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Irma in Italy: A Travel Story
Irma in Italy: A Travel Story

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of Irma in Italy: A Travel Story is here in full — 278 sentences across 56 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Irma in Italy: A Travel Story
Context Illustration Reading 1/55 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
AWAY FROM GIBRALTAR As the _Ariadne_ steamed away from Gibraltar, the harbor looked very unlike that of the afternoon.
It was now cool, and dark except when lit by flashes from the searchlights.
The warships that had looked so sombre in the afternoon were now outlined by rows of tiny electric lights, and myriads of lights twinkled from the town lying along the face of the Rock.
With so much beauty outside, Irma could not leave the deck of the _Ariadne_.
As she stood there alone, the little old gentleman approached.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Irma in Italy: A Travel Story

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of Irma in Italy: A Travel Story is here in full — 278 sentences across 56 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/55 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
AWAY FROM GIBRALTAR As the _Ariadne_ steamed away from Gibraltar, the harbor looked very unlike that of the afternoon.
/əˈweɪ frʌm dʒɪˈbrɔːltər æz ðə ˌeriˈædni stiːmd əˈweɪ frʌm dʒɪˈbrɔːltər ðə ˈhɑːrbər lʊkt ˈveri ənˈlaɪk ðæt ʌv ðə ˌæftərˈnuːn/
Line 2
It was now cool, and dark except when lit by flashes from the searchlights.
/ɪt wɑːz naʊ kuːl ənd dɑːrk ɪkˈsept wen lɪt baɪ ˈflæʃɪz frʌm ðə ˈsɜːrtʃlaɪts/
Line 3
The warships that had looked so sombre in the afternoon were now outlined by rows of tiny electric lights, and myriads of lights twinkled from the town lying along the face of the Rock.
Line 4
With so much beauty outside, Irma could not leave the deck of the _Ariadne_.
Line 5
As she stood there alone, the little old gentleman approached.
/æz ʃiː stʊd ðer əˈloʊn ðə ˈlɪtəl oʊld ˈdʒentəlmən əˈproʊtʃt/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Ariadne noun US /ˌeriˈædni/

beautiful daughter of Minos and Pasiphae; she fell in love with Theseus and gave him the thread with which he found his way out of the Minotaur's labyrinth

flashes noun US /ˈflæʃɪz/

plural of “flash” — a sudden intense burst of radiant energy

From this reading “It was now cool, and dark except when lit by flashes from the searchlights.”

gibraltar noun US /dʒɪˈbrɔːltər/

location of a colony of the United Kingdom on a limestone promontory at the southern tip of Spain; strategically important because it can control the entrance of ships into the Mediterranean; one of the Pillars of Hercules

From this reading “AWAY FROM GIBRALTAR As the _Ariadne_ steamed away from Gibraltar, the harbor looked very unlike that of the afternoon.”

outlined adjective US /ˈaʊtlaɪnd/

showing clearly the outline or profile or boundary

From this reading “The warships that had looked so sombre in the afternoon were now outlined by rows of tiny electric lights, and myriads of lights twinkled from the town lying along the face of the Rock.”

searchlights noun US /ˈsɜːrtʃlaɪts/

plural of “searchlight” — a light source with reflectors that projects a beam of light in a particular direction

From this reading “It was now cool, and dark except when lit by flashes from the searchlights.”

steamed adjective US /stiːmd/

cooked in steam

From this reading “AWAY FROM GIBRALTAR As the _Ariadne_ steamed away from Gibraltar, the harbor looked very unlike that of the afternoon.”

twinkled verb US /ˈtwɪŋkəld/

past form of “twinkle” — gleam or glow intermittently

From this reading “The warships that had looked so sombre in the afternoon were now outlined by rows of tiny electric lights, and myriads of lights twinkled from the town lying along the face of the Rock.”

warships noun US /ˈwɔːrʃɪps/

plural of “warship” — a government ship that is available for waging war

From this reading “The warships that had looked so sombre in the afternoon were now outlined by rows of tiny electric lights, and myriads of lights twinkled from the town lying along the face of the Rock.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

old gentleman adjective + noun

In this reading “As she stood there alone, the little old gentleman approached.”

