Complete classic literature • Five-line readings • Clear US narration
VELMORA ACADEMY
Academy of Archival Languages & Memory Studies
Menu Close
Initial Studies in American Letters
Initial Studies in American Letters

Chapter II · Chapter 2

Chapter 2 of Initial Studies in American Letters is here in full — 350 sentences across 70 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Initial Studies in American Letters
Context Illustration Reading 1/70 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD.
1765-1815.
It will be convenient to treat the fifty years which elapsed between the meeting at New York, in 1765, of a Congress of delegates from nine colonies to protest against the Stamp Act, and the close of the second war with England, in 1815, as, for literary purposes, a single period.
This half-century was the formative era of the American nation.
Historically, it is divisible into the years of revolution and the years of construction.
0:00 / 0:00
Speed 0.75x
AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Initial Studies in American Letters

Chapter II · Chapter 2

Chapter 2 of Initial Studies in American Letters is here in full — 350 sentences across 70 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/70 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD.
/ðə ˌrevəˈluːʃəneri ˈpɪriəd/
Line 2
1765-1815.
Line 3
It will be convenient to treat the fifty years which elapsed between the meeting at New York, in 1765, of a Congress of delegates from nine colonies to protest against the Stamp Act, and the close of the second war with England, in 1815, as, for literary purposes, a single period.
Line 4
This half-century was the formative era of the American nation.
Line 5
Historically, it is divisible into the years of revolution and the years of construction.
/hɪˈstɔːrɪkəli ɪt ɪz dɪˈvɪzəbəl ˈɪntuː ðə jɪrz ʌv ˌrevəˈluːʃən ənd ðə jɪrz ʌv kənˈstrʌkʃən/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

colonies noun US /ˈkɑːləniz/

plural of “colony” — a body of people who settle far from home but maintain ties with their homeland; inhabitants remain nationals of their home state but are not literally under the home state's system of government

From this reading “It will be convenient to treat the fifty years which elapsed between the meeting at New York, in 1765, of a Congress of delegates from nine colonies to protest against the Stamp Act, and the close of the second war with England, in 1815, as, for literary purposes, a single period.”

construction noun US /kənˈstrʌkʃən/

the act of constructing something

From this reading “Historically, it is divisible into the years of revolution and the years of construction.”

delegates noun US /ˈdeləɡeɪts/

plural of “delegate” — a person appointed or elected to represent others

From this reading “It will be convenient to treat the fifty years which elapsed between the meeting at New York, in 1765, of a Congress of delegates from nine colonies to protest against the Stamp Act, and the close of the second war with England, in 1815, as, for literary purposes, a single period.”

divisible adjective US /dɪˈvɪzəbəl/

capable of being or liable to be divided or separated

From this reading “Historically, it is divisible into the years of revolution and the years of construction.”

era noun US /ˈerə/

a period marked by distinctive character or reckoned from a fixed point or event

From this reading “This half-century was the formative era of the American nation.”

formative noun US /ˈfɔːrmətɪv/

minimal language unit that has a syntactic (or morphological) function

From this reading “This half-century was the formative era of the American nation.”

Historically adverb US /hɪˈstɔːrɪkəli/

throughout history

From this reading “Historically, it is divisible into the years of revolution and the years of construction.”

revolutionary adjective US /ˌrevəˈluːʃəneri/

markedly new or introducing radical change

From this reading “THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD.”

All words in this reading · 56

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1765

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 1765-1815.

1815

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 1765-1815.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading It will be convenient to treat the fifty years which elapsed between the meeting at New York, in 1765, of a Congress of delegates from nine colonies to protest against the Stamp Act, and the close of the second war with England, in 1815, as, for literary purposes, a single period.

ActverbUS /ækt/

perform an action, or work out or perform (an action)

From this reading It will be convenient to treat the fifty years which elapsed between the meeting at New York, in 1765, of a Congress of delegates from nine colonies to protest against the Stamp Act, and the close of the second war with England, in 1815, as, for literary purposes, a single period.

againstprepositionUS /əˈɡenst/

touching and pressing; in opposition to

From this reading It will be convenient to treat the fifty years which elapsed between the meeting at New York, in 1765, of a Congress of delegates from nine colonies to protest against the Stamp Act, and the close of the second war with England, in 1815, as, for literary purposes, a single period.

