successive layers on the outside; or they endogenous-- which means that they are increased by layers in the inside.
relating to or being on the side closer to the center or within a defined space
From this reading Trees are either exogenous--that is to say, grow by means of successive layers on the outside; or they endogenous-- which means that they are increased by layers in the inside.
the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun
From this reading Although the bark of many of the trees near their villages is completely torn off in a way that would destroy any other tree, the baobab does not suffer, but throws out a new bark as often as the old one is cut off.
layersnounUS /ˈleɪərz/
plural of “layer” — single thickness of usually some homogeneous substance
From this reading Trees are either exogenous--that is to say, grow by means of successive layers on the outside; or they endogenous-- which means that they are increased by layers in the inside.
the act that results in something coming to be
From this reading The natives cut off and pound the bark, from which they thus obtain the fibres for making a strong and fine cord.
a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number
From this reading Although the bark of many of the trees near their villages is completely torn off in a way that would destroy any other tree, the baobab does not suffer, but throws out a new bark as often as the old one is cut off.
used to say something is possible, or to give permission
From this reading I have since heard that some people suppose that the patriarchs of these trees may have been alive before the Flood.
thing or person that acts to produce a particular effect or achieve an end
From this reading Trees are either exogenous--that is to say, grow by means of successive layers on the outside; or they endogenous-- which means that they are increased by layers in the inside.
nativesnounUS /ˈneɪtɪvz/
plural of “native” — an indigenous person who was born in a particular place
From this reading The natives cut off and pound the bark, from which they thus obtain the fibres for making a strong and fine cord.
near in time or place or relationship
From this reading Although the bark of many of the trees near their villages is completely torn off in a way that would destroy any other tree, the baobab does not suffer, but throws out a new bark as often as the old one is cut off.
not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered
From this reading Although the bark of many of the trees near their villages is completely torn off in a way that would destroy any other tree, the baobab does not suffer, but throws out a new bark as often as the old one is cut off.
used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative
From this reading Although the bark of many of the trees near their villages is completely torn off in a way that would destroy any other tree, the baobab does not suffer, but throws out a new bark as often as the old one is cut off.
come into possession of
From this reading The natives cut off and pound the bark, from which they thus obtain the fibres for making a strong and fine cord.
belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something
From this reading The tree in which we had taken shelter was evidently of great age.
from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)
From this reading The natives cut off and pound the bark, from which they thus obtain the fibres for making a strong and fine cord.
many times at short intervals
From this reading Although the bark of many of the trees near their villages is completely torn off in a way that would destroy any other tree, the baobab does not suffer, but throws out a new bark as often as the old one is cut off.
(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age
From this reading Although the bark of many of the trees near their villages is completely torn off in a way that would destroy any other tree, the baobab does not suffer, but throws out a new bark as often as the old one is cut off.
touching and supported by a surface
From this reading Trees are either exogenous--that is to say, grow by means of successive layers on the outside; or they endogenous-- which means that they are increased by layers in the inside.
used to mean any person in general, including the speaker
From this reading Although the bark of many of the trees near their villages is completely torn off in a way that would destroy any other tree, the baobab does not suffer, but throws out a new bark as often as the old one is cut off.
used to join alternatives or possibilities
From this reading Trees are either exogenous--that is to say, grow by means of successive layers on the outside; or they endogenous-- which means that they are increased by layers in the inside.
not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied
From this reading Although the bark of many of the trees near their villages is completely torn off in a way that would destroy any other tree, the baobab does not suffer, but throws out a new bark as often as the old one is cut off.
not allowed to continue to bat or run
From this reading Although the bark of many of the trees near their villages is completely torn off in a way that would destroy any other tree, the baobab does not suffer, but throws out a new bark as often as the old one is cut off.
relating to or being on or near the outer side or limit
From this reading Trees are either exogenous--that is to say, grow by means of successive layers on the outside; or they endogenous-- which means that they are increased by layers in the inside.
patriarchsnounUS /ˈpeɪtriɑːrks/
plural of “patriarch” — title for the heads of the Eastern Orthodox Churches (in Istanbul and Alexandria and Moscow and Jerusalem)
From this reading I have since heard that some people suppose that the patriarchs of these trees may have been alive before the Flood.
