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Jovinian
Jovinian

Chapter III

Chapter 3 of Jovinian is here in full — 435 sentences across 87 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/87 · 5 lines
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Such was the doom pronounced on Coelia.
She heard it unmoved, and walked with unfaltering steps between two of the officers of the pontiff, to be delivered back to Fausta, the Vestalis Maxima, who was in waiting to receive her.
Not an expression of pity escaped the lips of the old vestal, although she knew as well as Coecus that Coelia was innocent of the graver crime of which she was charged.
But her heart had become hardened and scathed; not a grain of sympathy for her fellow-creatures remained in her bosom.
She believed she was acting in a way pleasing to the goddess she served; and she would have been ready to sacrifice her nearest relatives, if by so doing she would have advanced the cause of idolatry.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Jovinian

Chapter III

Chapter 3 of Jovinian is here in full — 435 sentences across 87 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/87 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Such was the doom pronounced on Coelia.
Line 2
She heard it unmoved, and walked with unfaltering steps between two of the officers of the pontiff, to be delivered back to Fausta, the Vestalis Maxima, who was in waiting to receive her.
Line 3
Not an expression of pity escaped the lips of the old vestal, although she knew as well as Coecus that Coelia was innocent of the graver crime of which she was charged.
Line 4
But her heart had become hardened and scathed; not a grain of sympathy for her fellow-creatures remained in her bosom.
Line 5
She believed she was acting in a way pleasing to the goddess she served; and she would have been ready to sacrifice her nearest relatives, if by so doing she would have advanced the cause of idolatry.
/ʃiː bɪˈliːvd ʃiː wɑːz ˈæktɪŋ ɪn ə weɪ ˈpliːzɪŋ tuː ðə ˈɡɑːdəs ʃiː sɜːrvd ənd ʃiː wʊd hæv bɪn ˈredi tuː ˈsækrəfaɪs hɜːr ˈnɪrəst ˈrelətɪvz ɪf baɪ soʊ ˈduːɪŋ ʃiː wʊd hæv ədˈvænst ðə kɑːz ʌv aɪˈdɑːlətri/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

doom verb US /duːm/

decree or designate beforehand

From this reading “Such was the doom pronounced on Coelia.”

graver noun US /ˈɡreɪvər/

a tool used by an engraver

From this reading “Not an expression of pity escaped the lips of the old vestal, although she knew as well as Coecus that Coelia was innocent of the graver crime of which she was charged.”

hardened adjective US /ˈhɑːrdənd/

used of persons; emotionally hardened

From this reading “But her heart had become hardened and scathed; not a grain of sympathy for her fellow-creatures remained in her bosom.”

idolatry noun US /aɪˈdɑːlətri/

the worship of idols; the worship of physical objects or images as gods

From this reading “She believed she was acting in a way pleasing to the goddess she served; and she would have been ready to sacrifice her nearest relatives, if by so doing she would have advanced the cause of idolatry.”

Maxima noun US /ˈmæksəmə/

plural of “maximum” — the largest possible quantity

From this reading “She heard it unmoved, and walked with unfaltering steps between two of the officers of the pontiff, to be delivered back to Fausta, the Vestalis Maxima, who was in waiting to receive her.”

pontiff noun US /ˈpɑːntəf/

the head of the Roman Catholic Church

From this reading “She heard it unmoved, and walked with unfaltering steps between two of the officers of the pontiff, to be delivered back to Fausta, the Vestalis Maxima, who was in waiting to receive her.”

unmoved adjective US /ənˈmuːvd/

emotionally unmoved

From this reading “She heard it unmoved, and walked with unfaltering steps between two of the officers of the pontiff, to be delivered back to Fausta, the Vestalis Maxima, who was in waiting to receive her.”

vestal adjective US /ˈvestəl/

of or relating to Vesta

From this reading “Not an expression of pity escaped the lips of the old vestal, although she knew as well as Coecus that Coelia was innocent of the graver crime of which she was charged.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

between two preposition + noun

In this reading “She heard it unmoved, and walked with unfaltering steps between two of the officers of the pontiff, to be delivered back to Fausta, the Vestalis Maxima, who was in waiting to receive her.”

remained in verb + particle counted as “remain in”

In this reading “But her heart had become hardened and scathed; not a grain of sympathy for her fellow-creatures remained in her bosom.”

