Complete classic literature • Five-line readings • Clear US narration
VELMORA ACADEMY
Academy of Archival Languages & Memory Studies
Menu Close
Initial Studies in American Letters
Initial Studies in American Letters

Chapter VII · Chapter 7

Chapter 7 of Initial Studies in American Letters is here in full — 2102 sentences across 421 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Initial Studies in American Letters
Context Illustration Reading 1/420 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
LITERATURE SINCE 1861.
A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.
It makes a definite break in the history of our literature, and a number of new literary schools and tendencies have appeared since its close.
As to the literature of the war itself, it was largely the work of writers who had already reached or passed middle age.
All of the more important authors described in the last three chapters survived the Rebellion except Poe, who died in 1849, Prescott, who died in 1859, and Thoreau and Hawthorne, who died in the second and fourth years of the war, respectively.
0:00 / 0:00
Speed 0.75x
AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Initial Studies in American Letters

Chapter VII · Chapter 7

Chapter 7 of Initial Studies in American Letters is here in full — 2102 sentences across 421 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/420 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
LITERATURE SINCE 1861.
Line 2
A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.
/ə ˌdʒenərˈeɪʃən hæz ˈnɪrli pæst sɪns ðə ˈaʊtbreɪk ʌv ðə ˈsɪvəl wɔːr ənd ˌɔːlˈðoʊ ˈpʌblɪk əˈferz ɑːr stɪl ˈmeɪnli ɪn ðə hændz ʌv men huː hæd riːtʃt ˈmænhʊd bɪˈfɔːr ðə ˈkɑːnflɪkt ˈoʊpənd ɔːr huː wɜːr oʊld ɪˈnʌf æt ðæt taɪm tuː rɪˈmɛm.bər ˈklɪrli ɪts ˈstɜːrɪŋ ɪˈvents ðə ˈjʌŋɡər men huː ɑːr ˈdeɪli ˈkʌmɪŋ ˈfɔːrwərd tuː teɪk ðer ˈpleɪsəz noʊ ɪt ˈoʊnli baɪ trəˈdɪʃən/
Line 3
It makes a definite break in the history of our literature, and a number of new literary schools and tendencies have appeared since its close.
/ɪt meɪks ə ˈdefənət breɪk ɪn ðə ˈhɪstəri ʌv ˈaʊər ˈlɪtərətʃər ənd ə ˈnʌmbər ʌv nuː ˈlɪtəreri skuːlz ənd ˈtendənsiz hæv əˈpɪrd sɪns ɪts kloʊs/
Line 4
As to the literature of the war itself, it was largely the work of writers who had already reached or passed middle age.
/æz tuː ðə ˈlɪtərətʃər ʌv ðə wɔːr ˌɪtˈself ɪt wɑːz ˈlɑːrdʒli ðə wɜːrk ʌv ˈraɪtərz huː hæd ɔːlˈredi riːtʃt ɔːr pæst ˈmɪdəl eɪdʒ/
Line 5
All of the more important authors described in the last three chapters survived the Rebellion except Poe, who died in 1849, Prescott, who died in 1859, and Thoreau and Hawthorne, who died in the second and fourth years of the war, respectively.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Hawthorne noun US /ˈhɔːθɔːrn/

United States writer of novels and short stories mostly on moral themes (1804-1864)

From this reading “All of the more important authors described in the last three chapters survived the Rebellion except Poe, who died in 1849, Prescott, who died in 1859, and Thoreau and Hawthorne, who died in the second and fourth years of the war, respectively.”

outbreak noun US /ˈaʊtbreɪk/

a sudden violent spontaneous occurrence (usually of some undesirable condition)

From this reading “A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.”

Poe noun US /poʊ/

United States writer and poet (1809-1849)

From this reading “All of the more important authors described in the last three chapters survived the Rebellion except Poe, who died in 1849, Prescott, who died in 1859, and Thoreau and Hawthorne, who died in the second and fourth years of the war, respectively.”