AmericannounUS /əˈmerəkən/

a native or inhabitant of the United States

From this reading This half-century was the formative era of the American nation.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading It will be convenient to treat the fifty years which elapsed between the meeting at New York, in 1765, of a Congress of delegates from nine colonies to protest against the Stamp Act, and the close of the second war with England, in 1815, as, for literary purposes, a single period.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading It will be convenient to treat the fifty years which elapsed between the meeting at New York, in 1765, of a Congress of delegates from nine colonies to protest against the Stamp Act, and the close of the second war with England, in 1815, as, for literary purposes, a single period.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading It will be convenient to treat the fifty years which elapsed between the meeting at New York, in 1765, of a Congress of delegates from nine colonies to protest against the Stamp Act, and the close of the second war with England, in 1815, as, for literary purposes, a single period.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading It will be convenient to treat the fifty years which elapsed between the meeting at New York, in 1765, of a Congress of delegates from nine colonies to protest against the Stamp Act, and the close of the second war with England, in 1815, as, for literary purposes, a single period.

betweenprepositionUS /bɪˈtwiːn/

in the space, time, or range separating two things

From this reading It will be convenient to treat the fifty years which elapsed between the meeting at New York, in 1765, of a Congress of delegates from nine colonies to protest against the Stamp Act, and the close of the second war with England, in 1815, as, for literary purposes, a single period.

closeadjectiveUS /kloʊs/

at or within a short distance in space or time or having elements near each other

From this reading It will be convenient to treat the fifty years which elapsed between the meeting at New York, in 1765, of a Congress of delegates from nine colonies to protest against the Stamp Act, and the close of the second war with England, in 1815, as, for literary purposes, a single period.

coloniesnounUS /ˈkɑːləniz/

plural of “colony” — a body of people who settle far from home but maintain ties with their homeland; inhabitants remain nationals of their home state but are not literally under the home state's system of government

From this reading It will be convenient to treat the fifty years which elapsed between the meeting at New York, in 1765, of a Congress of delegates from nine colonies to protest against the Stamp Act, and the close of the second war with England, in 1815, as, for literary purposes, a single period.

CongressnounUS /ˈkɑːŋɡrəs/

the legislature of the United States government

From this reading It will be convenient to treat the fifty years which elapsed between the meeting at New York, in 1765, of a Congress of delegates from nine colonies to protest against the Stamp Act, and the close of the second war with England, in 1815, as, for literary purposes, a single period.

constructionnounUS /kənˈstrʌkʃən/

the act of constructing something

From this reading Historically, it is divisible into the years of revolution and the years of construction.

convenientadjectiveUS /kənˈviːnjənt/

suited to your comfort or purpose or needs

From this reading It will be convenient to treat the fifty years which elapsed between the meeting at New York, in 1765, of a Congress of delegates from nine colonies to protest against the Stamp Act, and the close of the second war with England, in 1815, as, for literary purposes, a single period.

delegatesnounUS /ˈdeləɡeɪts/

plural of “delegate” — a person appointed or elected to represent others

From this reading It will be convenient to treat the fifty years which elapsed between the meeting at New York, in 1765, of a Congress of delegates from nine colonies to protest against the Stamp Act, and the close of the second war with England, in 1815, as, for literary purposes, a single period.

divisibleadjectiveUS /dɪˈvɪzəbəl/

capable of being or liable to be divided or separated

From this reading Historically, it is divisible into the years of revolution and the years of construction.

elapsedadjectiveUS /ɪˈlæpst/

(of time) having passed or slipped by

From this reading It will be convenient to treat the fifty years which elapsed between the meeting at New York, in 1765, of a Congress of delegates from nine colonies to protest against the Stamp Act, and the close of the second war with England, in 1815, as, for literary purposes, a single period.

EnglandnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlənd/

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading It will be convenient to treat the fifty years which elapsed between the meeting at New York, in 1765, of a Congress of delegates from nine colonies to protest against the Stamp Act, and the close of the second war with England, in 1815, as, for literary purposes, a single period.

eranounUS /ˈerə/

a period marked by distinctive character or reckoned from a fixed point or event

From this reading This half-century was the formative era of the American nation.

fiftynounUS /ˈfɪfti/

the cardinal number that is the product of ten and five

From this reading It will be convenient to treat the fifty years which elapsed between the meeting at New York, in 1765, of a Congress of delegates from nine colonies to protest against the Stamp Act, and the close of the second war with England, in 1815, as, for literary purposes, a single period.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading It will be convenient to treat the fifty years which elapsed between the meeting at New York, in 1765, of a Congress of delegates from nine colonies to protest against the Stamp Act, and the close of the second war with England, in 1815, as, for literary purposes, a single period.

formativenounUS /ˈfɔːrmətɪv/

minimal language unit that has a syntactic (or morphological) function

From this reading This half-century was the formative era of the American nation.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading It will be convenient to treat the fifty years which elapsed between the meeting at New York, in 1765, of a Congress of delegates from nine colonies to protest against the Stamp Act, and the close of the second war with England, in 1815, as, for literary purposes, a single period.

half-centurynoun

a period of 50 years

From this reading This half-century was the formative era of the American nation.

HistoricallyadverbUS /hɪˈstɔːrɪkəli/

throughout history

From this reading Historically, it is divisible into the years of revolution and the years of construction.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading It will be convenient to treat the fifty years which elapsed between the meeting at New York, in 1765, of a Congress of delegates from nine colonies to protest against the Stamp Act, and the close of the second war with England, in 1815, as, for literary purposes, a single period.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading Historically, it is divisible into the years of revolution and the years of construction.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Historically, it is divisible into the years of revolution and the years of construction.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It will be convenient to treat the fifty years which elapsed between the meeting at New York, in 1765, of a Congress of delegates from nine colonies to protest against the Stamp Act, and the close of the second war with England, in 1815, as, for literary purposes, a single period.

literaryadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəreri/

of or relating to or characteristic of literature

From this reading It will be convenient to treat the fifty years which elapsed between the meeting at New York, in 1765, of a Congress of delegates from nine colonies to protest against the Stamp Act, and the close of the second war with England, in 1815, as, for literary purposes, a single period.

meetingnounUS /ˈmiːtɪŋ/

a formally arranged gathering

From this reading It will be convenient to treat the fifty years which elapsed between the meeting at New York, in 1765, of a Congress of delegates from nine colonies to protest against the Stamp Act, and the close of the second war with England, in 1815, as, for literary purposes, a single period.

nationnounUS /ˈneɪʃən/

a politically organized body of people under a single government

From this reading This half-century was the formative era of the American nation.

NewadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading It will be convenient to treat the fifty years which elapsed between the meeting at New York, in 1765, of a Congress of delegates from nine colonies to protest against the Stamp Act, and the close of the second war with England, in 1815, as, for literary purposes, a single period.

ninenounUS /naɪn/

the cardinal number that is the sum of eight and one

From this reading It will be convenient to treat the fifty years which elapsed between the meeting at New York, in 1765, of a Congress of delegates from nine colonies to protest against the Stamp Act, and the close of the second war with England, in 1815, as, for literary purposes, a single period.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading It will be convenient to treat the fifty years which elapsed between the meeting at New York, in 1765, of a Congress of delegates from nine colonies to protest against the Stamp Act, and the close of the second war with England, in 1815, as, for literary purposes, a single period.

PERIODnounUS /ˈpɪriəd/

an amount of time

From this reading THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD.

protestnounUS /ˈproʊtest/

a formal and solemn declaration of objection

From this reading It will be convenient to treat the fifty years which elapsed between the meeting at New York, in 1765, of a Congress of delegates from nine colonies to protest against the Stamp Act, and the close of the second war with England, in 1815, as, for literary purposes, a single period.

purposesnounUS /ˈpɜːrpəsəz/

plural of “purpose” — an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions

From this reading It will be convenient to treat the fifty years which elapsed between the meeting at New York, in 1765, of a Congress of delegates from nine colonies to protest against the Stamp Act, and the close of the second war with England, in 1815, as, for literary purposes, a single period.

revolutionnounUS /ˌrevəˈluːʃən/

a drastic and far-reaching change in ways of thinking and behaving

From this reading Historically, it is divisible into the years of revolution and the years of construction.