All words in this reading · 85

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading But her heart had become hardened and scathed; not a grain of sympathy for her fellow-creatures remained in her bosom.

actingnounUS /ˈæktɪŋ/

the performance of a part or role in a drama

From this reading She believed she was acting in a way pleasing to the goddess she served; and she would have been ready to sacrifice her nearest relatives, if by so doing she would have advanced the cause of idolatry.

advancedadjectiveUS /ədˈvænst/

farther along in physical or mental development

From this reading She believed she was acting in a way pleasing to the goddess she served; and she would have been ready to sacrifice her nearest relatives, if by so doing she would have advanced the cause of idolatry.

althoughconjunctionUS /ˌɔːlˈðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading Not an expression of pity escaped the lips of the old vestal, although she knew as well as Coecus that Coelia was innocent of the graver crime of which she was charged.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Not an expression of pity escaped the lips of the old vestal, although she knew as well as Coecus that Coelia was innocent of the graver crime of which she was charged.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading She heard it unmoved, and walked with unfaltering steps between two of the officers of the pontiff, to be delivered back to Fausta, the Vestalis Maxima, who was in waiting to receive her.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Not an expression of pity escaped the lips of the old vestal, although she knew as well as Coecus that Coelia was innocent of the graver crime of which she was charged.

backadverbUS /bæk/

in or to or toward a former location

From this reading She heard it unmoved, and walked with unfaltering steps between two of the officers of the pontiff, to be delivered back to Fausta, the Vestalis Maxima, who was in waiting to receive her.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading She heard it unmoved, and walked with unfaltering steps between two of the officers of the pontiff, to be delivered back to Fausta, the Vestalis Maxima, who was in waiting to receive her.

becomeverbUS /bɪˈkʌm/

enter or assume a certain state or condition

From this reading But her heart had become hardened and scathed; not a grain of sympathy for her fellow-creatures remained in her bosom.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading She believed she was acting in a way pleasing to the goddess she served; and she would have been ready to sacrifice her nearest relatives, if by so doing she would have advanced the cause of idolatry.

believedverbUS /bɪˈliːvd/

past form of “believe” — accept as true; take to be true

From this reading She believed she was acting in a way pleasing to the goddess she served; and she would have been ready to sacrifice her nearest relatives, if by so doing she would have advanced the cause of idolatry.

betweenprepositionUS /bɪˈtwiːn/

in the space, time, or range separating two things

From this reading She heard it unmoved, and walked with unfaltering steps between two of the officers of the pontiff, to be delivered back to Fausta, the Vestalis Maxima, who was in waiting to receive her.

bosomnounUS /ˈbʊzəm/

the chest considered as the place where secret thoughts are kept

From this reading But her heart had become hardened and scathed; not a grain of sympathy for her fellow-creatures remained in her bosom.

ButconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading But her heart had become hardened and scathed; not a grain of sympathy for her fellow-creatures remained in her bosom.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading She believed she was acting in a way pleasing to the goddess she served; and she would have been ready to sacrifice her nearest relatives, if by so doing she would have advanced the cause of idolatry.

causenounUS /kɑːz/

events that provide the generative force that is the origin of something

From this reading She believed she was acting in a way pleasing to the goddess she served; and she would have been ready to sacrifice her nearest relatives, if by so doing she would have advanced the cause of idolatry.

chargedadjectiveUS /tʃɑːrdʒd/

of a particle or body or system; having a net amount of positive or negative electric charge

From this reading Not an expression of pity escaped the lips of the old vestal, although she knew as well as Coecus that Coelia was innocent of the graver crime of which she was charged.

Coecus

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Not an expression of pity escaped the lips of the old vestal, although she knew as well as Coecus that Coelia was innocent of the graver crime of which she was charged.

Coelia

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Such was the doom pronounced on Coelia.

crimenounUS /kraɪm/

(criminal law) an act punishable by law; usually considered an evil act

From this reading Not an expression of pity escaped the lips of the old vestal, although she knew as well as Coecus that Coelia was innocent of the graver crime of which she was charged.

deliveredverbUS /dɪˈlɪvərd/

past form of “deliver” — deliver (a speech, oration, or idea)

From this reading She heard it unmoved, and walked with unfaltering steps between two of the officers of the pontiff, to be delivered back to Fausta, the Vestalis Maxima, who was in waiting to receive her.

doingverbUS /ˈduːɪŋ/

-ing form of “do” — engage in

From this reading She believed she was acting in a way pleasing to the goddess she served; and she would have been ready to sacrifice her nearest relatives, if by so doing she would have advanced the cause of idolatry.

doomverbUS /duːm/

decree or designate beforehand

From this reading Such was the doom pronounced on Coelia.

escapedadjectiveUS /ɪˈskeɪpt/

having escaped, especially from confinement

From this reading Not an expression of pity escaped the lips of the old vestal, although she knew as well as Coecus that Coelia was innocent of the graver crime of which she was charged.

expressionnounUS /ɪkˈspreʃən/

the feelings expressed on a person's face

From this reading Not an expression of pity escaped the lips of the old vestal, although she knew as well as Coecus that Coelia was innocent of the graver crime of which she was charged.

