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Jovinian
Jovinian

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of Jovinian is here in full — 437 sentences across 88 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/87 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
"I escaped from you, my uncle, because you desired me to embrace a faith I abhor; and although I have now been brought back, I shall be still, I trust, withheld from following your counsels."
"Ah! that is a matter which troubles me.
I am thankful I did not succeed," exclaimed Gaius, in the same tone as before; "I have seen that the system of idolatry is rotten, since the emperor and other good men have deserted it; and I wish to be instructed in the doctrines of the faith you hold."
Jovinian was struck, as he well might be, with astonishment at hearing this, although he did not express his feelings.
As he gazed steadily at the countenance of Gaius, he thought that he detected a twinkle in his eye which much belied his assertion.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Jovinian

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of Jovinian is here in full — 437 sentences across 88 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/87 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
"I escaped from you, my uncle, because you desired me to embrace a faith I abhor; and although I have now been brought back, I shall be still, I trust, withheld from following your counsels."
/aɪ ɪˈskeɪpt frʌm juː maɪ ˈʌŋkəl bɪˈkɔːz juː dɪˈzaɪərd miː tuː emˈbreɪs ə feɪθ aɪ æbˈhɔːr ənd ˌɔːlˈðoʊ aɪ hæv naʊ bɪn brɔːt bæk aɪ ʃæl biː stɪl aɪ trʌst wɪθˈheld frʌm ˈfɑːloʊɪŋ jɔːr ˈkaʊnsəlz/
Line 2
"Ah! that is a matter which troubles me.
Line 3
I am thankful I did not succeed," exclaimed Gaius, in the same tone as before; "I have seen that the system of idolatry is rotten, since the emperor and other good men have deserted it; and I wish to be instructed in the doctrines of the faith you hold."
Line 4
Jovinian was struck, as he well might be, with astonishment at hearing this, although he did not express his feelings.
Line 5
As he gazed steadily at the countenance of Gaius, he thought that he detected a twinkle in his eye which much belied his assertion.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

abhor verb US /æbˈhɔːr/

find repugnant

From this reading “"I escaped from you, my uncle, because you desired me to embrace a faith I abhor; and although I have now been brought back, I shall be still, I trust, withheld from following your counsels."”

assertion noun US /əˈsɜːrʃən/

a declaration that is made emphatically (as if no supporting evidence were necessary)

From this reading “As he gazed steadily at the countenance of Gaius, he thought that he detected a twinkle in his eye which much belied his assertion.”

belied verb US /bɪˈlaɪd/

past form of “belie” — be in contradiction with

From this reading “As he gazed steadily at the countenance of Gaius, he thought that he detected a twinkle in his eye which much belied his assertion.”

counsels noun US /ˈkaʊnsəlz/

plural of “counsel” — a lawyer who pleads cases in court

From this reading “"I escaped from you, my uncle, because you desired me to embrace a faith I abhor; and although I have now been brought back, I shall be still, I trust, withheld from following your counsels."”

doctrines noun US /ˈdɑːktrənz/

plural of “doctrine” — a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school

From this reading “I am thankful I did not succeed," exclaimed Gaius, in the same tone as before; "I have seen that the system of idolatry is rotten, since the emperor and other good men have deserted it; and I wish to be instructed in the doctrines of the faith you hold."”

idolatry noun US /aɪˈdɑːlətri/

the worship of idols; the worship of physical objects or images as gods

From this reading “I am thankful I did not succeed," exclaimed Gaius, in the same tone as before; "I have seen that the system of idolatry is rotten, since the emperor and other good men have deserted it; and I wish to be instructed in the doctrines of the faith you hold."”

twinkle verb US /ˈtwɪŋkəl/

gleam or glow intermittently

From this reading “As he gazed steadily at the countenance of Gaius, he thought that he detected a twinkle in his eye which much belied his assertion.”

withheld verb US /wɪθˈheld/

inflected form of “withhold” — hold back; refuse to hand over or share

From this reading “"I escaped from you, my uncle, because you desired me to embrace a faith I abhor; and although I have now been brought back, I shall be still, I trust, withheld from following your counsels."”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

withheld from verb + particle counted as “withhold from”

