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Jonas on a Farm in Winter
Jonas on a Farm in Winter

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of Jonas on a Farm in Winter is here in full — 119 sentences across 24 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Jonas on a Farm in Winter
Context Illustration Reading 1/23 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
THE CARDING-MILL Jonas was often sent away to transact business for the farmer.
He was a very excellent hand to do business.
It requires several qualities to make a boy good at business.
He must be gentlemanly in his manners, so as to speak to the persons that he is sent to, in a respectful and proper manner; he must be faithful, so as not to neglect what is intrusted to him; and he must be patient and persevering.
Then he must also have considerable judgment and discretion; for when he is sent away from home on business, he must often be placed in circumstances that are unforeseen, and where he must act without instructions.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Jonas on a Farm in Winter

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of Jonas on a Farm in Winter is here in full — 119 sentences across 24 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/23 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE CARDING-MILL Jonas was often sent away to transact business for the farmer.
Line 2
He was a very excellent hand to do business.
/hiː wɑːz ə ˈveri ˈeksələnt hænd tuː duː ˈbɪznəs/
Line 3
It requires several qualities to make a boy good at business.
/ɪt riˈkwaɪərz ˈsevrəl ˈkwɑːlətiz tuː meɪk ə bɔɪ ɡʊd æt ˈbɪznəs/
Line 4
He must be gentlemanly in his manners, so as to speak to the persons that he is sent to, in a respectful and proper manner; he must be faithful, so as not to neglect what is intrusted to him; and he must be patient and persevering.
Line 5
Then he must also have considerable judgment and discretion; for when he is sent away from home on business, he must often be placed in circumstances that are unforeseen, and where he must act without instructions.
/ðen hiː mʌst ˈɔːlsoʊ hæv kənˈsɪdərəbəl ˈdʒʌdʒmənt ənd dɪˈskreʃən fɔːr wen hiː ɪz sent əˈweɪ frʌm hoʊm ɑːn ˈbɪznəs hiː mʌst ˈɔːfən biː pleɪst ɪn ˈsɜːrkəmstænsəz ðæt ɑːr ˌʌnfɔːrˈsiːn ənd wer hiː mʌst ækt wɪˈθaʊt ˌɪnˈstrʌkʃənz/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

discretion noun US /dɪˈskreʃən/

freedom to act or judge on one's own

From this reading “Then he must also have considerable judgment and discretion; for when he is sent away from home on business, he must often be placed in circumstances that are unforeseen, and where he must act without instructions.”

gentlemanly adjective US /ˈdʒentəlmənli/

befitting a man of good breeding

From this reading “He must be gentlemanly in his manners, so as to speak to the persons that he is sent to, in a respectful and proper manner; he must be faithful, so as not to neglect what is intrusted to him; and he must be patient and persevering.”

neglect verb US /nəˈɡlekt/

leave undone or leave out

From this reading “He must be gentlemanly in his manners, so as to speak to the persons that he is sent to, in a respectful and proper manner; he must be faithful, so as not to neglect what is intrusted to him; and he must be patient and persevering.”

persevering adjective US /pərsəˈvɪrɪŋ/

quietly and steadily persevering especially in detail or exactness

From this reading “He must be gentlemanly in his manners, so as to speak to the persons that he is sent to, in a respectful and proper manner; he must be faithful, so as not to neglect what is intrusted to him; and he must be patient and persevering.”

requires verb US /riˈkwaɪərz/

third-person singular of “require” — require as useful, just, or proper

From this reading “It requires several qualities to make a boy good at business.”

respectful adjective US /rɪˈspektfəl/

full of or exhibiting respect

From this reading “He must be gentlemanly in his manners, so as to speak to the persons that he is sent to, in a respectful and proper manner; he must be faithful, so as not to neglect what is intrusted to him; and he must be patient and persevering.”

transact verb US /trænˈzækt/

conduct business

From this reading “THE CARDING-MILL Jonas was often sent away to transact business for the farmer.”

unforeseen adjective US /ˌʌnfɔːrˈsiːn/

not anticipated

From this reading “Then he must also have considerable judgment and discretion; for when he is sent away from home on business, he must often be placed in circumstances that are unforeseen, and where he must act without instructions.”