stood there verb + particle

In this reading “As she stood there alone, the little old gentleman approached.”

in the afternoon preposition + article + noun counted as “in … afternoon”

In this reading “The warships that had looked so sombre in the afternoon were now outlined by rows of tiny electric lights, and myriads of lights twinkled from the town lying along the face of the Rock.”

flashes from verb + particle counted as “flash from”

In this reading “It was now cool, and dark except when lit by flashes from the searchlights.”

looked very verb + adjective counted as “look very”

In this reading “AWAY FROM GIBRALTAR As the _Ariadne_ steamed away from Gibraltar, the harbor looked very unlike that of the afternoon.”

All words in this reading · 61

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

afternoonnounUS /ˌæftərˈnuːn/

the part of the day between noon and evening

From this reading AWAY FROM GIBRALTAR As the _Ariadne_ steamed away from Gibraltar, the harbor looked very unlike that of the afternoon.

aloneadjectiveUS /əˈloʊn/

Having no one else present.

From this reading As she stood there alone, the little old gentleman approached.

alongprepositionUS /əˈlɔːŋ/

following the length of something from one end toward the other

From this reading The warships that had looked so sombre in the afternoon were now outlined by rows of tiny electric lights, and myriads of lights twinkled from the town lying along the face of the Rock.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading It was now cool, and dark except when lit by flashes from the searchlights.

approachedverbUS /əˈproʊtʃt/

past form of “approach” — move towards

From this reading As she stood there alone, the little old gentleman approached.

AriadnenounUS /ˌeriˈædni/

beautiful daughter of Minos and Pasiphae; she fell in love with Theseus and gave him the thread with which he found his way out of the Minotaur's labyrinth

From this reading AWAY FROM GIBRALTAR As the _Ariadne_ steamed away from Gibraltar, the harbor looked very unlike that of the afternoon.

AsconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading AWAY FROM GIBRALTAR As the _Ariadne_ steamed away from Gibraltar, the harbor looked very unlike that of the afternoon.

AWAYadverbUS /əˈweɪ/

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading AWAY FROM GIBRALTAR As the _Ariadne_ steamed away from Gibraltar, the harbor looked very unlike that of the afternoon.

beautynounUS /ˈbjuːti/

the qualities that give pleasure to the senses

From this reading With so much beauty outside, Irma could not leave the deck of the _Ariadne_.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading It was now cool, and dark except when lit by flashes from the searchlights.

cooladjectiveUS /kuːl/

neither warm nor very cold; giving relief from heat

From this reading It was now cool, and dark except when lit by flashes from the searchlights.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading With so much beauty outside, Irma could not leave the deck of the _Ariadne_.

darknounUS /dɑːrk/

absence of light or illumination

From this reading It was now cool, and dark except when lit by flashes from the searchlights.

decknounUS /dek/

any of various platforms built into a vessel

From this reading With so much beauty outside, Irma could not leave the deck of the _Ariadne_.

electricadjectiveUS /ɪˈlektrɪk/

using or providing or producing or transmitting or operated by electricity

From this reading The warships that had looked so sombre in the afternoon were now outlined by rows of tiny electric lights, and myriads of lights twinkled from the town lying along the face of the Rock.

exceptprepositionUS /ɪkˈsept/

apart from; not including

From this reading It was now cool, and dark except when lit by flashes from the searchlights.

facenounUS /feɪs/

the front of the human head from the forehead to the chin and ear to ear

From this reading The warships that had looked so sombre in the afternoon were now outlined by rows of tiny electric lights, and myriads of lights twinkled from the town lying along the face of the Rock.

flashesnounUS /ˈflæʃɪz/

plural of “flash” — a sudden intense burst of radiant energy

From this reading It was now cool, and dark except when lit by flashes from the searchlights.

FROMprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading AWAY FROM GIBRALTAR As the _Ariadne_ steamed away from Gibraltar, the harbor looked very unlike that of the afternoon.

gentlemannounUS /ˈdʒentəlmən/

a man of refinement

From this reading As she stood there alone, the little old gentleman approached.