In this reading “"I escaped from you, my uncle, because you desired me to embrace a faith I abhor; and although I have now been brought back, I shall be still, I trust, withheld from following your counsels."”

brought back verb + particle counted as “bring back”

bring back to the point of departure

In this reading “"I escaped from you, my uncle, because you desired me to embrace a faith I abhor; and although I have now been brought back, I shall be still, I trust, withheld from following your counsels."”

same tone adjective + noun

In this reading “I am thankful I did not succeed," exclaimed Gaius, in the same tone as before; "I have seen that the system of idolatry is rotten, since the emperor and other good men have deserted it; and I wish to be instructed in the doctrines of the faith you hold."”

twinkle in verb + particle

In this reading “As he gazed steadily at the countenance of Gaius, he thought that he detected a twinkle in his eye which much belied his assertion.”

with astonishment preposition + noun

In this reading “Jovinian was struck, as he well might be, with astonishment at hearing this, although he did not express his feelings.”

All words in this reading · 88

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading "I escaped from you, my uncle, because you desired me to embrace a faith I abhor; and although I have now been brought back, I shall be still, I trust, withheld from following your counsels."

abhorverbUS /æbˈhɔːr/

find repugnant

From this reading "I escaped from you, my uncle, because you desired me to embrace a faith I abhor; and although I have now been brought back, I shall be still, I trust, withheld from following your counsels."

Ah

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading "Ah! that is a matter which troubles me.

althoughconjunctionUS /ˌɔːlˈðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading "I escaped from you, my uncle, because you desired me to embrace a faith I abhor; and although I have now been brought back, I shall be still, I trust, withheld from following your counsels."

amauxiliary verbUS /æm/

the form of “be” used with “I”

From this reading I am thankful I did not succeed," exclaimed Gaius, in the same tone as before; "I have seen that the system of idolatry is rotten, since the emperor and other good men have deserted it; and I wish to be instructed in the doctrines of the faith you hold."

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading "I escaped from you, my uncle, because you desired me to embrace a faith I abhor; and although I have now been brought back, I shall be still, I trust, withheld from following your counsels."

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading I am thankful I did not succeed," exclaimed Gaius, in the same tone as before; "I have seen that the system of idolatry is rotten, since the emperor and other good men have deserted it; and I wish to be instructed in the doctrines of the faith you hold."

assertionnounUS /əˈsɜːrʃən/

a declaration that is made emphatically (as if no supporting evidence were necessary)

From this reading As he gazed steadily at the countenance of Gaius, he thought that he detected a twinkle in his eye which much belied his assertion.

astonishmentnounUS /əˈstɑːnɪʃmənt/

the feeling that accompanies something extremely surprising

From this reading Jovinian was struck, as he well might be, with astonishment at hearing this, although he did not express his feelings.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading Jovinian was struck, as he well might be, with astonishment at hearing this, although he did not express his feelings.

backadverbUS /bæk/

in or to or toward a former location

From this reading "I escaped from you, my uncle, because you desired me to embrace a faith I abhor; and although I have now been brought back, I shall be still, I trust, withheld from following your counsels."

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading "I escaped from you, my uncle, because you desired me to embrace a faith I abhor; and although I have now been brought back, I shall be still, I trust, withheld from following your counsels."

becauseconjunctionUS /bɪˈkɔːz/

for the reason that

From this reading "I escaped from you, my uncle, because you desired me to embrace a faith I abhor; and although I have now been brought back, I shall be still, I trust, withheld from following your counsels."

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading "I escaped from you, my uncle, because you desired me to embrace a faith I abhor; and although I have now been brought back, I shall be still, I trust, withheld from following your counsels."

beforeprepositionUS /bɪˈfɔːr/

earlier than; in front of

From this reading I am thankful I did not succeed," exclaimed Gaius, in the same tone as before; "I have seen that the system of idolatry is rotten, since the emperor and other good men have deserted it; and I wish to be instructed in the doctrines of the faith you hold."

beliedverbUS /bɪˈlaɪd/

past form of “belie” — be in contradiction with

From this reading As he gazed steadily at the countenance of Gaius, he thought that he detected a twinkle in his eye which much belied his assertion.

