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King Penda's Captain
King Penda's Captain

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of King Penda's Captain is here in full — 78 sentences across 16 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/15 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
THE DEAD HERO OF THE WINWIDFIELD After parting with Feargus and Osbert, Penda held on his way with all his thanes, and many English and Welsh and Picts and broken men came in to him as he fared northward.
And they marched until they won the valley of the Aire at Woodlesford, where they crossed the water and held on towards the Winwidfield by the side of the little river Winwid, which runneth down till it joins the Wharfe at Towton.
In the glen by the water they set their camp; above them stretched the wild Winmoor itself, beyond to the northward lay the great valley of the Wharfe, surrounded by many breezy uplands; southwards towards Woodlesford lay the Roman fortifications of Seacroft and the Roman road which cut in twain the wild moor that stretched to the Aire water.
And so they gathered them in the glen by the Winwid burn to keep the winds off them, for it was the month of November, and that the enemy might not see their whereabouts.
There they waited for seven days, till at length those who watched from the head of the moor came in, saying that they had seen men moving on the hills to the north-east.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

King Penda's Captain

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of King Penda's Captain is here in full — 78 sentences across 16 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/15 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
THE DEAD HERO OF THE WINWIDFIELD After parting with Feargus and Osbert, Penda held on his way with all his thanes, and many English and Welsh and Picts and broken men came in to him as he fared northward.
Line 2
And they marched until they won the valley of the Aire at Woodlesford, where they crossed the water and held on towards the Winwidfield by the side of the little river Winwid, which runneth down till it joins the Wharfe at Towton.
Line 3
In the glen by the water they set their camp; above them stretched the wild Winmoor itself, beyond to the northward lay the great valley of the Wharfe, surrounded by many breezy uplands; southwards towards Woodlesford lay the Roman fortifications of Seacroft and the Roman road which cut in twain the wild moor that stretched to the Aire water.
Line 4
And so they gathered them in the glen by the Winwid burn to keep the winds off them, for it was the month of November, and that the enemy might not see their whereabouts.
Line 5
There they waited for seven days, till at length those who watched from the head of the moor came in, saying that they had seen men moving on the hills to the north-east.
/ðer ðeɪ ˈweɪtɪd fɔːr ˈsevən deɪz tɪl æt leŋkθ ðoʊz huː wɑːtʃt frʌm ðə hed ʌv ðə mʊr keɪm ɪn ˈseɪɪŋ ðæt ðeɪ hæd siːn men ˈmuːvɪŋ ɑːn ðə hɪlz tuː ðə ˌnɔːrˈθiːst/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

breezy adjective US /ˈbriːzi/

fresh and animated

From this reading “In the glen by the water they set their camp; above them stretched the wild Winmoor itself, beyond to the northward lay the great valley of the Wharfe, surrounded by many breezy uplands; southwards towards Woodlesford lay the Roman fortifications of Seacroft and the Roman road which cut in twain the wild moor that stretched to the Aire water.”

fared verb US /ferd/

past form of “fare” — proceed or get along

From this reading “THE DEAD HERO OF THE WINWIDFIELD After parting with Feargus and Osbert, Penda held on his way with all his thanes, and many English and Welsh and Picts and broken men came in to him as he fared northward.”

fortifications noun US /ˌfɔːrtəfəˈkeɪʃənz/

plural of “fortification” — defensive structure consisting of walls or mounds built around a stronghold to strengthen it

From this reading “In the glen by the water they set their camp; above them stretched the wild Winmoor itself, beyond to the northward lay the great valley of the Wharfe, surrounded by many breezy uplands; southwards towards Woodlesford lay the Roman fortifications of Seacroft and the Roman road which cut in twain the wild moor that stretched to the Aire water.”

joins noun US /dʒɔɪnz/

plural of “join” — the shape or manner in which things come together and a connection is made

From this reading “And they marched until they won the valley of the Aire at Woodlesford, where they crossed the water and held on towards the Winwidfield by the side of the little river Winwid, which runneth down till it joins the Wharfe at Towton.”

north-east adverb US /ˌnɔːrˈθiːst/

to, toward, or in the northeast

From this reading “There they waited for seven days, till at length those who watched from the head of the moor came in, saying that they had seen men moving on the hills to the north-east.”

uplands noun US /ˈʌpləndz/

plural of “upland” — elevated (e.g., mountainous) land

From this reading “In the glen by the water they set their camp; above them stretched the wild Winmoor itself, beyond to the northward lay the great valley of the Wharfe, surrounded by many breezy uplands; southwards towards Woodlesford lay the Roman fortifications of Seacroft and the Roman road which cut in twain the wild moor that stretched to the Aire water.”