Prescott noun US /ˈpreskɑːt/

a town in central Arizona

From this reading “All of the more important authors described in the last three chapters survived the Rebellion except Poe, who died in 1849, Prescott, who died in 1859, and Thoreau and Hawthorne, who died in the second and fourth years of the war, respectively.”

respectively adverb US /rɪˈspektɪvli/

in the order given

From this reading “All of the more important authors described in the last three chapters survived the Rebellion except Poe, who died in 1849, Prescott, who died in 1859, and Thoreau and Hawthorne, who died in the second and fourth years of the war, respectively.”

survived verb US /sərˈvaɪvd/

past form of “survive” — continue to live and avoid dying

From this reading “All of the more important authors described in the last three chapters survived the Rebellion except Poe, who died in 1849, Prescott, who died in 1859, and Thoreau and Hawthorne, who died in the second and fourth years of the war, respectively.”

tendencies noun US /ˈtendənsiz/

plural of “tendency” — an attitude of mind especially one that favors one alternative over others

From this reading “It makes a definite break in the history of our literature, and a number of new literary schools and tendencies have appeared since its close.”

Thoreau noun US /θərˈoʊ/

United States writer and social critic (1817-1862)

From this reading “All of the more important authors described in the last three chapters survived the Rebellion except Poe, who died in 1849, Prescott, who died in 1859, and Thoreau and Hawthorne, who died in the second and fourth years of the war, respectively.”

All words in this reading · 99

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1849

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading All of the more important authors described in the last three chapters survived the Rebellion except Poe, who died in 1849, Prescott, who died in 1859, and Thoreau and Hawthorne, who died in the second and fourth years of the war, respectively.

1859

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading All of the more important authors described in the last three chapters survived the Rebellion except Poe, who died in 1849, Prescott, who died in 1859, and Thoreau and Hawthorne, who died in the second and fourth years of the war, respectively.

1861

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading LITERATURE SINCE 1861.

AdeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

affairsnounUS /əˈferz/

matters of personal concern

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

agenounUS /eɪdʒ/

how long something has existed

From this reading As to the literature of the war itself, it was largely the work of writers who had already reached or passed middle age.

AlladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading All of the more important authors described in the last three chapters survived the Rebellion except Poe, who died in 1849, Prescott, who died in 1859, and Thoreau and Hawthorne, who died in the second and fourth years of the war, respectively.

alreadyadverbUS /ɔːlˈredi/

prior to a specified or implied time

From this reading As to the literature of the war itself, it was largely the work of writers who had already reached or passed middle age.

althoughconjunctionUS /ˌɔːlˈðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

appearedverbUS /əˈpɪrd/

past form of “appear” — give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect

From this reading It makes a definite break in the history of our literature, and a number of new literary schools and tendencies have appeared since its close.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

AsconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading As to the literature of the war itself, it was largely the work of writers who had already reached or passed middle age.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

authorsnounUS /ˈɔːθərz/

plural of “author” — writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading All of the more important authors described in the last three chapters survived the Rebellion except Poe, who died in 1849, Prescott, who died in 1859, and Thoreau and Hawthorne, who died in the second and fourth years of the war, respectively.

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

breakverbUS /breɪk/

terminate

From this reading It makes a definite break in the history of our literature, and a number of new literary schools and tendencies have appeared since its close.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

chaptersnounUS /ˈtʃæptərz/

plural of “chapter” — a subdivision of a written work; usually numbered and titled

From this reading All of the more important authors described in the last three chapters survived the Rebellion except Poe, who died in 1849, Prescott, who died in 1859, and Thoreau and Hawthorne, who died in the second and fourth years of the war, respectively.

civiladjectiveUS /ˈsɪvəl/

applying to ordinary citizens as contrasted with the military

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

clearlyadverbUS /ˈklɪrli/

without doubt or question

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

closeadjectiveUS /kloʊs/

at or within a short distance in space or time or having elements near each other