broughtverbUS /brɔːt/

inflected form of “bring” — take something or somebody with oneself somewhere

From this reading "I escaped from you, my uncle, because you desired me to embrace a faith I abhor; and although I have now been brought back, I shall be still, I trust, withheld from following your counsels."

counselsnounUS /ˈkaʊnsəlz/

plural of “counsel” — a lawyer who pleads cases in court

From this reading "I escaped from you, my uncle, because you desired me to embrace a faith I abhor; and although I have now been brought back, I shall be still, I trust, withheld from following your counsels."

countenancenounUS /ˈkaʊntənəns/

the appearance conveyed by a person's face

From this reading As he gazed steadily at the countenance of Gaius, he thought that he detected a twinkle in his eye which much belied his assertion.

desertedadjectiveUS /dɪˈzɜːrtɪd/

forsaken by owner or inhabitants

From this reading I am thankful I did not succeed," exclaimed Gaius, in the same tone as before; "I have seen that the system of idolatry is rotten, since the emperor and other good men have deserted it; and I wish to be instructed in the doctrines of the faith you hold."

desiredadjectiveUS /dɪˈzaɪərd/

wanted intensely

From this reading "I escaped from you, my uncle, because you desired me to embrace a faith I abhor; and although I have now been brought back, I shall be still, I trust, withheld from following your counsels."

detectedadjectiveUS /dɪˈtektəd/

perceived or discerned

From this reading As he gazed steadily at the countenance of Gaius, he thought that he detected a twinkle in his eye which much belied his assertion.

didauxiliary verbUS /dɪd/

the past form of “do”, used in questions and negatives

From this reading I am thankful I did not succeed," exclaimed Gaius, in the same tone as before; "I have seen that the system of idolatry is rotten, since the emperor and other good men have deserted it; and I wish to be instructed in the doctrines of the faith you hold."

doctrinesnounUS /ˈdɑːktrənz/

plural of “doctrine” — a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school

From this reading I am thankful I did not succeed," exclaimed Gaius, in the same tone as before; "I have seen that the system of idolatry is rotten, since the emperor and other good men have deserted it; and I wish to be instructed in the doctrines of the faith you hold."

embraceverbUS /emˈbreɪs/

include in scope; include as part of something broader; have as one's sphere or territory

From this reading "I escaped from you, my uncle, because you desired me to embrace a faith I abhor; and although I have now been brought back, I shall be still, I trust, withheld from following your counsels."

emperornounUS /ˈempərər/

the male ruler of an empire

From this reading I am thankful I did not succeed," exclaimed Gaius, in the same tone as before; "I have seen that the system of idolatry is rotten, since the emperor and other good men have deserted it; and I wish to be instructed in the doctrines of the faith you hold."

escapedadjectiveUS /ɪˈskeɪpt/

having escaped, especially from confinement

From this reading "I escaped from you, my uncle, because you desired me to embrace a faith I abhor; and although I have now been brought back, I shall be still, I trust, withheld from following your counsels."

exclaimedverbUS /ɪkˈskleɪmd/

past form of “exclaim” — utter aloud; often with surprise, horror, or joy

From this reading I am thankful I did not succeed," exclaimed Gaius, in the same tone as before; "I have seen that the system of idolatry is rotten, since the emperor and other good men have deserted it; and I wish to be instructed in the doctrines of the faith you hold."

expressverbUS /ɪkˈspres/

give expression to

From this reading Jovinian was struck, as he well might be, with astonishment at hearing this, although he did not express his feelings.

eyenounUS /aɪ/

the organ of sight

From this reading As he gazed steadily at the countenance of Gaius, he thought that he detected a twinkle in his eye which much belied his assertion.

faithnounUS /feɪθ/

a strong belief in a supernatural power or powers that control human destiny

From this reading "I escaped from you, my uncle, because you desired me to embrace a faith I abhor; and although I have now been brought back, I shall be still, I trust, withheld from following your counsels."

feelingsnounUS /ˈfiːlɪŋz/

emotional or moral sensitivity (especially in relation to personal principles or dignity)

From this reading Jovinian was struck, as he well might be, with astonishment at hearing this, although he did not express his feelings.

followingadjectiveUS /ˈfɑːloʊɪŋ/

about to be mentioned or specified

From this reading "I escaped from you, my uncle, because you desired me to embrace a faith I abhor; and although I have now been brought back, I shall be still, I trust, withheld from following your counsels."