GIBRALTARnounUS /dʒɪˈbrɔːltər/

location of a colony of the United Kingdom on a limestone promontory at the southern tip of Spain; strategically important because it can control the entrance of ships into the Mediterranean; one of the Pillars of Hercules

From this reading AWAY FROM GIBRALTAR As the _Ariadne_ steamed away from Gibraltar, the harbor looked very unlike that of the afternoon.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading The warships that had looked so sombre in the afternoon were now outlined by rows of tiny electric lights, and myriads of lights twinkled from the town lying along the face of the Rock.

harborverbUS /ˈhɑːrbər/

maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings)

From this reading AWAY FROM GIBRALTAR As the _Ariadne_ steamed away from Gibraltar, the harbor looked very unlike that of the afternoon.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The warships that had looked so sombre in the afternoon were now outlined by rows of tiny electric lights, and myriads of lights twinkled from the town lying along the face of the Rock.

Irma

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading With so much beauty outside, Irma could not leave the deck of the _Ariadne_.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It was now cool, and dark except when lit by flashes from the searchlights.

leaveverbUS /liːv/

go away from a place

From this reading With so much beauty outside, Irma could not leave the deck of the _Ariadne_.

lightsnounUS /laɪts/

plural of “light” — (physics) electromagnetic radiation that can produce a visual sensation

From this reading The warships that had looked so sombre in the afternoon were now outlined by rows of tiny electric lights, and myriads of lights twinkled from the town lying along the face of the Rock.

litadjectiveUS /lɪt/

provided with artificial light

From this reading It was now cool, and dark except when lit by flashes from the searchlights.

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading As she stood there alone, the little old gentleman approached.

lookedverbUS /lʊkt/

past form of “look” — perceive with attention; direct one's gaze towards

From this reading AWAY FROM GIBRALTAR As the _Ariadne_ steamed away from Gibraltar, the harbor looked very unlike that of the afternoon.

lyingnounUS /ˈlaɪɪŋ/

the deliberate act of deviating from the truth

From this reading The warships that had looked so sombre in the afternoon were now outlined by rows of tiny electric lights, and myriads of lights twinkled from the town lying along the face of the Rock.

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading With so much beauty outside, Irma could not leave the deck of the _Ariadne_.

myriads

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The warships that had looked so sombre in the afternoon were now outlined by rows of tiny electric lights, and myriads of lights twinkled from the town lying along the face of the Rock.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading With so much beauty outside, Irma could not leave the deck of the _Ariadne_.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading It was now cool, and dark except when lit by flashes from the searchlights.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading AWAY FROM GIBRALTAR As the _Ariadne_ steamed away from Gibraltar, the harbor looked very unlike that of the afternoon.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading As she stood there alone, the little old gentleman approached.

outlinedadjectiveUS /ˈaʊtlaɪnd/

showing clearly the outline or profile or boundary

From this reading The warships that had looked so sombre in the afternoon were now outlined by rows of tiny electric lights, and myriads of lights twinkled from the town lying along the face of the Rock.

outsideadjectiveUS /ˈaʊtˈsaɪd/

relating to or being on or near the outer side or limit

From this reading With so much beauty outside, Irma could not leave the deck of the _Ariadne_.

RocknounUS /rɑːk/

a lump or mass of hard consolidated mineral matter

From this reading The warships that had looked so sombre in the afternoon were now outlined by rows of tiny electric lights, and myriads of lights twinkled from the town lying along the face of the Rock.

rowsnounUS /roʊz/

plural of “row” — an arrangement of objects or people side by side in a line

From this reading The warships that had looked so sombre in the afternoon were now outlined by rows of tiny electric lights, and myriads of lights twinkled from the town lying along the face of the Rock.

searchlightsnounUS /ˈsɜːrtʃlaɪts/

plural of “searchlight” — a light source with reflectors that projects a beam of light in a particular direction

From this reading It was now cool, and dark except when lit by flashes from the searchlights.