Welsh noun US /weltʃ/

a native or resident of Wales

From this reading “THE DEAD HERO OF THE WINWIDFIELD After parting with Feargus and Osbert, Penda held on his way with all his thanes, and many English and Welsh and Picts and broken men came in to him as he fared northward.”

whereabouts noun US /ˈwerəbaʊts/

the general location where something is

From this reading “And so they gathered them in the glen by the Winwid burn to keep the winds off them, for it was the month of November, and that the enemy might not see their whereabouts.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

at length preposition + noun

in a lengthy or prolix manner

In this reading “There they waited for seven days, till at length those who watched from the head of the moor came in, saying that they had seen men moving on the hills to the north-east.”

seven days noun + noun

In this reading “There they waited for seven days, till at length those who watched from the head of the moor came in, saying that they had seen men moving on the hills to the north-east.”

waited for verb + particle counted as “wait for”

In this reading “There they waited for seven days, till at length those who watched from the head of the moor came in, saying that they had seen men moving on the hills to the north-east.”

on the hills preposition + article + noun counted as “on … hill”

In this reading “There they waited for seven days, till at length those who watched from the head of the moor came in, saying that they had seen men moving on the hills to the north-east.”

by the side preposition + article + noun counted as “by … side”

In this reading “And they marched until they won the valley of the Aire at Woodlesford, where they crossed the water and held on towards the Winwidfield by the side of the little river Winwid, which runneth down till it joins the Wharfe at Towton.”

for seven preposition + noun

In this reading “There they waited for seven days, till at length those who watched from the head of the moor came in, saying that they had seen men moving on the hills to the north-east.”

All words in this reading · 113

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

aboveprepositionUS /əˈbʌv/

higher than, or over, something

From this reading In the glen by the water they set their camp; above them stretched the wild Winmoor itself, beyond to the northward lay the great valley of the Wharfe, surrounded by many breezy uplands; southwards towards Woodlesford lay the Roman fortifications of Seacroft and the Roman road which cut in twain the wild moor that stretched to the Aire water.

AfterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading THE DEAD HERO OF THE WINWIDFIELD After parting with Feargus and Osbert, Penda held on his way with all his thanes, and many English and Welsh and Picts and broken men came in to him as he fared northward.

Airenoun

a river in northern England that flows southeast through West Yorkshire

From this reading And they marched until they won the valley of the Aire at Woodlesford, where they crossed the water and held on towards the Winwidfield by the side of the little river Winwid, which runneth down till it joins the Wharfe at Towton.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading THE DEAD HERO OF THE WINWIDFIELD After parting with Feargus and Osbert, Penda held on his way with all his thanes, and many English and Welsh and Picts and broken men came in to him as he fared northward.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading THE DEAD HERO OF THE WINWIDFIELD After parting with Feargus and Osbert, Penda held on his way with all his thanes, and many English and Welsh and Picts and broken men came in to him as he fared northward.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading THE DEAD HERO OF THE WINWIDFIELD After parting with Feargus and Osbert, Penda held on his way with all his thanes, and many English and Welsh and Picts and broken men came in to him as he fared northward.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading And they marched until they won the valley of the Aire at Woodlesford, where they crossed the water and held on towards the Winwidfield by the side of the little river Winwid, which runneth down till it joins the Wharfe at Towton.

beyondprepositionUS /bɪˈɑːnd/

on the far side of; further than

From this reading In the glen by the water they set their camp; above them stretched the wild Winmoor itself, beyond to the northward lay the great valley of the Wharfe, surrounded by many breezy uplands; southwards towards Woodlesford lay the Roman fortifications of Seacroft and the Roman road which cut in twain the wild moor that stretched to the Aire water.

breezyadjectiveUS /ˈbriːzi/

fresh and animated

From this reading In the glen by the water they set their camp; above them stretched the wild Winmoor itself, beyond to the northward lay the great valley of the Wharfe, surrounded by many breezy uplands; southwards towards Woodlesford lay the Roman fortifications of Seacroft and the Roman road which cut in twain the wild moor that stretched to the Aire water.

brokenadjectiveUS /ˈbroʊkən/

physically and forcibly separated into pieces or cracked or split

From this reading THE DEAD HERO OF THE WINWIDFIELD After parting with Feargus and Osbert, Penda held on his way with all his thanes, and many English and Welsh and Picts and broken men came in to him as he fared northward.

burnverbUS /bɜːrn/

To consume or be consumed by fire.