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading "I escaped from you, my uncle, because you desired me to embrace a faith I abhor; and although I have now been brought back, I shall be still, I trust, withheld from following your counsels."

Gaiusnoun

Roman Emperor who succeeded Tiberius and whose uncontrolled passions resulted in manifest insanity; noted for his cruelty and tyranny; was assassinated (12-41)

From this reading I am thankful I did not succeed," exclaimed Gaius, in the same tone as before; "I have seen that the system of idolatry is rotten, since the emperor and other good men have deserted it; and I wish to be instructed in the doctrines of the faith you hold."

gazedverbUS /ɡeɪzd/

past form of “gaze” — look at with fixed eyes

From this reading As he gazed steadily at the countenance of Gaius, he thought that he detected a twinkle in his eye which much belied his assertion.

goodadjectiveUS /ɡʊd/

having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified

From this reading I am thankful I did not succeed," exclaimed Gaius, in the same tone as before; "I have seen that the system of idolatry is rotten, since the emperor and other good men have deserted it; and I wish to be instructed in the doctrines of the faith you hold."

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading "I escaped from you, my uncle, because you desired me to embrace a faith I abhor; and although I have now been brought back, I shall be still, I trust, withheld from following your counsels."

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Jovinian was struck, as he well might be, with astonishment at hearing this, although he did not express his feelings.

hearingnounUS /ˈhiːrɪŋ/

(law) a proceeding (usually by a court) where evidence is taken for the purpose of determining an issue of fact and reaching a decision based on that evidence

From this reading Jovinian was struck, as he well might be, with astonishment at hearing this, although he did not express his feelings.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Jovinian was struck, as he well might be, with astonishment at hearing this, although he did not express his feelings.

holdverbUS /hoʊld/

cause to continue in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., “keep clean”

From this reading I am thankful I did not succeed," exclaimed Gaius, in the same tone as before; "I have seen that the system of idolatry is rotten, since the emperor and other good men have deserted it; and I wish to be instructed in the doctrines of the faith you hold."

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading "I escaped from you, my uncle, because you desired me to embrace a faith I abhor; and although I have now been brought back, I shall be still, I trust, withheld from following your counsels."

idolatrynounUS /aɪˈdɑːlətri/

the worship of idols; the worship of physical objects or images as gods

From this reading I am thankful I did not succeed," exclaimed Gaius, in the same tone as before; "I have seen that the system of idolatry is rotten, since the emperor and other good men have deserted it; and I wish to be instructed in the doctrines of the faith you hold."

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading I am thankful I did not succeed," exclaimed Gaius, in the same tone as before; "I have seen that the system of idolatry is rotten, since the emperor and other good men have deserted it; and I wish to be instructed in the doctrines of the faith you hold."

instructedverbUS /ˌɪnˈstrʌktəd/

past form of “instruct” — impart skills or knowledge to

From this reading I am thankful I did not succeed," exclaimed Gaius, in the same tone as before; "I have seen that the system of idolatry is rotten, since the emperor and other good men have deserted it; and I wish to be instructed in the doctrines of the faith you hold."

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading "Ah! that is a matter which troubles me.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading I am thankful I did not succeed," exclaimed Gaius, in the same tone as before; "I have seen that the system of idolatry is rotten, since the emperor and other good men have deserted it; and I wish to be instructed in the doctrines of the faith you hold."

Jovinian

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Jovinian was struck, as he well might be, with astonishment at hearing this, although he did not express his feelings.

matternounUS /ˈmætər/

a vaguely specified concern

From this reading "Ah! that is a matter which troubles me.

mepronounUS /miː/

the person speaking, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading "I escaped from you, my uncle, because you desired me to embrace a faith I abhor; and although I have now been brought back, I shall be still, I trust, withheld from following your counsels."