(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively
From this reading I have since heard that some people suppose that the patriarchs of these trees may have been alive before the Flood.
poundverbUS /paʊnd/
hit hard with the hand, fist, or some heavy instrument
From this reading The natives cut off and pound the bark, from which they thus obtain the fibres for making a strong and fine cord.
express in words
From this reading Trees are either exogenous--that is to say, grow by means of successive layers on the outside; or they endogenous-- which means that they are increased by layers in the inside.
a structure that provides privacy and protection from danger
From this reading The tree in which we had taken shelter was evidently of great age.
sinceprepositionUS /sɪns/
from a time in the past until now
From this reading I have since heard that some people suppose that the patriarchs of these trees may have been alive before the Flood.
(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity
From this reading I have since heard that some people suppose that the patriarchs of these trees may have been alive before the Flood.
having strength or power greater than average or expected
From this reading The natives cut off and pound the bark, from which they thus obtain the fibres for making a strong and fine cord.
successiveadjectiveUS /səkˈsesɪv/
in regular succession without gaps
From this reading Trees are either exogenous--that is to say, grow by means of successive layers on the outside; or they endogenous-- which means that they are increased by layers in the inside.
undergo or be subjected to
From this reading Although the bark of many of the trees near their villages is completely torn off in a way that would destroy any other tree, the baobab does not suffer, but throws out a new bark as often as the old one is cut off.
express a supposition
From this reading I have since heard that some people suppose that the patriarchs of these trees may have been alive before the Flood.
takenadjectiveUS /ˈteɪkən/
understood in a certain way; made sense of
From this reading The tree in which we had taken shelter was evidently of great age.
used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt
From this reading I have since heard that some people suppose that the patriarchs of these trees may have been alive before the Flood.
used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind
From this reading The tree in which we had taken shelter was evidently of great age.
belonging to the people or things already mentioned
From this reading Although the bark of many of the trees near their villages is completely torn off in a way that would destroy any other tree, the baobab does not suffer, but throws out a new bark as often as the old one is cut off.
the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned
From this reading I have since heard that some people suppose that the patriarchs of these trees may have been alive before the Flood.
the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject
From this reading The natives cut off and pound the bark, from which they thus obtain the fibres for making a strong and fine cord.
throwsnounUS /θroʊz/
plural of “throw” — the act of throwing (propelling something with a rapid movement of the arm and wrist)
From this reading Although the bark of many of the trees near their villages is completely torn off in a way that would destroy any other tree, the baobab does not suffer, but throws out a new bark as often as the old one is cut off.
(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result
From this reading The natives cut off and pound the bark, from which they thus obtain the fibres for making a strong and fine cord.
used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive
From this reading Trees are either exogenous--that is to say, grow by means of successive layers on the outside; or they endogenous-- which means that they are increased by layers in the inside.
having edges that are jagged from injury
From this reading Although the bark of many of the trees near their villages is completely torn off in a way that would destroy any other tree, the baobab does not suffer, but throws out a new bark as often as the old one is cut off.
a tall perennial woody plant having a main trunk and branches forming a distinct elevated crown; includes both gymnosperms and angiosperms
From this reading The tree in which we had taken shelter was evidently of great age.
plural of “tree” — a tall perennial woody plant having a main trunk and branches forming a distinct elevated crown; includes both gymnosperms and angiosperms
From this reading I have since heard that some people suppose that the patriarchs of these trees may have been alive before the Flood.
villagesnounUS /ˈvɪlədʒəz/
plural of “village” — a community of people smaller than a town
From this reading Although the bark of many of the trees near their villages is completely torn off in a way that would destroy any other tree, the baobab does not suffer, but throws out a new bark as often as the old one is cut off.
wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/
the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun
From this reading The tree in which we had taken shelter was evidently of great age.
how something is done or how it happens
From this reading Although the bark of many of the trees near their villages is completely torn off in a way that would destroy any other tree, the baobab does not suffer, but throws out a new bark as often as the old one is cut off.
the speaker together with one or more other people
From this reading The tree in which we had taken shelter was evidently of great age.
used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned
From this reading The tree in which we had taken shelter was evidently of great age.
used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past
From this reading Although the bark of many of the trees near their villages is completely torn off in a way that would destroy any other tree, the baobab does not suffer, but throws out a new bark as often as the old one is cut off.