Fausta

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading She heard it unmoved, and walked with unfaltering steps between two of the officers of the pontiff, to be delivered back to Fausta, the Vestalis Maxima, who was in waiting to receive her.

fellow-creatures

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But her heart had become hardened and scathed; not a grain of sympathy for her fellow-creatures remained in her bosom.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading But her heart had become hardened and scathed; not a grain of sympathy for her fellow-creatures remained in her bosom.

goddessnounUS /ˈɡɑːdəs/

a female deity

From this reading She believed she was acting in a way pleasing to the goddess she served; and she would have been ready to sacrifice her nearest relatives, if by so doing she would have advanced the cause of idolatry.

grainnounUS /ɡreɪn/

a relatively small granular particle of a substance

From this reading But her heart had become hardened and scathed; not a grain of sympathy for her fellow-creatures remained in her bosom.

gravernounUS /ˈɡreɪvər/

a tool used by an engraver

From this reading Not an expression of pity escaped the lips of the old vestal, although she knew as well as Coecus that Coelia was innocent of the graver crime of which she was charged.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading But her heart had become hardened and scathed; not a grain of sympathy for her fellow-creatures remained in her bosom.

hardenedadjectiveUS /ˈhɑːrdənd/

used of persons; emotionally hardened

From this reading But her heart had become hardened and scathed; not a grain of sympathy for her fellow-creatures remained in her bosom.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading She believed she was acting in a way pleasing to the goddess she served; and she would have been ready to sacrifice her nearest relatives, if by so doing she would have advanced the cause of idolatry.

heardadjectiveUS /hɜːrd/

detected or perceived by the sense of hearing

From this reading She heard it unmoved, and walked with unfaltering steps between two of the officers of the pontiff, to be delivered back to Fausta, the Vestalis Maxima, who was in waiting to receive her.

heartnounUS /hɑːrt/

the locus of feelings and intuitions

From this reading But her heart had become hardened and scathed; not a grain of sympathy for her fellow-creatures remained in her bosom.

herdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading She heard it unmoved, and walked with unfaltering steps between two of the officers of the pontiff, to be delivered back to Fausta, the Vestalis Maxima, who was in waiting to receive her.

idolatrynounUS /aɪˈdɑːlətri/

the worship of idols; the worship of physical objects or images as gods

From this reading She believed she was acting in a way pleasing to the goddess she served; and she would have been ready to sacrifice her nearest relatives, if by so doing she would have advanced the cause of idolatry.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading She believed she was acting in a way pleasing to the goddess she served; and she would have been ready to sacrifice her nearest relatives, if by so doing she would have advanced the cause of idolatry.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading She heard it unmoved, and walked with unfaltering steps between two of the officers of the pontiff, to be delivered back to Fausta, the Vestalis Maxima, who was in waiting to receive her.

innocentadjectiveUS /ˈɪnəsənt/

free from evil or guilt

From this reading Not an expression of pity escaped the lips of the old vestal, although she knew as well as Coecus that Coelia was innocent of the graver crime of which she was charged.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading She heard it unmoved, and walked with unfaltering steps between two of the officers of the pontiff, to be delivered back to Fausta, the Vestalis Maxima, who was in waiting to receive her.

knewverbUS /nuː/

inflected form of “know” — be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about

From this reading Not an expression of pity escaped the lips of the old vestal, although she knew as well as Coecus that Coelia was innocent of the graver crime of which she was charged.

lipsnounUS /lɪps/

plural of “lip” — either of two fleshy folds of tissue that surround the mouth and play a role in speaking

From this reading Not an expression of pity escaped the lips of the old vestal, although she knew as well as Coecus that Coelia was innocent of the graver crime of which she was charged.

