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Initial Studies in American Letters
Initial Studies in American Letters

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of Initial Studies in American Letters is here in full — 402 sentences across 81 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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THE CONCORD WRITERS.
1837-1861.
There has been but one movement in the history of the American mind which has given to literature a group of writers having coherence enough to merit the name of a school.
This was the great humanitarian movement, or series of movements, in New England, which, beginning in the Unitarianism of Channing, ran through its later phase in transcendentalism, and spent its last strength in the antislavery agitation and the enthusiasms of the civil war.
The second stage of this intellectual and social revolt was transcendentalism, of which Emerson wrote, in 1842: "The history of genius and of religion in these times will be the history of this tendency."
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Initial Studies in American Letters

Chapter IV · Chapter 4

Chapter 4 of Initial Studies in American Letters is here in full — 402 sentences across 81 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/80 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE CONCORD WRITERS.
/ðə ˈkɑːnkɔːrd ˈraɪtərz/
Line 2
1837-1861.
Line 3
There has been but one movement in the history of the American mind which has given to literature a group of writers having coherence enough to merit the name of a school.
/ðer hæz bɪn bʌt wʌn ˈmuːvmənt ɪn ðə ˈhɪstəri ʌv ðə əˈmerəkən maɪnd wɪtʃ hæz ˈɡɪvən tuː ˈlɪtərətʃər ə ɡruːp ʌv ˈraɪtərz ˈhævɪŋ koʊˈhɪrəns ɪˈnʌf tuː ˈmerət ðə neɪm ʌv ə skuːl/
Line 4
This was the great humanitarian movement, or series of movements, in New England, which, beginning in the Unitarianism of Channing, ran through its later phase in transcendentalism, and spent its last strength in the antislavery agitation and the enthusiasms of the civil war.
Line 5
The second stage of this intellectual and social revolt was transcendentalism, of which Emerson wrote, in 1842: "The history of genius and of religion in these times will be the history of this tendency."

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

coherence noun US /koʊˈhɪrəns/

the state of cohering or sticking together

From this reading “There has been but one movement in the history of the American mind which has given to literature a group of writers having coherence enough to merit the name of a school.”

concord noun US /ˈkɑːnkɔːrd/

capital of the state of New Hampshire; located in south central New Hampshire on the Merrimack river

From this reading “THE CONCORD WRITERS.”

Emerson noun US /ˈemərsən/

United States writer and leading exponent of transcendentalism (1803-1882)

From this reading “The second stage of this intellectual and social revolt was transcendentalism, of which Emerson wrote, in 1842: "The history of genius and of religion in these times will be the history of this tendency."”

enthusiasms noun US /ɪnˈθuːziæzəmz/

plural of “enthusiasm” — a feeling of excitement

From this reading “This was the great humanitarian movement, or series of movements, in New England, which, beginning in the Unitarianism of Channing, ran through its later phase in transcendentalism, and spent its last strength in the antislavery agitation and the enthusiasms of the civil war.”

humanitarian adjective US /ˌhjuːmænəˈteriən/

marked by humanistic values and devotion to human welfare

From this reading “This was the great humanitarian movement, or series of movements, in New England, which, beginning in the Unitarianism of Channing, ran through its later phase in transcendentalism, and spent its last strength in the antislavery agitation and the enthusiasms of the civil war.”

phase noun US /feɪz/

any distinct time period in a sequence of events

From this reading “This was the great humanitarian movement, or series of movements, in New England, which, beginning in the Unitarianism of Channing, ran through its later phase in transcendentalism, and spent its last strength in the antislavery agitation and the enthusiasms of the civil war.”

revolt noun US /rɪˈvoʊlt/

organized opposition to authority; a conflict in which one faction tries to wrest control from another

From this reading “The second stage of this intellectual and social revolt was transcendentalism, of which Emerson wrote, in 1842: "The history of genius and of religion in these times will be the history of this tendency."”

tendency noun US /ˈtendənsi/

an attitude of mind especially one that favors one alternative over others

From this reading “The second stage of this intellectual and social revolt was transcendentalism, of which Emerson wrote, in 1842: "The history of genius and of religion in these times will be the history of this tendency."”