From this reading It makes a definite break in the history of our literature, and a number of new literary schools and tendencies have appeared since its close.

comingnounUS /ˈkʌmɪŋ/

the act of drawing spatially closer to something

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

conflictnounUS /ˈkɑːnflɪkt/

an open clash between two opposing groups (or individuals)

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

dailyadverbUS /ˈdeɪli/

every day; without missing a day

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

definiteadjectiveUS /ˈdefənət/

precise; explicit and clearly defined

From this reading It makes a definite break in the history of our literature, and a number of new literary schools and tendencies have appeared since its close.

describedadjectiveUS /dɪˈskraɪbd/

represented in words especially with sharpness and detail

From this reading All of the more important authors described in the last three chapters survived the Rebellion except Poe, who died in 1849, Prescott, who died in 1859, and Thoreau and Hawthorne, who died in the second and fourth years of the war, respectively.

diedverbUS /daɪd/

past form of “die” — pass from physical life and lose all bodily attributes and functions necessary to sustain life

From this reading All of the more important authors described in the last three chapters survived the Rebellion except Poe, who died in 1849, Prescott, who died in 1859, and Thoreau and Hawthorne, who died in the second and fourth years of the war, respectively.

enoughnounUS /ɪˈnʌf/

an adequate quantity; a quantity that is large enough to achieve a purpose

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

eventsnounUS /ɪˈvents/

plural of “event” — something that happens at a given place and time

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

exceptprepositionUS /ɪkˈsept/

apart from; not including

From this reading All of the more important authors described in the last three chapters survived the Rebellion except Poe, who died in 1849, Prescott, who died in 1859, and Thoreau and Hawthorne, who died in the second and fourth years of the war, respectively.

forwardadverbUS /ˈfɔːrwərd/

at or to or toward the front

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

fourthnounUS /fɔːrθ/

following the third position; number four in a countable series

From this reading All of the more important authors described in the last three chapters survived the Rebellion except Poe, who died in 1849, Prescott, who died in 1859, and Thoreau and Hawthorne, who died in the second and fourth years of the war, respectively.

generationnounUS /ˌdʒenərˈeɪʃən/

all the people living at the same time or of approximately the same age

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

handsnounUS /hændz/

(with “in”) guardianship over; in divorce cases it is the right to house and care for and discipline a child

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading It makes a definite break in the history of our literature, and a number of new literary schools and tendencies have appeared since its close.

HawthornenounUS /ˈhɔːθɔːrn/

United States writer of novels and short stories mostly on moral themes (1804-1864)

From this reading All of the more important authors described in the last three chapters survived the Rebellion except Poe, who died in 1849, Prescott, who died in 1859, and Thoreau and Hawthorne, who died in the second and fourth years of the war, respectively.

historynounUS /ˈhɪstəri/

the aggregate of past events

From this reading It makes a definite break in the history of our literature, and a number of new literary schools and tendencies have appeared since its close.

importantadjectiveUS /ˌɪmˈpɔːrtənt/

of great significance or value

From this reading All of the more important authors described in the last three chapters survived the Rebellion except Poe, who died in 1849, Prescott, who died in 1859, and Thoreau and Hawthorne, who died in the second and fourth years of the war, respectively.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

itselfpronounUS /ˌɪtˈself/

used when the thing doing the action is also its object

From this reading As to the literature of the war itself, it was largely the work of writers who had already reached or passed middle age.

knowverbUS /noʊ/

be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

largelyadverbUS /ˈlɑːrdʒli/

in large part; mainly or chiefly

From this reading As to the literature of the war itself, it was largely the work of writers who had already reached or passed middle age.

lastadjectiveUS /læst/

immediately past

From this reading All of the more important authors described in the last three chapters survived the Rebellion except Poe, who died in 1849, Prescott, who died in 1859, and Thoreau and Hawthorne, who died in the second and fourth years of the war, respectively.

literaryadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəreri/

of or relating to or characteristic of literature

From this reading It makes a definite break in the history of our literature, and a number of new literary schools and tendencies have appeared since its close.