All words in this reading · 68

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading He was a very excellent hand to do business.

actverbUS /ækt/

perform an action, or work out or perform (an action)

From this reading Then he must also have considerable judgment and discretion; for when he is sent away from home on business, he must often be placed in circumstances that are unforeseen, and where he must act without instructions.

alsoadverbUS /ˈɔːlsoʊ/

in addition

From this reading Then he must also have considerable judgment and discretion; for when he is sent away from home on business, he must often be placed in circumstances that are unforeseen, and where he must act without instructions.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading He must be gentlemanly in his manners, so as to speak to the persons that he is sent to, in a respectful and proper manner; he must be faithful, so as not to neglect what is intrusted to him; and he must be patient and persevering.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading Then he must also have considerable judgment and discretion; for when he is sent away from home on business, he must often be placed in circumstances that are unforeseen, and where he must act without instructions.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading He must be gentlemanly in his manners, so as to speak to the persons that he is sent to, in a respectful and proper manner; he must be faithful, so as not to neglect what is intrusted to him; and he must be patient and persevering.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading It requires several qualities to make a boy good at business.

awayadverbUS /əˈweɪ/

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading THE CARDING-MILL Jonas was often sent away to transact business for the farmer.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading He must be gentlemanly in his manners, so as to speak to the persons that he is sent to, in a respectful and proper manner; he must be faithful, so as not to neglect what is intrusted to him; and he must be patient and persevering.

boynounUS /bɔɪ/

a youthful male person

From this reading It requires several qualities to make a boy good at business.

businessnounUS /ˈbɪznəs/

a commercial or industrial enterprise and the people who constitute it

From this reading THE CARDING-MILL Jonas was often sent away to transact business for the farmer.

CARDING-MILL

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE CARDING-MILL Jonas was often sent away to transact business for the farmer.

circumstancesnounUS /ˈsɜːrkəmstænsəz/

your overall circumstances or condition in life (including everything that happens to you)

From this reading Then he must also have considerable judgment and discretion; for when he is sent away from home on business, he must often be placed in circumstances that are unforeseen, and where he must act without instructions.

considerableadjectiveUS /kənˈsɪdərəbəl/

large or relatively large in number or amount or extent or degree

From this reading Then he must also have considerable judgment and discretion; for when he is sent away from home on business, he must often be placed in circumstances that are unforeseen, and where he must act without instructions.

discretionnounUS /dɪˈskreʃən/

freedom to act or judge on one's own

From this reading Then he must also have considerable judgment and discretion; for when he is sent away from home on business, he must often be placed in circumstances that are unforeseen, and where he must act without instructions.

doauxiliary verbUS /duː/

used to form questions and negatives, and to give emphasis

From this reading He was a very excellent hand to do business.

excellentadjectiveUS /ˈeksələnt/

very good; of the highest quality

From this reading He was a very excellent hand to do business.

faithfuladjectiveUS /ˈfeɪθfəl/

steadfast in affection or allegiance

From this reading He must be gentlemanly in his manners, so as to speak to the persons that he is sent to, in a respectful and proper manner; he must be faithful, so as not to neglect what is intrusted to him; and he must be patient and persevering.

farmernounUS /ˈfɑːrmər/

a person who operates a farm

From this reading THE CARDING-MILL Jonas was often sent away to transact business for the farmer.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading THE CARDING-MILL Jonas was often sent away to transact business for the farmer.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Then he must also have considerable judgment and discretion; for when he is sent away from home on business, he must often be placed in circumstances that are unforeseen, and where he must act without instructions.

gentlemanlyadjectiveUS /ˈdʒentəlmənli/

befitting a man of good breeding

From this reading He must be gentlemanly in his manners, so as to speak to the persons that he is sent to, in a respectful and proper manner; he must be faithful, so as not to neglect what is intrusted to him; and he must be patient and persevering.

goodadjectiveUS /ɡʊd/

having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified

From this reading It requires several qualities to make a boy good at business.

handnounUS /hænd/

the (prehensile) extremity of the superior limb

From this reading He was a very excellent hand to do business.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Then he must also have considerable judgment and discretion; for when he is sent away from home on business, he must often be placed in circumstances that are unforeseen, and where he must act without instructions.

HepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading He was a very excellent hand to do business.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading He must be gentlemanly in his manners, so as to speak to the persons that he is sent to, in a respectful and proper manner; he must be faithful, so as not to neglect what is intrusted to him; and he must be patient and persevering.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading He must be gentlemanly in his manners, so as to speak to the persons that he is sent to, in a respectful and proper manner; he must be faithful, so as not to neglect what is intrusted to him; and he must be patient and persevering.

homenounUS /hoʊm/

where you live at a particular time

From this reading Then he must also have considerable judgment and discretion; for when he is sent away from home on business, he must often be placed in circumstances that are unforeseen, and where he must act without instructions.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading He must be gentlemanly in his manners, so as to speak to the persons that he is sent to, in a respectful and proper manner; he must be faithful, so as not to neglect what is intrusted to him; and he must be patient and persevering.

instructionsnounUS /ˌɪnˈstrʌkʃənz/

a manual usually accompanying a technical device and explaining how to install or operate it

From this reading Then he must also have considerable judgment and discretion; for when he is sent away from home on business, he must often be placed in circumstances that are unforeseen, and where he must act without instructions.

intrusted

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He must be gentlemanly in his manners, so as to speak to the persons that he is sent to, in a respectful and proper manner; he must be faithful, so as not to neglect what is intrusted to him; and he must be patient and persevering.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading He must be gentlemanly in his manners, so as to speak to the persons that he is sent to, in a respectful and proper manner; he must be faithful, so as not to neglect what is intrusted to him; and he must be patient and persevering.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It requires several qualities to make a boy good at business.

Jonas

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE CARDING-MILL Jonas was often sent away to transact business for the farmer.

judgmentnounUS /ˈdʒʌdʒmənt/

an opinion formed by judging something

From this reading Then he must also have considerable judgment and discretion; for when he is sent away from home on business, he must often be placed in circumstances that are unforeseen, and where he must act without instructions.

makeverbUS /meɪk/

engage in

From this reading It requires several qualities to make a boy good at business.

mannernounUS /ˈmænər/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading He must be gentlemanly in his manners, so as to speak to the persons that he is sent to, in a respectful and proper manner; he must be faithful, so as not to neglect what is intrusted to him; and he must be patient and persevering.

mannersnounUS /ˈmænərz/

social deportment

From this reading He must be gentlemanly in his manners, so as to speak to the persons that he is sent to, in a respectful and proper manner; he must be faithful, so as not to neglect what is intrusted to him; and he must be patient and persevering.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading He must be gentlemanly in his manners, so as to speak to the persons that he is sent to, in a respectful and proper manner; he must be faithful, so as not to neglect what is intrusted to him; and he must be patient and persevering.

neglectverbUS /nəˈɡlekt/

leave undone or leave out

From this reading He must be gentlemanly in his manners, so as to speak to the persons that he is sent to, in a respectful and proper manner; he must be faithful, so as not to neglect what is intrusted to him; and he must be patient and persevering.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading He must be gentlemanly in his manners, so as to speak to the persons that he is sent to, in a respectful and proper manner; he must be faithful, so as not to neglect what is intrusted to him; and he must be patient and persevering.

oftenadverbUS /ˈɔːfən/

many times at short intervals

From this reading THE CARDING-MILL Jonas was often sent away to transact business for the farmer.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Then he must also have considerable judgment and discretion; for when he is sent away from home on business, he must often be placed in circumstances that are unforeseen, and where he must act without instructions.

patientnounUS /ˈpeɪʃənt/

a person who requires medical care

From this reading He must be gentlemanly in his manners, so as to speak to the persons that he is sent to, in a respectful and proper manner; he must be faithful, so as not to neglect what is intrusted to him; and he must be patient and persevering.

perseveringadjectiveUS /pərsəˈvɪrɪŋ/

quietly and steadily persevering especially in detail or exactness

From this reading He must be gentlemanly in his manners, so as to speak to the persons that he is sent to, in a respectful and proper manner; he must be faithful, so as not to neglect what is intrusted to him; and he must be patient and persevering.

personsnounUS /ˈpɜːrsənz/

plural of “person” — a human being

From this reading He must be gentlemanly in his manners, so as to speak to the persons that he is sent to, in a respectful and proper manner; he must be faithful, so as not to neglect what is intrusted to him; and he must be patient and persevering.