shepronounUS /ʃiː/

a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading As she stood there alone, the little old gentleman approached.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading The warships that had looked so sombre in the afternoon were now outlined by rows of tiny electric lights, and myriads of lights twinkled from the town lying along the face of the Rock.

sombreadjective

lacking brightness or color; dull

From this reading The warships that had looked so sombre in the afternoon were now outlined by rows of tiny electric lights, and myriads of lights twinkled from the town lying along the face of the Rock.

steamedadjectiveUS /stiːmd/

cooked in steam

From this reading AWAY FROM GIBRALTAR As the _Ariadne_ steamed away from Gibraltar, the harbor looked very unlike that of the afternoon.

stoodverbUS /stʊd/

Maintained an upright posture.

From this reading As she stood there alone, the little old gentleman approached.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading AWAY FROM GIBRALTAR As the _Ariadne_ steamed away from Gibraltar, the harbor looked very unlike that of the afternoon.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading AWAY FROM GIBRALTAR As the _Ariadne_ steamed away from Gibraltar, the harbor looked very unlike that of the afternoon.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading As she stood there alone, the little old gentleman approached.

tinyadjectiveUS /ˈtaɪni/

very small

From this reading The warships that had looked so sombre in the afternoon were now outlined by rows of tiny electric lights, and myriads of lights twinkled from the town lying along the face of the Rock.

townnounUS /taʊn/

an urban area with a fixed boundary that is smaller than a city

From this reading The warships that had looked so sombre in the afternoon were now outlined by rows of tiny electric lights, and myriads of lights twinkled from the town lying along the face of the Rock.

twinkledverbUS /ˈtwɪŋkəld/

past form of “twinkle” — gleam or glow intermittently

From this reading The warships that had looked so sombre in the afternoon were now outlined by rows of tiny electric lights, and myriads of lights twinkled from the town lying along the face of the Rock.

unlikeadjectiveUS /ənˈlaɪk/

marked by dissimilarity

From this reading AWAY FROM GIBRALTAR As the _Ariadne_ steamed away from Gibraltar, the harbor looked very unlike that of the afternoon.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading AWAY FROM GIBRALTAR As the _Ariadne_ steamed away from Gibraltar, the harbor looked very unlike that of the afternoon.

warshipsnounUS /ˈwɔːrʃɪps/

plural of “warship” — a government ship that is available for waging war

From this reading The warships that had looked so sombre in the afternoon were now outlined by rows of tiny electric lights, and myriads of lights twinkled from the town lying along the face of the Rock.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It was now cool, and dark except when lit by flashes from the searchlights.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The warships that had looked so sombre in the afternoon were now outlined by rows of tiny electric lights, and myriads of lights twinkled from the town lying along the face of the Rock.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading It was now cool, and dark except when lit by flashes from the searchlights.

WithprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading With so much beauty outside, Irma could not leave the deck of the _Ariadne_.

Chapter 4 of Irma in Italy: A Travel Story by Helen Leah Reed holds 278 sentences, grouped into 56 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of Irma in Italy: A Travel Story contain?

Chapter 4 holds 278 sentences of Irma in Italy: A Travel Story, unabridged, divided into 56 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of Irma in Italy: A Travel Story by Helen Leah Reed exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 278 sentences, grouped into 56 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of Irma in Italy: A Travel Story?

Work through the 56 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 56 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Irma in Italy: A Travel Story

Common questions about reading Irma in Italy: A Travel Story by Helen Leah Reed on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Irma in Italy: A Travel Story?

Yes. All 3624 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #39629 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Irma in Italy: A Travel Story is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #39629, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Irma in Italy: A Travel Story take to read?

About 302 minutes of reading across 725 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Irma in Italy: A Travel Story section by section

How to work through Irma in Italy: A Travel Story section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

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  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Irma in Italy: A Travel Story

Words and structures a reader meets early in Irma in Italy: A Travel Story, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Start
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Irma in Italy: A Travel Story; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Course
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Irma in Italy: A Travel Story; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Great
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Irma in Italy: A Travel Story; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Europe
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Irma in Italy: A Travel Story; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.