All words in this reading · 70

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1837

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 1837-1861.

1842

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The second stage of this intellectual and social revolt was transcendentalism, of which Emerson wrote, in 1842: "The history of genius and of religion in these times will be the history of this tendency."

1861

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading 1837-1861.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading There has been but one movement in the history of the American mind which has given to literature a group of writers having coherence enough to merit the name of a school.

agitationnounUS /ˌædʒəˈteɪʃən/

a mental state of extreme emotional disturbance

From this reading This was the great humanitarian movement, or series of movements, in New England, which, beginning in the Unitarianism of Channing, ran through its later phase in transcendentalism, and spent its last strength in the antislavery agitation and the enthusiasms of the civil war.

AmericannounUS /əˈmerəkən/

a native or inhabitant of the United States

From this reading There has been but one movement in the history of the American mind which has given to literature a group of writers having coherence enough to merit the name of a school.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading This was the great humanitarian movement, or series of movements, in New England, which, beginning in the Unitarianism of Channing, ran through its later phase in transcendentalism, and spent its last strength in the antislavery agitation and the enthusiasms of the civil war.

antislavery

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This was the great humanitarian movement, or series of movements, in New England, which, beginning in the Unitarianism of Channing, ran through its later phase in transcendentalism, and spent its last strength in the antislavery agitation and the enthusiasms of the civil war.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading The second stage of this intellectual and social revolt was transcendentalism, of which Emerson wrote, in 1842: "The history of genius and of religion in these times will be the history of this tendency."

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading There has been but one movement in the history of the American mind which has given to literature a group of writers having coherence enough to merit the name of a school.

beginningnounUS /bɪˈɡɪnɪŋ/

the event consisting of the start of something

From this reading This was the great humanitarian movement, or series of movements, in New England, which, beginning in the Unitarianism of Channing, ran through its later phase in transcendentalism, and spent its last strength in the antislavery agitation and the enthusiasms of the civil war.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading There has been but one movement in the history of the American mind which has given to literature a group of writers having coherence enough to merit the name of a school.

Channing

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading This was the great humanitarian movement, or series of movements, in New England, which, beginning in the Unitarianism of Channing, ran through its later phase in transcendentalism, and spent its last strength in the antislavery agitation and the enthusiasms of the civil war.

civiladjectiveUS /ˈsɪvəl/

applying to ordinary citizens as contrasted with the military

From this reading This was the great humanitarian movement, or series of movements, in New England, which, beginning in the Unitarianism of Channing, ran through its later phase in transcendentalism, and spent its last strength in the antislavery agitation and the enthusiasms of the civil war.

coherencenounUS /koʊˈhɪrəns/

the state of cohering or sticking together

From this reading There has been but one movement in the history of the American mind which has given to literature a group of writers having coherence enough to merit the name of a school.

CONCORDnounUS /ˈkɑːnkɔːrd/

capital of the state of New Hampshire; located in south central New Hampshire on the Merrimack river

From this reading THE CONCORD WRITERS.

EmersonnounUS /ˈemərsən/

United States writer and leading exponent of transcendentalism (1803-1882)

From this reading The second stage of this intellectual and social revolt was transcendentalism, of which Emerson wrote, in 1842: "The history of genius and of religion in these times will be the history of this tendency."

EnglandnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlənd/

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading This was the great humanitarian movement, or series of movements, in New England, which, beginning in the Unitarianism of Channing, ran through its later phase in transcendentalism, and spent its last strength in the antislavery agitation and the enthusiasms of the civil war.

enoughnounUS /ɪˈnʌf/

an adequate quantity; a quantity that is large enough to achieve a purpose

From this reading There has been but one movement in the history of the American mind which has given to literature a group of writers having coherence enough to merit the name of a school.

enthusiasmsnounUS /ɪnˈθuːziæzəmz/

plural of “enthusiasm” — a feeling of excitement

From this reading This was the great humanitarian movement, or series of movements, in New England, which, beginning in the Unitarianism of Channing, ran through its later phase in transcendentalism, and spent its last strength in the antislavery agitation and the enthusiasms of the civil war.

