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Jude the Obscure
Jude the Obscure

Chapter I

Cover illustration for Jude the Obscure
Context Illustration Reading 1/82 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
The history of this novel (whose birth in its present shape has been much retarded by the necessities of periodical publication) is briefly as follows.
The scheme was jotted down in 1890, from notes made in 1887 and onward, some of the circumstances being suggested by the death of a woman in the former year.
The scenes were revisited in October, 1892; the narrative was written in outline in 1892 and the spring of 1893, and at full length, as it now appears, from August, 1893, onward into the next year; the whole, with the exception of a few chapters, being in the hands of the publisher by the end of 1894.
It was begun as a serial story in HARPER’S MAGAZINE at the end of November, 1894, and was continued in monthly parts.
But, as in the case of _Tess of the D’Urbervilles_, the magazine version was, for various reasons, abridged and modified in some degree, the present edition being the first in which the whole appears as originally written.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Jude the Obscure

Chapter I

Reading 1/82 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
The history of this novel (whose birth in its present shape has been much retarded by the necessities of periodical publication) is briefly as follows.
Line 2
The scheme was jotted down in 1890, from notes made in 1887 and onward, some of the circumstances being suggested by the death of a woman in the former year.
Line 3
The scenes were revisited in October, 1892; the narrative was written in outline in 1892 and the spring of 1893, and at full length, as it now appears, from August, 1893, onward into the next year; the whole, with the exception of a few chapters, being in the hands of the publisher by the end of 1894.
Line 4
It was begun as a serial story in HARPER’S MAGAZINE at the end of November, 1894, and was continued in monthly parts.
Line 5
But, as in the case of _Tess of the D’Urbervilles_, the magazine version was, for various reasons, abridged and modified in some degree, the present edition being the first in which the whole appears as originally written.

Learner Dictionary

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, audio, and collocations from this reading.

Been auxiliary verb US /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading “The history of this novel (whose birth in its present shape has been much retarded by the necessities of periodical publication) is briefly as follows.”

Being auxiliary verb US /ˈbiːɪŋ/

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading “The scheme was jotted down in 1890, from notes made in 1887 and onward, some of the circumstances being suggested by the death of a woman in the former year.”

Continued noun US /ˈcontinued/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading “It was begun as a serial story in HARPER’S MAGAZINE at the end of November, 1894, and was continued in monthly parts.”

First noun US /first/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “But, as in the case of _Tess of the D’Urbervilles_, the magazine version was, for various reasons, abridged and modified in some degree, the present edition being the first in which the whole appears as originally written.”

Hands plural noun US /hændz/

members of a ship’s crew

From this reading “The scenes were revisited in October, 1892; the narrative was written in outline in 1892 and the spring of 1893, and at full length, as it now appears, from August, 1893, onward into the next year; the whole, with the exception of a few chapters, being in the hands of the publisher by the end of 1894.”

Has auxiliary verb US /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading “The history of this novel (whose birth in its present shape has been much retarded by the necessities of periodical publication) is briefly as follows.”

Length noun US /leŋθ/

a period of time or extent

From this reading “The scenes were revisited in October, 1892; the narrative was written in outline in 1892 and the spring of 1893, and at full length, as it now appears, from August, 1893, onward into the next year; the whole, with the exception of a few chapters, being in the hands of the publisher by the end of 1894.”

Next noun US /next/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading “The scenes were revisited in October, 1892; the narrative was written in outline in 1892 and the spring of 1893, and at full length, as it now appears, from August, 1893, onward into the next year; the whole, with the exception of a few chapters, being in the hands of the publisher by the end of 1894.”

Reasons noun US /ˈreasons/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading “But, as in the case of _Tess of the D’Urbervilles_, the magazine version was, for various reasons, abridged and modified in some degree, the present edition being the first in which the whole appears as originally written.”

Whose determiner US /huːz/

belonging to which person

From this reading “The history of this novel (whose birth in its present shape has been much retarded by the necessities of periodical publication) is briefly as follows.”

All words in this reading · 95

Every word is available to listen to. Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1887

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The scheme was jotted down in 1890, from notes made in 1887 and onward, some of the circumstances being suggested by the death of a woman in the former year.