placedadjectiveUS /pleɪst/

situated in a particular spot or position

From this reading Then he must also have considerable judgment and discretion; for when he is sent away from home on business, he must often be placed in circumstances that are unforeseen, and where he must act without instructions.

properadjectiveUS /ˈprɑːpər/

marked by suitability or rightness or appropriateness

From this reading He must be gentlemanly in his manners, so as to speak to the persons that he is sent to, in a respectful and proper manner; he must be faithful, so as not to neglect what is intrusted to him; and he must be patient and persevering.

qualitiesnounUS /ˈkwɑːlətiz/

plural of “quality” — an essential and distinguishing attribute of something or someone

From this reading It requires several qualities to make a boy good at business.

requiresverbUS /riˈkwaɪərz/

third-person singular of “require” — require as useful, just, or proper

From this reading It requires several qualities to make a boy good at business.

respectfuladjectiveUS /rɪˈspektfəl/

full of or exhibiting respect

From this reading He must be gentlemanly in his manners, so as to speak to the persons that he is sent to, in a respectful and proper manner; he must be faithful, so as not to neglect what is intrusted to him; and he must be patient and persevering.

sentnounUS /sent/

100 senti equal 1 kroon in Estonia

From this reading THE CARDING-MILL Jonas was often sent away to transact business for the farmer.

severaladjectiveUS /ˈsevrəl/

(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many

From this reading It requires several qualities to make a boy good at business.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading He must be gentlemanly in his manners, so as to speak to the persons that he is sent to, in a respectful and proper manner; he must be faithful, so as not to neglect what is intrusted to him; and he must be patient and persevering.

speakverbUS /spiːk/

express in speech

From this reading He must be gentlemanly in his manners, so as to speak to the persons that he is sent to, in a respectful and proper manner; he must be faithful, so as not to neglect what is intrusted to him; and he must be patient and persevering.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading He must be gentlemanly in his manners, so as to speak to the persons that he is sent to, in a respectful and proper manner; he must be faithful, so as not to neglect what is intrusted to him; and he must be patient and persevering.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE CARDING-MILL Jonas was often sent away to transact business for the farmer.

ThenadverbUS /ðen/

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading Then he must also have considerable judgment and discretion; for when he is sent away from home on business, he must often be placed in circumstances that are unforeseen, and where he must act without instructions.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading THE CARDING-MILL Jonas was often sent away to transact business for the farmer.

transactverbUS /trænˈzækt/

conduct business

From this reading THE CARDING-MILL Jonas was often sent away to transact business for the farmer.

unforeseenadjectiveUS /ˌʌnfɔːrˈsiːn/

not anticipated

From this reading Then he must also have considerable judgment and discretion; for when he is sent away from home on business, he must often be placed in circumstances that are unforeseen, and where he must act without instructions.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading He was a very excellent hand to do business.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading THE CARDING-MILL Jonas was often sent away to transact business for the farmer.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading He must be gentlemanly in his manners, so as to speak to the persons that he is sent to, in a respectful and proper manner; he must be faithful, so as not to neglect what is intrusted to him; and he must be patient and persevering.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading Then he must also have considerable judgment and discretion; for when he is sent away from home on business, he must often be placed in circumstances that are unforeseen, and where he must act without instructions.

whereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading Then he must also have considerable judgment and discretion; for when he is sent away from home on business, he must often be placed in circumstances that are unforeseen, and where he must act without instructions.

withoutprepositionUS /wɪˈθaʊt/

not having, not using, or not accompanied by

From this reading Then he must also have considerable judgment and discretion; for when he is sent away from home on business, he must often be placed in circumstances that are unforeseen, and where he must act without instructions.

Chapter 8 of Jonas on a Farm in Winter by Jacob Abbott holds 119 sentences, grouped into 24 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of Jonas on a Farm in Winter contain?

Chapter 8 holds 119 sentences of Jonas on a Farm in Winter, unabridged, divided into 24 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of Jonas on a Farm in Winter by Jacob Abbott exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 119 sentences, grouped into 24 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of Jonas on a Farm in Winter?

Work through the 24 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 24 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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