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading I am thankful I did not succeed," exclaimed Gaius, in the same tone as before; "I have seen that the system of idolatry is rotten, since the emperor and other good men have deserted it; and I wish to be instructed in the doctrines of the faith you hold."

mightmodal verbUS /maɪt/

used to say something is possible but not certain

From this reading Jovinian was struck, as he well might be, with astonishment at hearing this, although he did not express his feelings.

muchadverbUS /mʌtʃ/

to a great degree or extent

From this reading As he gazed steadily at the countenance of Gaius, he thought that he detected a twinkle in his eye which much belied his assertion.

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading "I escaped from you, my uncle, because you desired me to embrace a faith I abhor; and although I have now been brought back, I shall be still, I trust, withheld from following your counsels."

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading I am thankful I did not succeed," exclaimed Gaius, in the same tone as before; "I have seen that the system of idolatry is rotten, since the emperor and other good men have deserted it; and I wish to be instructed in the doctrines of the faith you hold."

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading "I escaped from you, my uncle, because you desired me to embrace a faith I abhor; and although I have now been brought back, I shall be still, I trust, withheld from following your counsels."

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading I am thankful I did not succeed," exclaimed Gaius, in the same tone as before; "I have seen that the system of idolatry is rotten, since the emperor and other good men have deserted it; and I wish to be instructed in the doctrines of the faith you hold."

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading I am thankful I did not succeed," exclaimed Gaius, in the same tone as before; "I have seen that the system of idolatry is rotten, since the emperor and other good men have deserted it; and I wish to be instructed in the doctrines of the faith you hold."

rottenadjectiveUS /ˈrɑːtən/

very bad

From this reading I am thankful I did not succeed," exclaimed Gaius, in the same tone as before; "I have seen that the system of idolatry is rotten, since the emperor and other good men have deserted it; and I wish to be instructed in the doctrines of the faith you hold."

sameadjectiveUS /seɪm/

Identical; not different.

From this reading I am thankful I did not succeed," exclaimed Gaius, in the same tone as before; "I have seen that the system of idolatry is rotten, since the emperor and other good men have deserted it; and I wish to be instructed in the doctrines of the faith you hold."

seenverbUS /siːn/

inflected form of “see” — perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading I am thankful I did not succeed," exclaimed Gaius, in the same tone as before; "I have seen that the system of idolatry is rotten, since the emperor and other good men have deserted it; and I wish to be instructed in the doctrines of the faith you hold."

shallmodal verbUS /ʃæl/

used with I and we for the future, or to offer and suggest

From this reading "I escaped from you, my uncle, because you desired me to embrace a faith I abhor; and although I have now been brought back, I shall be still, I trust, withheld from following your counsels."

sinceprepositionUS /sɪns/

from a time in the past until now

From this reading I am thankful I did not succeed," exclaimed Gaius, in the same tone as before; "I have seen that the system of idolatry is rotten, since the emperor and other good men have deserted it; and I wish to be instructed in the doctrines of the faith you hold."

steadilyadverbUS /ˈstedəli/

at a steady rate or pace

From this reading As he gazed steadily at the countenance of Gaius, he thought that he detected a twinkle in his eye which much belied his assertion.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading "I escaped from you, my uncle, because you desired me to embrace a faith I abhor; and although I have now been brought back, I shall be still, I trust, withheld from following your counsels."

struckadjectiveUS /strʌk/

(used in combination) affected by something overwhelming

From this reading Jovinian was struck, as he well might be, with astonishment at hearing this, although he did not express his feelings.

succeedverbUS /səkˈsiːd/

attain success or reach a desired goal

From this reading I am thankful I did not succeed," exclaimed Gaius, in the same tone as before; "I have seen that the system of idolatry is rotten, since the emperor and other good men have deserted it; and I wish to be instructed in the doctrines of the faith you hold."

systemnounUS /ˈsɪstəm/

instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity

From this reading I am thankful I did not succeed," exclaimed Gaius, in the same tone as before; "I have seen that the system of idolatry is rotten, since the emperor and other good men have deserted it; and I wish to be instructed in the doctrines of the faith you hold."

thankfuladjectiveUS /ˈθæŋkfəl/

feeling or showing gratitude

From this reading I am thankful I did not succeed," exclaimed Gaius, in the same tone as before; "I have seen that the system of idolatry is rotten, since the emperor and other good men have deserted it; and I wish to be instructed in the doctrines of the faith you hold."