1890

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The scheme was jotted down in 1890, from notes made in 1887 and onward, some of the circumstances being suggested by the death of a woman in the former year.

1892

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The scenes were revisited in October, 1892; the narrative was written in outline in 1892 and the spring of 1893, and at full length, as it now appears, from August, 1893, onward into the next year; the whole, with the exception of a few chapters, being in the hands of the publisher by the end of 1894.

1893

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The scenes were revisited in October, 1892; the narrative was written in outline in 1892 and the spring of 1893, and at full length, as it now appears, from August, 1893, onward into the next year; the whole, with the exception of a few chapters, being in the hands of the publisher by the end of 1894.

1894

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The scenes were revisited in October, 1892; the narrative was written in outline in 1892 and the spring of 1893, and at full length, as it now appears, from August, 1893, onward into the next year; the whole, with the exception of a few chapters, being in the hands of the publisher by the end of 1894.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading The scheme was jotted down in 1890, from notes made in 1887 and onward, some of the circumstances being suggested by the death of a woman in the former year.

abridged

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But, as in the case of _Tess of the D’Urbervilles_, the magazine version was, for various reasons, abridged and modified in some degree, the present edition being the first in which the whole appears as originally written.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading The scheme was jotted down in 1890, from notes made in 1887 and onward, some of the circumstances being suggested by the death of a woman in the former year.

appears

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The scenes were revisited in October, 1892; the narrative was written in outline in 1892 and the spring of 1893, and at full length, as it now appears, from August, 1893, onward into the next year; the whole, with the exception of a few chapters, being in the hands of the publisher by the end of 1894.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The history of this novel (whose birth in its present shape has been much retarded by the necessities of periodical publication) is briefly as follows.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading The scenes were revisited in October, 1892; the narrative was written in outline in 1892 and the spring of 1893, and at full length, as it now appears, from August, 1893, onward into the next year; the whole, with the exception of a few chapters, being in the hands of the publisher by the end of 1894.

August

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The scenes were revisited in October, 1892; the narrative was written in outline in 1892 and the spring of 1893, and at full length, as it now appears, from August, 1893, onward into the next year; the whole, with the exception of a few chapters, being in the hands of the publisher by the end of 1894.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading The history of this novel (whose birth in its present shape has been much retarded by the necessities of periodical publication) is briefly as follows.

begun

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It was begun as a serial story in HARPER’S MAGAZINE at the end of November, 1894, and was continued in monthly parts.

beingauxiliary verbUS /ˈbiːɪŋ/

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading The scheme was jotted down in 1890, from notes made in 1887 and onward, some of the circumstances being suggested by the death of a woman in the former year.

birth

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The history of this novel (whose birth in its present shape has been much retarded by the necessities of periodical publication) is briefly as follows.

briefly

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The history of this novel (whose birth in its present shape has been much retarded by the necessities of periodical publication) is briefly as follows.

ButconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading But, as in the case of _Tess of the D’Urbervilles_, the magazine version was, for various reasons, abridged and modified in some degree, the present edition being the first in which the whole appears as originally written.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading The history of this novel (whose birth in its present shape has been much retarded by the necessities of periodical publication) is briefly as follows.

case

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But, as in the case of _Tess of the D’Urbervilles_, the magazine version was, for various reasons, abridged and modified in some degree, the present edition being the first in which the whole appears as originally written.

chapters

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The scenes were revisited in October, 1892; the narrative was written in outline in 1892 and the spring of 1893, and at full length, as it now appears, from August, 1893, onward into the next year; the whole, with the exception of a few chapters, being in the hands of the publisher by the end of 1894.

circumstances

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The scheme was jotted down in 1890, from notes made in 1887 and onward, some of the circumstances being suggested by the death of a woman in the former year.

continuednounUS /ˈcontinued/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading It was begun as a serial story in HARPER’S MAGAZINE at the end of November, 1894, and was continued in monthly parts.