REVOLUTIONARYadjectiveUS /ˌrevəˈluːʃəneri/

markedly new or introducing radical change

From this reading THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD.

secondnounUS /ˈsekənd/

1/60 of a minute; the basic unit of time adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites

From this reading It will be convenient to treat the fifty years which elapsed between the meeting at New York, in 1765, of a Congress of delegates from nine colonies to protest against the Stamp Act, and the close of the second war with England, in 1815, as, for literary purposes, a single period.

singleadjectiveUS /ˈsɪŋɡəl/

being or characteristic of a single thing or person

From this reading It will be convenient to treat the fifty years which elapsed between the meeting at New York, in 1765, of a Congress of delegates from nine colonies to protest against the Stamp Act, and the close of the second war with England, in 1815, as, for literary purposes, a single period.

StampverbUS /stæmp/

walk heavily

From this reading It will be convenient to treat the fifty years which elapsed between the meeting at New York, in 1765, of a Congress of delegates from nine colonies to protest against the Stamp Act, and the close of the second war with England, in 1815, as, for literary purposes, a single period.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD.

ThisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading This half-century was the formative era of the American nation.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading It will be convenient to treat the fifty years which elapsed between the meeting at New York, in 1765, of a Congress of delegates from nine colonies to protest against the Stamp Act, and the close of the second war with England, in 1815, as, for literary purposes, a single period.

treatverbUS /triːt/

interact in a certain way

From this reading It will be convenient to treat the fifty years which elapsed between the meeting at New York, in 1765, of a Congress of delegates from nine colonies to protest against the Stamp Act, and the close of the second war with England, in 1815, as, for literary purposes, a single period.

warnounUS /wɔːr/

the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading It will be convenient to treat the fifty years which elapsed between the meeting at New York, in 1765, of a Congress of delegates from nine colonies to protest against the Stamp Act, and the close of the second war with England, in 1815, as, for literary purposes, a single period.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading This half-century was the formative era of the American nation.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading It will be convenient to treat the fifty years which elapsed between the meeting at New York, in 1765, of a Congress of delegates from nine colonies to protest against the Stamp Act, and the close of the second war with England, in 1815, as, for literary purposes, a single period.

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading It will be convenient to treat the fifty years which elapsed between the meeting at New York, in 1765, of a Congress of delegates from nine colonies to protest against the Stamp Act, and the close of the second war with England, in 1815, as, for literary purposes, a single period.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading It will be convenient to treat the fifty years which elapsed between the meeting at New York, in 1765, of a Congress of delegates from nine colonies to protest against the Stamp Act, and the close of the second war with England, in 1815, as, for literary purposes, a single period.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading It will be convenient to treat the fifty years which elapsed between the meeting at New York, in 1765, of a Congress of delegates from nine colonies to protest against the Stamp Act, and the close of the second war with England, in 1815, as, for literary purposes, a single period.

YorknounUS /jɔːrk/

the English royal house (a branch of the Plantagenet line) that reigned from 1461 to 1485; its emblem was a white rose

From this reading It will be convenient to treat the fifty years which elapsed between the meeting at New York, in 1765, of a Congress of delegates from nine colonies to protest against the Stamp Act, and the close of the second war with England, in 1815, as, for literary purposes, a single period.

Chapter 2 of Initial Studies in American Letters by Henry A. (Henry Augustin) Beers holds 350 sentences, grouped into 70 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 2 of Initial Studies in American Letters contain?

Chapter 2 holds 350 sentences of Initial Studies in American Letters, unabridged, divided into 70 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 2 of Initial Studies in American Letters by Henry A. (Henry Augustin) Beers exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 350 sentences, grouped into 70 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 2 of Initial Studies in American Letters?

Work through the 70 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 70 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 2 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 2 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Initial Studies in American Letters

Common questions about reading Initial Studies in American Letters by Henry A. (Henry Augustin) Beers on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Initial Studies in American Letters?

Yes. All 0 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #? are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Initial Studies in American Letters is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #?, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Initial Studies in American Letters take to read?

About 5 minutes of reading across 0 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Initial Studies in American Letters section by section

How to work through Initial Studies in American Letters section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 0 chapters of Initial Studies in American Letters to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Initial Studies in American Letters

Words and structures a reader meets early in Initial Studies in American Letters, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Chapter 1
One of the 0 chapters of Initial Studies in American Letters, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.
Chapter 2
One of the 0 chapters of Initial Studies in American Letters, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.
Chapter 3
One of the 0 chapters of Initial Studies in American Letters, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.