MaximanounUS /ˈmæksəmə/

plural of “maximum” — the largest possible quantity

From this reading She heard it unmoved, and walked with unfaltering steps between two of the officers of the pontiff, to be delivered back to Fausta, the Vestalis Maxima, who was in waiting to receive her.

nearestadverbUS /ˈnɪrəst/

(superlative of “near” or “close”) within the shortest distance

From this reading She believed she was acting in a way pleasing to the goddess she served; and she would have been ready to sacrifice her nearest relatives, if by so doing she would have advanced the cause of idolatry.

NotadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading Not an expression of pity escaped the lips of the old vestal, although she knew as well as Coecus that Coelia was innocent of the graver crime of which she was charged.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading She heard it unmoved, and walked with unfaltering steps between two of the officers of the pontiff, to be delivered back to Fausta, the Vestalis Maxima, who was in waiting to receive her.

officersnounUS /ˈɔːfəsərz/

plural of “officer” — any person in the armed services who holds a position of authority or command

From this reading She heard it unmoved, and walked with unfaltering steps between two of the officers of the pontiff, to be delivered back to Fausta, the Vestalis Maxima, who was in waiting to receive her.

oldadjectiveUS /oʊld/

(used especially of persons) having lived for a relatively long time or attained a specific age

From this reading Not an expression of pity escaped the lips of the old vestal, although she knew as well as Coecus that Coelia was innocent of the graver crime of which she was charged.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Such was the doom pronounced on Coelia.

pitynounUS /ˈpɪti/

a feeling of sympathy and sorrow for the misfortunes of others

From this reading Not an expression of pity escaped the lips of the old vestal, although she knew as well as Coecus that Coelia was innocent of the graver crime of which she was charged.

pleasingadjectiveUS /ˈpliːzɪŋ/

giving pleasure and satisfaction

From this reading She believed she was acting in a way pleasing to the goddess she served; and she would have been ready to sacrifice her nearest relatives, if by so doing she would have advanced the cause of idolatry.

pontiffnounUS /ˈpɑːntəf/

the head of the Roman Catholic Church

From this reading She heard it unmoved, and walked with unfaltering steps between two of the officers of the pontiff, to be delivered back to Fausta, the Vestalis Maxima, who was in waiting to receive her.

pronouncedadjectiveUS /prəˈnaʊnst/

strongly marked; easily noticeable

From this reading Such was the doom pronounced on Coelia.

readyadjectiveUS /ˈredi/

completely prepared or in condition for immediate action or use or progress

From this reading She believed she was acting in a way pleasing to the goddess she served; and she would have been ready to sacrifice her nearest relatives, if by so doing she would have advanced the cause of idolatry.

receiveverbUS /rəˈsiːv/

get something; come into possession of

From this reading She heard it unmoved, and walked with unfaltering steps between two of the officers of the pontiff, to be delivered back to Fausta, the Vestalis Maxima, who was in waiting to receive her.

relativesnounUS /ˈrelətɪvz/

plural of “relative” — a person related by blood or marriage

From this reading She believed she was acting in a way pleasing to the goddess she served; and she would have been ready to sacrifice her nearest relatives, if by so doing she would have advanced the cause of idolatry.

remainedverbUS /rɪˈmeɪnd/

past form of “remain” — stay the same; remain in a certain state

From this reading But her heart had become hardened and scathed; not a grain of sympathy for her fellow-creatures remained in her bosom.

sacrificenounUS /ˈsækrəfaɪs/

the act of losing or surrendering something as a penalty for a mistake or fault or failure to perform etc.

From this reading She believed she was acting in a way pleasing to the goddess she served; and she would have been ready to sacrifice her nearest relatives, if by so doing she would have advanced the cause of idolatry.

scathed

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But her heart had become hardened and scathed; not a grain of sympathy for her fellow-creatures remained in her bosom.

servedverbUS /sɜːrvd/

past form of “serve” — serve a purpose, role, or function

From this reading She believed she was acting in a way pleasing to the goddess she served; and she would have been ready to sacrifice her nearest relatives, if by so doing she would have advanced the cause of idolatry.

ShepronounUS /ʃiː/

a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading She heard it unmoved, and walked with unfaltering steps between two of the officers of the pontiff, to be delivered back to Fausta, the Vestalis Maxima, who was in waiting to receive her.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading She believed she was acting in a way pleasing to the goddess she served; and she would have been ready to sacrifice her nearest relatives, if by so doing she would have advanced the cause of idolatry.

stepsnounUS /steps/

a flight of stairs or a flight of steps

From this reading She heard it unmoved, and walked with unfaltering steps between two of the officers of the pontiff, to be delivered back to Fausta, the Vestalis Maxima, who was in waiting to receive her.

SuchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading Such was the doom pronounced on Coelia.

sympathynounUS /ˈsɪmpəθi/

an inclination to support or be loyal to or to agree with an opinion

From this reading But her heart had become hardened and scathed; not a grain of sympathy for her fellow-creatures remained in her bosom.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading Not an expression of pity escaped the lips of the old vestal, although she knew as well as Coecus that Coelia was innocent of the graver crime of which she was charged.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Such was the doom pronounced on Coelia.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading She heard it unmoved, and walked with unfaltering steps between two of the officers of the pontiff, to be delivered back to Fausta, the Vestalis Maxima, who was in waiting to receive her.

twonounUS /tuː/

the cardinal number that is the sum of one and one or a numeral representing this number

From this reading She heard it unmoved, and walked with unfaltering steps between two of the officers of the pontiff, to be delivered back to Fausta, the Vestalis Maxima, who was in waiting to receive her.

unfalteringadjective

marked by firm determination or resolution; not shakable

From this reading She heard it unmoved, and walked with unfaltering steps between two of the officers of the pontiff, to be delivered back to Fausta, the Vestalis Maxima, who was in waiting to receive her.

unmovedadjectiveUS /ənˈmuːvd/

emotionally unmoved

From this reading She heard it unmoved, and walked with unfaltering steps between two of the officers of the pontiff, to be delivered back to Fausta, the Vestalis Maxima, who was in waiting to receive her.

vestaladjectiveUS /ˈvestəl/

of or relating to Vesta

From this reading Not an expression of pity escaped the lips of the old vestal, although she knew as well as Coecus that Coelia was innocent of the graver crime of which she was charged.

Vestalis

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading She heard it unmoved, and walked with unfaltering steps between two of the officers of the pontiff, to be delivered back to Fausta, the Vestalis Maxima, who was in waiting to receive her.

waitingnounUS /ˈweɪtɪŋ/

the act of waiting (remaining inactive in one place while expecting something)

From this reading She heard it unmoved, and walked with unfaltering steps between two of the officers of the pontiff, to be delivered back to Fausta, the Vestalis Maxima, who was in waiting to receive her.

walkedverbUS /wɔːkt/

past form of “walk” — use one's feet to advance; advance by steps

From this reading She heard it unmoved, and walked with unfaltering steps between two of the officers of the pontiff, to be delivered back to Fausta, the Vestalis Maxima, who was in waiting to receive her.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Such was the doom pronounced on Coelia.

waynounUS /weɪ/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading She believed she was acting in a way pleasing to the goddess she served; and she would have been ready to sacrifice her nearest relatives, if by so doing she would have advanced the cause of idolatry.

welladverbUS /wel/

(often used as a combining form) in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard (“good” is a nonstandard dialectal variant for “well”)

From this reading Not an expression of pity escaped the lips of the old vestal, although she knew as well as Coecus that Coelia was innocent of the graver crime of which she was charged.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Not an expression of pity escaped the lips of the old vestal, although she knew as well as Coecus that Coelia was innocent of the graver crime of which she was charged.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading She heard it unmoved, and walked with unfaltering steps between two of the officers of the pontiff, to be delivered back to Fausta, the Vestalis Maxima, who was in waiting to receive her.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading She heard it unmoved, and walked with unfaltering steps between two of the officers of the pontiff, to be delivered back to Fausta, the Vestalis Maxima, who was in waiting to receive her.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading She believed she was acting in a way pleasing to the goddess she served; and she would have been ready to sacrifice her nearest relatives, if by so doing she would have advanced the cause of idolatry.

Chapter 3 of Jovinian by William Henry Giles Kingston holds 435 sentences, grouped into 87 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 3 of Jovinian contain?

Chapter 3 holds 435 sentences of Jovinian, unabridged, divided into 87 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 3 of Jovinian by William Henry Giles Kingston exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 435 sentences, grouped into 87 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 3 of Jovinian?

Work through the 87 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 87 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 3 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 3 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Jovinian

Common questions about reading Jovinian by William Henry Giles Kingston on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Jovinian?

Yes. All 1747 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #35910 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Jovinian is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #35910, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Jovinian take to read?

About 145 minutes of reading across 350 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Jovinian section by section

How to work through Jovinian section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 4 chapters of Jovinian to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Jovinian

Words and structures a reader meets early in Jovinian, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Jovinian
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Jovinian; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Kingston
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Jovinian; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Chapter
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Jovinian; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Pontiffs
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Jovinian; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.