D'Urbervilles

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But, as in the case of _Tess of the D’Urbervilles_, the magazine version was, for various reasons, abridged and modified in some degree, the present edition being the first in which the whole appears as originally written.

death

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The scheme was jotted down in 1890, from notes made in 1887 and onward, some of the circumstances being suggested by the death of a woman in the former year.

degree

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But, as in the case of _Tess of the D’Urbervilles_, the magazine version was, for various reasons, abridged and modified in some degree, the present edition being the first in which the whole appears as originally written.

down

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The scheme was jotted down in 1890, from notes made in 1887 and onward, some of the circumstances being suggested by the death of a woman in the former year.

edition

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But, as in the case of _Tess of the D’Urbervilles_, the magazine version was, for various reasons, abridged and modified in some degree, the present edition being the first in which the whole appears as originally written.

end

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The scenes were revisited in October, 1892; the narrative was written in outline in 1892 and the spring of 1893, and at full length, as it now appears, from August, 1893, onward into the next year; the whole, with the exception of a few chapters, being in the hands of the publisher by the end of 1894.

exception

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The scenes were revisited in October, 1892; the narrative was written in outline in 1892 and the spring of 1893, and at full length, as it now appears, from August, 1893, onward into the next year; the whole, with the exception of a few chapters, being in the hands of the publisher by the end of 1894.

few

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The scenes were revisited in October, 1892; the narrative was written in outline in 1892 and the spring of 1893, and at full length, as it now appears, from August, 1893, onward into the next year; the whole, with the exception of a few chapters, being in the hands of the publisher by the end of 1894.

firstnounUS /first/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading But, as in the case of _Tess of the D’Urbervilles_, the magazine version was, for various reasons, abridged and modified in some degree, the present edition being the first in which the whole appears as originally written.

follows

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The history of this novel (whose birth in its present shape has been much retarded by the necessities of periodical publication) is briefly as follows.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading But, as in the case of _Tess of the D’Urbervilles_, the magazine version was, for various reasons, abridged and modified in some degree, the present edition being the first in which the whole appears as originally written.

former

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The scheme was jotted down in 1890, from notes made in 1887 and onward, some of the circumstances being suggested by the death of a woman in the former year.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading The scheme was jotted down in 1890, from notes made in 1887 and onward, some of the circumstances being suggested by the death of a woman in the former year.

full

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The scenes were revisited in October, 1892; the narrative was written in outline in 1892 and the spring of 1893, and at full length, as it now appears, from August, 1893, onward into the next year; the whole, with the exception of a few chapters, being in the hands of the publisher by the end of 1894.

handsplural nounUS /hændz/

members of a ship’s crew

From this reading The scenes were revisited in October, 1892; the narrative was written in outline in 1892 and the spring of 1893, and at full length, as it now appears, from August, 1893, onward into the next year; the whole, with the exception of a few chapters, being in the hands of the publisher by the end of 1894.

HARPER'S

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It was begun as a serial story in HARPER’S MAGAZINE at the end of November, 1894, and was continued in monthly parts.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The history of this novel (whose birth in its present shape has been much retarded by the necessities of periodical publication) is briefly as follows.

history

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The history of this novel (whose birth in its present shape has been much retarded by the necessities of periodical publication) is briefly as follows.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading The history of this novel (whose birth in its present shape has been much retarded by the necessities of periodical publication) is briefly as follows.

intoprepositionUS /ˈɪntuː/

moving to the inside of something

From this reading The scenes were revisited in October, 1892; the narrative was written in outline in 1892 and the spring of 1893, and at full length, as it now appears, from August, 1893, onward into the next year; the whole, with the exception of a few chapters, being in the hands of the publisher by the end of 1894.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The history of this novel (whose birth in its present shape has been much retarded by the necessities of periodical publication) is briefly as follows.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading The scenes were revisited in October, 1892; the narrative was written in outline in 1892 and the spring of 1893, and at full length, as it now appears, from August, 1893, onward into the next year; the whole, with the exception of a few chapters, being in the hands of the publisher by the end of 1894.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading The history of this novel (whose birth in its present shape has been much retarded by the necessities of periodical publication) is briefly as follows.

jotted

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The scheme was jotted down in 1890, from notes made in 1887 and onward, some of the circumstances being suggested by the death of a woman in the former year.

lengthnounUS /leŋθ/

a period of time or extent

From this reading The scenes were revisited in October, 1892; the narrative was written in outline in 1892 and the spring of 1893, and at full length, as it now appears, from August, 1893, onward into the next year; the whole, with the exception of a few chapters, being in the hands of the publisher by the end of 1894.

made

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The scheme was jotted down in 1890, from notes made in 1887 and onward, some of the circumstances being suggested by the death of a woman in the former year.