geniusnounUS /ˈdʒiːnjəs/

someone who has exceptional intellectual ability and originality

From this reading The second stage of this intellectual and social revolt was transcendentalism, of which Emerson wrote, in 1842: "The history of genius and of religion in these times will be the history of this tendency."

givenadjectiveUS /ˈɡɪvən/

acknowledged as a supposition

From this reading There has been but one movement in the history of the American mind which has given to literature a group of writers having coherence enough to merit the name of a school.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading This was the great humanitarian movement, or series of movements, in New England, which, beginning in the Unitarianism of Channing, ran through its later phase in transcendentalism, and spent its last strength in the antislavery agitation and the enthusiasms of the civil war.

groupnounUS /ɡruːp/

any number of entities (members) considered as a unit

From this reading There has been but one movement in the history of the American mind which has given to literature a group of writers having coherence enough to merit the name of a school.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading There has been but one movement in the history of the American mind which has given to literature a group of writers having coherence enough to merit the name of a school.

havingauxiliary verbUS /ˈhævɪŋ/

the -ing form of “have”

From this reading There has been but one movement in the history of the American mind which has given to literature a group of writers having coherence enough to merit the name of a school.

historynounUS /ˈhɪstəri/

the aggregate of past events

From this reading There has been but one movement in the history of the American mind which has given to literature a group of writers having coherence enough to merit the name of a school.

humanitarianadjectiveUS /ˌhjuːmænəˈteriən/

marked by humanistic values and devotion to human welfare

From this reading This was the great humanitarian movement, or series of movements, in New England, which, beginning in the Unitarianism of Channing, ran through its later phase in transcendentalism, and spent its last strength in the antislavery agitation and the enthusiasms of the civil war.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading There has been but one movement in the history of the American mind which has given to literature a group of writers having coherence enough to merit the name of a school.

intellectualadjectiveUS /ˌɪntəˈlektʃuːəl/

of or associated with or requiring the use of the mind

From this reading The second stage of this intellectual and social revolt was transcendentalism, of which Emerson wrote, in 1842: "The history of genius and of religion in these times will be the history of this tendency."

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading This was the great humanitarian movement, or series of movements, in New England, which, beginning in the Unitarianism of Channing, ran through its later phase in transcendentalism, and spent its last strength in the antislavery agitation and the enthusiasms of the civil war.

lastadjectiveUS /læst/

immediately past

From this reading This was the great humanitarian movement, or series of movements, in New England, which, beginning in the Unitarianism of Channing, ran through its later phase in transcendentalism, and spent its last strength in the antislavery agitation and the enthusiasms of the civil war.

lateradverbUS /ˈleɪtər/

happening at a time subsequent to a reference time

From this reading This was the great humanitarian movement, or series of movements, in New England, which, beginning in the Unitarianism of Channing, ran through its later phase in transcendentalism, and spent its last strength in the antislavery agitation and the enthusiasms of the civil war.

literaturenounUS /ˈlɪtərətʃər/

creative writing of recognized artistic value

From this reading There has been but one movement in the history of the American mind which has given to literature a group of writers having coherence enough to merit the name of a school.

meritnounUS /ˈmerət/

any admirable quality or attribute

From this reading There has been but one movement in the history of the American mind which has given to literature a group of writers having coherence enough to merit the name of a school.

mindnounUS /maɪnd/

The element of a person that enables awareness and thought.

From this reading There has been but one movement in the history of the American mind which has given to literature a group of writers having coherence enough to merit the name of a school.

movementnounUS /ˈmuːvmənt/

a change of position that does not entail a change of location

From this reading There has been but one movement in the history of the American mind which has given to literature a group of writers having coherence enough to merit the name of a school.

movementsnounUS /ˈmuːvmənts/

plural of “movement” — a change of position that does not entail a change of location

From this reading This was the great humanitarian movement, or series of movements, in New England, which, beginning in the Unitarianism of Channing, ran through its later phase in transcendentalism, and spent its last strength in the antislavery agitation and the enthusiasms of the civil war.

nameverbUS /neɪm/

assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading There has been but one movement in the history of the American mind which has given to literature a group of writers having coherence enough to merit the name of a school.

NewadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading This was the great humanitarian movement, or series of movements, in New England, which, beginning in the Unitarianism of Channing, ran through its later phase in transcendentalism, and spent its last strength in the antislavery agitation and the enthusiasms of the civil war.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading There has been but one movement in the history of the American mind which has given to literature a group of writers having coherence enough to merit the name of a school.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading There has been but one movement in the history of the American mind which has given to literature a group of writers having coherence enough to merit the name of a school.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading This was the great humanitarian movement, or series of movements, in New England, which, beginning in the Unitarianism of Channing, ran through its later phase in transcendentalism, and spent its last strength in the antislavery agitation and the enthusiasms of the civil war.

phasenounUS /feɪz/

any distinct time period in a sequence of events

From this reading This was the great humanitarian movement, or series of movements, in New England, which, beginning in the Unitarianism of Channing, ran through its later phase in transcendentalism, and spent its last strength in the antislavery agitation and the enthusiasms of the civil war.

ranverbUS /ræn/

inflected form of “run” — move fast by using one's feet, with one foot off the ground at any given time

From this reading This was the great humanitarian movement, or series of movements, in New England, which, beginning in the Unitarianism of Channing, ran through its later phase in transcendentalism, and spent its last strength in the antislavery agitation and the enthusiasms of the civil war.

religionnounUS /rɪˈlɪdʒən/

a strong belief in a supernatural power or powers that control human destiny

From this reading The second stage of this intellectual and social revolt was transcendentalism, of which Emerson wrote, in 1842: "The history of genius and of religion in these times will be the history of this tendency."

revoltnounUS /rɪˈvoʊlt/

organized opposition to authority; a conflict in which one faction tries to wrest control from another

From this reading The second stage of this intellectual and social revolt was transcendentalism, of which Emerson wrote, in 1842: "The history of genius and of religion in these times will be the history of this tendency."

schoolnounUS /skuːl/

an educational institution

From this reading There has been but one movement in the history of the American mind which has given to literature a group of writers having coherence enough to merit the name of a school.

secondnounUS /ˈsekənd/

1/60 of a minute; the basic unit of time adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites

From this reading The second stage of this intellectual and social revolt was transcendentalism, of which Emerson wrote, in 1842: "The history of genius and of religion in these times will be the history of this tendency."

seriesnounUS /ˈsɪriz/

similar things placed in order or happening one after another

From this reading This was the great humanitarian movement, or series of movements, in New England, which, beginning in the Unitarianism of Channing, ran through its later phase in transcendentalism, and spent its last strength in the antislavery agitation and the enthusiasms of the civil war.

socialadjectiveUS /ˈsoʊʃəl/

relating to human society and its members

From this reading The second stage of this intellectual and social revolt was transcendentalism, of which Emerson wrote, in 1842: "The history of genius and of religion in these times will be the history of this tendency."

spentadjectiveUS /spent/

depleted of energy, force, or strength

From this reading This was the great humanitarian movement, or series of movements, in New England, which, beginning in the Unitarianism of Channing, ran through its later phase in transcendentalism, and spent its last strength in the antislavery agitation and the enthusiasms of the civil war.

stagenounUS /steɪdʒ/

any distinct time period in a sequence of events

From this reading The second stage of this intellectual and social revolt was transcendentalism, of which Emerson wrote, in 1842: "The history of genius and of religion in these times will be the history of this tendency."

strengthnounUS /streŋkθ/

the property of being physically or mentally strong

From this reading This was the great humanitarian movement, or series of movements, in New England, which, beginning in the Unitarianism of Channing, ran through its later phase in transcendentalism, and spent its last strength in the antislavery agitation and the enthusiasms of the civil war.

tendencynounUS /ˈtendənsi/

an attitude of mind especially one that favors one alternative over others

From this reading The second stage of this intellectual and social revolt was transcendentalism, of which Emerson wrote, in 1842: "The history of genius and of religion in these times will be the history of this tendency."