From this reading And so they gathered them in the glen by the Winwid burn to keep the winds off them, for it was the month of November, and that the enemy might not see their whereabouts.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading And they marched until they won the valley of the Aire at Woodlesford, where they crossed the water and held on towards the Winwidfield by the side of the little river Winwid, which runneth down till it joins the Wharfe at Towton.

cameverbUS /keɪm/

inflected form of “come” — move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading THE DEAD HERO OF THE WINWIDFIELD After parting with Feargus and Osbert, Penda held on his way with all his thanes, and many English and Welsh and Picts and broken men came in to him as he fared northward.

campnounUS /kæmp/

temporary living quarters specially built by the army for soldiers

From this reading In the glen by the water they set their camp; above them stretched the wild Winmoor itself, beyond to the northward lay the great valley of the Wharfe, surrounded by many breezy uplands; southwards towards Woodlesford lay the Roman fortifications of Seacroft and the Roman road which cut in twain the wild moor that stretched to the Aire water.

crossedadjectiveUS /krɔːst/

placed crosswise

From this reading And they marched until they won the valley of the Aire at Woodlesford, where they crossed the water and held on towards the Winwidfield by the side of the little river Winwid, which runneth down till it joins the Wharfe at Towton.

cutverbUS /kʌt/

separate with or as if with an instrument

From this reading In the glen by the water they set their camp; above them stretched the wild Winmoor itself, beyond to the northward lay the great valley of the Wharfe, surrounded by many breezy uplands; southwards towards Woodlesford lay the Roman fortifications of Seacroft and the Roman road which cut in twain the wild moor that stretched to the Aire water.

daysnounUS /deɪz/

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading There they waited for seven days, till at length those who watched from the head of the moor came in, saying that they had seen men moving on the hills to the north-east.

DEADadjectiveUS /ded/

no longer having or seeming to have or expecting to have life

From this reading THE DEAD HERO OF THE WINWIDFIELD After parting with Feargus and Osbert, Penda held on his way with all his thanes, and many English and Welsh and Picts and broken men came in to him as he fared northward.

downadjectiveUS /daʊn/

being or moving lower in position or less in some value

From this reading And they marched until they won the valley of the Aire at Woodlesford, where they crossed the water and held on towards the Winwidfield by the side of the little river Winwid, which runneth down till it joins the Wharfe at Towton.

enemynounUS /ˈenəmi/

an opposing military force

From this reading And so they gathered them in the glen by the Winwid burn to keep the winds off them, for it was the month of November, and that the enemy might not see their whereabouts.

EnglishnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading THE DEAD HERO OF THE WINWIDFIELD After parting with Feargus and Osbert, Penda held on his way with all his thanes, and many English and Welsh and Picts and broken men came in to him as he fared northward.

faredverbUS /ferd/

past form of “fare” — proceed or get along

From this reading THE DEAD HERO OF THE WINWIDFIELD After parting with Feargus and Osbert, Penda held on his way with all his thanes, and many English and Welsh and Picts and broken men came in to him as he fared northward.

Feargus

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE DEAD HERO OF THE WINWIDFIELD After parting with Feargus and Osbert, Penda held on his way with all his thanes, and many English and Welsh and Picts and broken men came in to him as he fared northward.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading And so they gathered them in the glen by the Winwid burn to keep the winds off them, for it was the month of November, and that the enemy might not see their whereabouts.

fortificationsnounUS /ˌfɔːrtəfəˈkeɪʃənz/

plural of “fortification” — defensive structure consisting of walls or mounds built around a stronghold to strengthen it

From this reading In the glen by the water they set their camp; above them stretched the wild Winmoor itself, beyond to the northward lay the great valley of the Wharfe, surrounded by many breezy uplands; southwards towards Woodlesford lay the Roman fortifications of Seacroft and the Roman road which cut in twain the wild moor that stretched to the Aire water.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading There they waited for seven days, till at length those who watched from the head of the moor came in, saying that they had seen men moving on the hills to the north-east.

gatheredadjectiveUS /ˈɡæðərd/

brought together in one place

From this reading And so they gathered them in the glen by the Winwid burn to keep the winds off them, for it was the month of November, and that the enemy might not see their whereabouts.

glennounUS /ɡlen/

a narrow secluded valley (in the mountains)

From this reading In the glen by the water they set their camp; above them stretched the wild Winmoor itself, beyond to the northward lay the great valley of the Wharfe, surrounded by many breezy uplands; southwards towards Woodlesford lay the Roman fortifications of Seacroft and the Roman road which cut in twain the wild moor that stretched to the Aire water.

greatadjectiveUS /ɡreɪt/

relatively large in size or number or extent; larger than others of its kind

From this reading In the glen by the water they set their camp; above them stretched the wild Winmoor itself, beyond to the northward lay the great valley of the Wharfe, surrounded by many breezy uplands; southwards towards Woodlesford lay the Roman fortifications of Seacroft and the Roman road which cut in twain the wild moor that stretched to the Aire water.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading There they waited for seven days, till at length those who watched from the head of the moor came in, saying that they had seen men moving on the hills to the north-east.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading THE DEAD HERO OF THE WINWIDFIELD After parting with Feargus and Osbert, Penda held on his way with all his thanes, and many English and Welsh and Picts and broken men came in to him as he fared northward.

headnounUS /hed/

the upper part of the human body or the front part of the body in animals; contains the face and brains

From this reading There they waited for seven days, till at length those who watched from the head of the moor came in, saying that they had seen men moving on the hills to the north-east.

heldadjectiveUS /held/

occupied or in the control of; often used in combination

From this reading THE DEAD HERO OF THE WINWIDFIELD After parting with Feargus and Osbert, Penda held on his way with all his thanes, and many English and Welsh and Picts and broken men came in to him as he fared northward.