MAGAZINE

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It was begun as a serial story in HARPER’S MAGAZINE at the end of November, 1894, and was continued in monthly parts.

modified

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But, as in the case of _Tess of the D’Urbervilles_, the magazine version was, for various reasons, abridged and modified in some degree, the present edition being the first in which the whole appears as originally written.

monthly

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It was begun as a serial story in HARPER’S MAGAZINE at the end of November, 1894, and was continued in monthly parts.

much

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The history of this novel (whose birth in its present shape has been much retarded by the necessities of periodical publication) is briefly as follows.

narrative

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The scenes were revisited in October, 1892; the narrative was written in outline in 1892 and the spring of 1893, and at full length, as it now appears, from August, 1893, onward into the next year; the whole, with the exception of a few chapters, being in the hands of the publisher by the end of 1894.

necessities

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The history of this novel (whose birth in its present shape has been much retarded by the necessities of periodical publication) is briefly as follows.

nextnounUS /next/

an important story-specific word used in this passage

From this reading The scenes were revisited in October, 1892; the narrative was written in outline in 1892 and the spring of 1893, and at full length, as it now appears, from August, 1893, onward into the next year; the whole, with the exception of a few chapters, being in the hands of the publisher by the end of 1894.

notes

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The scheme was jotted down in 1890, from notes made in 1887 and onward, some of the circumstances being suggested by the death of a woman in the former year.

novel

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The history of this novel (whose birth in its present shape has been much retarded by the necessities of periodical publication) is briefly as follows.

November

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It was begun as a serial story in HARPER’S MAGAZINE at the end of November, 1894, and was continued in monthly parts.

now

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The scenes were revisited in October, 1892; the narrative was written in outline in 1892 and the spring of 1893, and at full length, as it now appears, from August, 1893, onward into the next year; the whole, with the exception of a few chapters, being in the hands of the publisher by the end of 1894.

October

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The scenes were revisited in October, 1892; the narrative was written in outline in 1892 and the spring of 1893, and at full length, as it now appears, from August, 1893, onward into the next year; the whole, with the exception of a few chapters, being in the hands of the publisher by the end of 1894.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading The history of this novel (whose birth in its present shape has been much retarded by the necessities of periodical publication) is briefly as follows.

onward

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The scheme was jotted down in 1890, from notes made in 1887 and onward, some of the circumstances being suggested by the death of a woman in the former year.

originally

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But, as in the case of _Tess of the D’Urbervilles_, the magazine version was, for various reasons, abridged and modified in some degree, the present edition being the first in which the whole appears as originally written.

outline

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The scenes were revisited in October, 1892; the narrative was written in outline in 1892 and the spring of 1893, and at full length, as it now appears, from August, 1893, onward into the next year; the whole, with the exception of a few chapters, being in the hands of the publisher by the end of 1894.

parts

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It was begun as a serial story in HARPER’S MAGAZINE at the end of November, 1894, and was continued in monthly parts.

periodical

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The history of this novel (whose birth in its present shape has been much retarded by the necessities of periodical publication) is briefly as follows.

present

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The history of this novel (whose birth in its present shape has been much retarded by the necessities of periodical publication) is briefly as follows.

publication

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The history of this novel (whose birth in its present shape has been much retarded by the necessities of periodical publication) is briefly as follows.

publisher

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The scenes were revisited in October, 1892; the narrative was written in outline in 1892 and the spring of 1893, and at full length, as it now appears, from August, 1893, onward into the next year; the whole, with the exception of a few chapters, being in the hands of the publisher by the end of 1894.

reasonsnounUS /ˈreasons/

a story-specific word describing an important person, object, action, or idea in this passage

From this reading But, as in the case of _Tess of the D’Urbervilles_, the magazine version was, for various reasons, abridged and modified in some degree, the present edition being the first in which the whole appears as originally written.