LITERATUREnounUS /ˈlɪtərətʃər/

creative writing of recognized artistic value

From this reading LITERATURE SINCE 1861.

mainlyadverbUS /ˈmeɪnli/

for the most part

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

makesnounUS /meɪks/

plural of “make” — a recognizable kind

From this reading It makes a definite break in the history of our literature, and a number of new literary schools and tendencies have appeared since its close.

manhoodnounUS /ˈmænhʊd/

the state of being a man; manly qualities

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

middlenounUS /ˈmɪdəl/

an area that is approximately central within some larger region

From this reading As to the literature of the war itself, it was largely the work of writers who had already reached or passed middle age.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading All of the more important authors described in the last three chapters survived the Rebellion except Poe, who died in 1849, Prescott, who died in 1859, and Thoreau and Hawthorne, who died in the second and fourth years of the war, respectively.

nearlyadverbUS /ˈnɪrli/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

newadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading It makes a definite break in the history of our literature, and a number of new literary schools and tendencies have appeared since its close.

numbernounUS /ˈnʌmbər/

the property possessed by a sum or total or indefinite quantity of units or individuals

From this reading It makes a definite break in the history of our literature, and a number of new literary schools and tendencies have appeared since its close.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

openedadjectiveUS /ˈoʊpənd/

used of mouth or eyes

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading It makes a definite break in the history of our literature, and a number of new literary schools and tendencies have appeared since its close.

outbreaknounUS /ˈaʊtbreɪk/

a sudden violent spontaneous occurrence (usually of some undesirable condition)

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

passedverbUS /pæst/

past form of “pass” — go across or through

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

placesnounUS /ˈpleɪsəz/

plural of “place” — a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

PoenounUS /poʊ/

United States writer and poet (1809-1849)

From this reading All of the more important authors described in the last three chapters survived the Rebellion except Poe, who died in 1849, Prescott, who died in 1859, and Thoreau and Hawthorne, who died in the second and fourth years of the war, respectively.

PrescottnounUS /ˈpreskɑːt/

a town in central Arizona

From this reading All of the more important authors described in the last three chapters survived the Rebellion except Poe, who died in 1849, Prescott, who died in 1859, and Thoreau and Hawthorne, who died in the second and fourth years of the war, respectively.

publicnounUS /ˈpʌblɪk/

people in general considered as a whole

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

reachedverbUS /riːtʃt/

past form of “reach” — reach a destination, either real or abstract

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

RebellionnounUS /rɪˈbeljən/

refusal to accept some authority or code or convention

From this reading All of the more important authors described in the last three chapters survived the Rebellion except Poe, who died in 1849, Prescott, who died in 1859, and Thoreau and Hawthorne, who died in the second and fourth years of the war, respectively.

rememberverbUS /rɪˈmɛm.bər/

To recall to mind.

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

respectivelyadverbUS /rɪˈspektɪvli/

in the order given

From this reading All of the more important authors described in the last three chapters survived the Rebellion except Poe, who died in 1849, Prescott, who died in 1859, and Thoreau and Hawthorne, who died in the second and fourth years of the war, respectively.

schoolsnounUS /skuːlz/

plural of “school” — an educational institution

From this reading It makes a definite break in the history of our literature, and a number of new literary schools and tendencies have appeared since its close.

secondnounUS /ˈsekənd/

1/60 of a minute; the basic unit of time adopted under the Systeme International d'Unites

From this reading All of the more important authors described in the last three chapters survived the Rebellion except Poe, who died in 1849, Prescott, who died in 1859, and Thoreau and Hawthorne, who died in the second and fourth years of the war, respectively.