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE CONCORD WRITERS.

ThereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading There has been but one movement in the history of the American mind which has given to literature a group of writers having coherence enough to merit the name of a school.

thesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading The second stage of this intellectual and social revolt was transcendentalism, of which Emerson wrote, in 1842: "The history of genius and of religion in these times will be the history of this tendency."

ThisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading This was the great humanitarian movement, or series of movements, in New England, which, beginning in the Unitarianism of Channing, ran through its later phase in transcendentalism, and spent its last strength in the antislavery agitation and the enthusiasms of the civil war.

throughprepositionUS /θruː/

from one end or side of something to the other

From this reading This was the great humanitarian movement, or series of movements, in New England, which, beginning in the Unitarianism of Channing, ran through its later phase in transcendentalism, and spent its last strength in the antislavery agitation and the enthusiasms of the civil war.

timesnounUS /taɪmz/

a more or less definite period of time now or previously present

From this reading The second stage of this intellectual and social revolt was transcendentalism, of which Emerson wrote, in 1842: "The history of genius and of religion in these times will be the history of this tendency."

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading There has been but one movement in the history of the American mind which has given to literature a group of writers having coherence enough to merit the name of a school.

transcendentalismnoun

any system of philosophy emphasizing the intuitive and spiritual above the empirical and material

From this reading This was the great humanitarian movement, or series of movements, in New England, which, beginning in the Unitarianism of Channing, ran through its later phase in transcendentalism, and spent its last strength in the antislavery agitation and the enthusiasms of the civil war.

Unitarianismnoun

a non-doctrinal religion that stresses individual freedom of belief and rejects the Trinity

From this reading This was the great humanitarian movement, or series of movements, in New England, which, beginning in the Unitarianism of Channing, ran through its later phase in transcendentalism, and spent its last strength in the antislavery agitation and the enthusiasms of the civil war.

warnounUS /wɔːr/

the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading This was the great humanitarian movement, or series of movements, in New England, which, beginning in the Unitarianism of Channing, ran through its later phase in transcendentalism, and spent its last strength in the antislavery agitation and the enthusiasms of the civil war.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading This was the great humanitarian movement, or series of movements, in New England, which, beginning in the Unitarianism of Channing, ran through its later phase in transcendentalism, and spent its last strength in the antislavery agitation and the enthusiasms of the civil war.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading There has been but one movement in the history of the American mind which has given to literature a group of writers having coherence enough to merit the name of a school.

willmodal verbUS /wɪl/

used to talk about the future, or about willingness

From this reading The second stage of this intellectual and social revolt was transcendentalism, of which Emerson wrote, in 1842: "The history of genius and of religion in these times will be the history of this tendency."

WRITERSnounUS /ˈraɪtərz/

plural of “writer” — writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading THE CONCORD WRITERS.

wroteverbUS /roʊt/

inflected form of “write” — produce a literary work

From this reading The second stage of this intellectual and social revolt was transcendentalism, of which Emerson wrote, in 1842: "The history of genius and of religion in these times will be the history of this tendency."

Chapter 4 of Initial Studies in American Letters by Henry A. (Henry Augustin) Beers holds 402 sentences, grouped into 81 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of Initial Studies in American Letters contain?

Chapter 4 holds 402 sentences of Initial Studies in American Letters, unabridged, divided into 81 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of Initial Studies in American Letters by Henry A. (Henry Augustin) Beers exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 402 sentences, grouped into 81 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of Initial Studies in American Letters?

Work through the 81 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 81 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Initial Studies in American Letters

Common questions about reading Initial Studies in American Letters by Henry A. (Henry Augustin) Beers on this page, its source edition and its audio.

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How to work through Initial Studies in American Letters section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

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Vocabulary met early in Initial Studies in American Letters

Words and structures a reader meets early in Initial Studies in American Letters, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Chapter 1
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Chapter 2
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Chapter 3
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