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading "Ah! that is a matter which troubles me.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading I am thankful I did not succeed," exclaimed Gaius, in the same tone as before; "I have seen that the system of idolatry is rotten, since the emperor and other good men have deserted it; and I wish to be instructed in the doctrines of the faith you hold."

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading Jovinian was struck, as he well might be, with astonishment at hearing this, although he did not express his feelings.

thoughtnounUS /θɔːt/

the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about

From this reading As he gazed steadily at the countenance of Gaius, he thought that he detected a twinkle in his eye which much belied his assertion.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading "I escaped from you, my uncle, because you desired me to embrace a faith I abhor; and although I have now been brought back, I shall be still, I trust, withheld from following your counsels."

tonenounUS /toʊn/

the quality of a person's voice

From this reading I am thankful I did not succeed," exclaimed Gaius, in the same tone as before; "I have seen that the system of idolatry is rotten, since the emperor and other good men have deserted it; and I wish to be instructed in the doctrines of the faith you hold."

troublesnounUS /ˈtrʌbəlz/

plural of “trouble” — a source of difficulty

From this reading "Ah! that is a matter which troubles me.

trustnounUS /trʌst/

something (as property) held by one party (the trustee) for the benefit of another (the beneficiary)

From this reading "I escaped from you, my uncle, because you desired me to embrace a faith I abhor; and although I have now been brought back, I shall be still, I trust, withheld from following your counsels."

twinkleverbUS /ˈtwɪŋkəl/

gleam or glow intermittently

From this reading As he gazed steadily at the countenance of Gaius, he thought that he detected a twinkle in his eye which much belied his assertion.

unclenounUS /ˈʌŋkəl/

the brother of your father or mother; the husband of your aunt

From this reading "I escaped from you, my uncle, because you desired me to embrace a faith I abhor; and although I have now been brought back, I shall be still, I trust, withheld from following your counsels."

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Jovinian was struck, as he well might be, with astonishment at hearing this, although he did not express his feelings.

welladverbUS /wel/

(often used as a combining form) in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard (“good” is a nonstandard dialectal variant for “well”)

From this reading Jovinian was struck, as he well might be, with astonishment at hearing this, although he did not express his feelings.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading "Ah! that is a matter which troubles me.

wishverbUS /wɪʃ/

hope for; have a wish

From this reading I am thankful I did not succeed," exclaimed Gaius, in the same tone as before; "I have seen that the system of idolatry is rotten, since the emperor and other good men have deserted it; and I wish to be instructed in the doctrines of the faith you hold."

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Jovinian was struck, as he well might be, with astonishment at hearing this, although he did not express his feelings.

withheldverbUS /wɪθˈheld/

inflected form of “withhold” — hold back; refuse to hand over or share

From this reading "I escaped from you, my uncle, because you desired me to embrace a faith I abhor; and although I have now been brought back, I shall be still, I trust, withheld from following your counsels."

youpronounUS /juː/

the person or people being spoken to

From this reading "I escaped from you, my uncle, because you desired me to embrace a faith I abhor; and although I have now been brought back, I shall be still, I trust, withheld from following your counsels."

yourdeterminerUS /jɔːr/

belonging to the person or people being spoken to

From this reading "I escaped from you, my uncle, because you desired me to embrace a faith I abhor; and although I have now been brought back, I shall be still, I trust, withheld from following your counsels."

Chapter 4 of Jovinian by William Henry Giles Kingston holds 437 sentences, grouped into 88 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of Jovinian contain?

Chapter 4 holds 437 sentences of Jovinian, unabridged, divided into 88 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of Jovinian by William Henry Giles Kingston exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 437 sentences, grouped into 88 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of Jovinian?

Work through the 88 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 88 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Jovinian

Common questions about reading Jovinian by William Henry Giles Kingston on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Jovinian?

Yes. All 1747 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #35910 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Jovinian is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #35910, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Jovinian take to read?

About 145 minutes of reading across 350 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Jovinian section by section

How to work through Jovinian section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 4 chapters of Jovinian to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Jovinian

Words and structures a reader meets early in Jovinian, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Jovinian
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Jovinian; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Kingston
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Jovinian; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Chapter
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Jovinian; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Pontiffs
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Jovinian; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.