SINCEprepositionUS /sɪns/

from a time in the past until now

From this reading LITERATURE SINCE 1861.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

stirringnounUS /ˈstɜːrɪŋ/

agitating a liquid with an implement

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

survivedverbUS /sərˈvaɪvd/

past form of “survive” — continue to live and avoid dying

From this reading All of the more important authors described in the last three chapters survived the Rebellion except Poe, who died in 1849, Prescott, who died in 1859, and Thoreau and Hawthorne, who died in the second and fourth years of the war, respectively.

takeverbUS /teɪk/

carry out

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

tendenciesnounUS /ˈtendənsiz/

plural of “tendency” — an attitude of mind especially one that favors one alternative over others

From this reading It makes a definite break in the history of our literature, and a number of new literary schools and tendencies have appeared since its close.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

ThoreaunounUS /θərˈoʊ/

United States writer and social critic (1817-1862)

From this reading All of the more important authors described in the last three chapters survived the Rebellion except Poe, who died in 1849, Prescott, who died in 1859, and Thoreau and Hawthorne, who died in the second and fourth years of the war, respectively.

threenounUS /θriː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one and one

From this reading All of the more important authors described in the last three chapters survived the Rebellion except Poe, who died in 1849, Prescott, who died in 1859, and Thoreau and Hawthorne, who died in the second and fourth years of the war, respectively.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

traditionnounUS /trəˈdɪʃən/

an inherited pattern of thought or action

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

warnounUS /wɔːr/

the waging of armed conflict against an enemy

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading As to the literature of the war itself, it was largely the work of writers who had already reached or passed middle age.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

workverbUS /wɜːrk/

exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity

From this reading As to the literature of the war itself, it was largely the work of writers who had already reached or passed middle age.

writersnounUS /ˈraɪtərz/

plural of “writer” — writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay)

From this reading As to the literature of the war itself, it was largely the work of writers who had already reached or passed middle age.

yearsnounUS /jɪrz/

a late time of life

From this reading All of the more important authors described in the last three chapters survived the Rebellion except Poe, who died in 1849, Prescott, who died in 1859, and Thoreau and Hawthorne, who died in the second and fourth years of the war, respectively.

youngeradjectiveUS /ˈjʌŋɡər/

used of the younger of two persons of the same name especially used to distinguish a son from his father

From this reading A generation has nearly passed since the outbreak of the civil war, and although public affairs are still mainly in the hands of men who had reached manhood before the conflict opened, or who were old enough at that time to remember clearly its stirring events, the younger men who are daily coming forward to take their places know it only by tradition.

Chapter 7 of Initial Studies in American Letters by Henry A. (Henry Augustin) Beers holds 2102 sentences, grouped into 421 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 7 of Initial Studies in American Letters contain?

Chapter 7 holds 2102 sentences of Initial Studies in American Letters, unabridged, divided into 421 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 7 of Initial Studies in American Letters by Henry A. (Henry Augustin) Beers exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 2102 sentences, grouped into 421 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 7 of Initial Studies in American Letters?

Work through the 421 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 421 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 7 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 7 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Initial Studies in American Letters

Common questions about reading Initial Studies in American Letters by Henry A. (Henry Augustin) Beers on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Initial Studies in American Letters?

Yes. All 0 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #? are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Initial Studies in American Letters is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #?, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Initial Studies in American Letters take to read?

About 5 minutes of reading across 0 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Initial Studies in American Letters section by section

How to work through Initial Studies in American Letters section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 0 chapters of Initial Studies in American Letters to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Initial Studies in American Letters

Words and structures a reader meets early in Initial Studies in American Letters, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Chapter 1
One of the 0 chapters of Initial Studies in American Letters, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.
Chapter 2
One of the 0 chapters of Initial Studies in American Letters, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.
Chapter 3
One of the 0 chapters of Initial Studies in American Letters, divided into 5-sentence reading sections.