retarded

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The history of this novel (whose birth in its present shape has been much retarded by the necessities of periodical publication) is briefly as follows.

revisited

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The scenes were revisited in October, 1892; the narrative was written in outline in 1892 and the spring of 1893, and at full length, as it now appears, from August, 1893, onward into the next year; the whole, with the exception of a few chapters, being in the hands of the publisher by the end of 1894.

scenes

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The scenes were revisited in October, 1892; the narrative was written in outline in 1892 and the spring of 1893, and at full length, as it now appears, from August, 1893, onward into the next year; the whole, with the exception of a few chapters, being in the hands of the publisher by the end of 1894.

scheme

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The scheme was jotted down in 1890, from notes made in 1887 and onward, some of the circumstances being suggested by the death of a woman in the former year.

serial

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It was begun as a serial story in HARPER’S MAGAZINE at the end of November, 1894, and was continued in monthly parts.

shape

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The history of this novel (whose birth in its present shape has been much retarded by the necessities of periodical publication) is briefly as follows.

some

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The scheme was jotted down in 1890, from notes made in 1887 and onward, some of the circumstances being suggested by the death of a woman in the former year.

spring

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The scenes were revisited in October, 1892; the narrative was written in outline in 1892 and the spring of 1893, and at full length, as it now appears, from August, 1893, onward into the next year; the whole, with the exception of a few chapters, being in the hands of the publisher by the end of 1894.

story

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading It was begun as a serial story in HARPER’S MAGAZINE at the end of November, 1894, and was continued in monthly parts.

suggested

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The scheme was jotted down in 1890, from notes made in 1887 and onward, some of the circumstances being suggested by the death of a woman in the former year.

Tess

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But, as in the case of _Tess of the D’Urbervilles_, the magazine version was, for various reasons, abridged and modified in some degree, the present edition being the first in which the whole appears as originally written.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading The history of this novel (whose birth in its present shape has been much retarded by the necessities of periodical publication) is briefly as follows.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading The history of this novel (whose birth in its present shape has been much retarded by the necessities of periodical publication) is briefly as follows.

various

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But, as in the case of _Tess of the D’Urbervilles_, the magazine version was, for various reasons, abridged and modified in some degree, the present edition being the first in which the whole appears as originally written.

version

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading But, as in the case of _Tess of the D’Urbervilles_, the magazine version was, for various reasons, abridged and modified in some degree, the present edition being the first in which the whole appears as originally written.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The scheme was jotted down in 1890, from notes made in 1887 and onward, some of the circumstances being suggested by the death of a woman in the former year.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading The scenes were revisited in October, 1892; the narrative was written in outline in 1892 and the spring of 1893, and at full length, as it now appears, from August, 1893, onward into the next year; the whole, with the exception of a few chapters, being in the hands of the publisher by the end of 1894.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading But, as in the case of _Tess of the D’Urbervilles_, the magazine version was, for various reasons, abridged and modified in some degree, the present edition being the first in which the whole appears as originally written.

whole

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The scenes were revisited in October, 1892; the narrative was written in outline in 1892 and the spring of 1893, and at full length, as it now appears, from August, 1893, onward into the next year; the whole, with the exception of a few chapters, being in the hands of the publisher by the end of 1894.

whosedeterminerUS /huːz/

belonging to which person

From this reading The history of this novel (whose birth in its present shape has been much retarded by the necessities of periodical publication) is briefly as follows.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The scenes were revisited in October, 1892; the narrative was written in outline in 1892 and the spring of 1893, and at full length, as it now appears, from August, 1893, onward into the next year; the whole, with the exception of a few chapters, being in the hands of the publisher by the end of 1894.

woman

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The scheme was jotted down in 1890, from notes made in 1887 and onward, some of the circumstances being suggested by the death of a woman in the former year.

written

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The scenes were revisited in October, 1892; the narrative was written in outline in 1892 and the spring of 1893, and at full length, as it now appears, from August, 1893, onward into the next year; the whole, with the exception of a few chapters, being in the hands of the publisher by the end of 1894.

year

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The scheme was jotted down in 1890, from notes made in 1887 and onward, some of the circumstances being suggested by the death of a woman in the former year.