HEROnounUS /ˈhɪroʊ/

a man distinguished by exceptional courage and nobility and strength

From this reading THE DEAD HERO OF THE WINWIDFIELD After parting with Feargus and Osbert, Penda held on his way with all his thanes, and many English and Welsh and Picts and broken men came in to him as he fared northward.

hillsnounUS /hɪlz/

plural of “hill” — a local and well-defined elevation of the land

From this reading There they waited for seven days, till at length those who watched from the head of the moor came in, saying that they had seen men moving on the hills to the north-east.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading THE DEAD HERO OF THE WINWIDFIELD After parting with Feargus and Osbert, Penda held on his way with all his thanes, and many English and Welsh and Picts and broken men came in to him as he fared northward.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading THE DEAD HERO OF THE WINWIDFIELD After parting with Feargus and Osbert, Penda held on his way with all his thanes, and many English and Welsh and Picts and broken men came in to him as he fared northward.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading THE DEAD HERO OF THE WINWIDFIELD After parting with Feargus and Osbert, Penda held on his way with all his thanes, and many English and Welsh and Picts and broken men came in to him as he fared northward.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading And they marched until they won the valley of the Aire at Woodlesford, where they crossed the water and held on towards the Winwidfield by the side of the little river Winwid, which runneth down till it joins the Wharfe at Towton.

itselfpronounUS /ˌɪtˈself/

used when the thing doing the action is also its object

From this reading In the glen by the water they set their camp; above them stretched the wild Winmoor itself, beyond to the northward lay the great valley of the Wharfe, surrounded by many breezy uplands; southwards towards Woodlesford lay the Roman fortifications of Seacroft and the Roman road which cut in twain the wild moor that stretched to the Aire water.

joinsnounUS /dʒɔɪnz/

plural of “join” — the shape or manner in which things come together and a connection is made

From this reading And they marched until they won the valley of the Aire at Woodlesford, where they crossed the water and held on towards the Winwidfield by the side of the little river Winwid, which runneth down till it joins the Wharfe at Towton.

keepverbUS /kiːp/

cause to continue in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., “keep clean”

From this reading And so they gathered them in the glen by the Winwid burn to keep the winds off them, for it was the month of November, and that the enemy might not see their whereabouts.

layverbUS /leɪ/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading In the glen by the water they set their camp; above them stretched the wild Winmoor itself, beyond to the northward lay the great valley of the Wharfe, surrounded by many breezy uplands; southwards towards Woodlesford lay the Roman fortifications of Seacroft and the Roman road which cut in twain the wild moor that stretched to the Aire water.

lengthnounUS /leŋkθ/

the linear extent in space from one end to the other; the longest dimension of something that is fixed in place

From this reading There they waited for seven days, till at length those who watched from the head of the moor came in, saying that they had seen men moving on the hills to the north-east.

littleadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading And they marched until they won the valley of the Aire at Woodlesford, where they crossed the water and held on towards the Winwidfield by the side of the little river Winwid, which runneth down till it joins the Wharfe at Towton.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading THE DEAD HERO OF THE WINWIDFIELD After parting with Feargus and Osbert, Penda held on his way with all his thanes, and many English and Welsh and Picts and broken men came in to him as he fared northward.

marchedverbUS /mɑːrtʃt/

past form of “march” — march in a procession

From this reading And they marched until they won the valley of the Aire at Woodlesford, where they crossed the water and held on towards the Winwidfield by the side of the little river Winwid, which runneth down till it joins the Wharfe at Towton.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading THE DEAD HERO OF THE WINWIDFIELD After parting with Feargus and Osbert, Penda held on his way with all his thanes, and many English and Welsh and Picts and broken men came in to him as he fared northward.

mightmodal verbUS /maɪt/

used to say something is possible but not certain

From this reading And so they gathered them in the glen by the Winwid burn to keep the winds off them, for it was the month of November, and that the enemy might not see their whereabouts.

monthnounUS /mʌnθ/

one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year

From this reading And so they gathered them in the glen by the Winwid burn to keep the winds off them, for it was the month of November, and that the enemy might not see their whereabouts.

moorverbUS /mʊr/

secure in or as if in a berth or dock

From this reading In the glen by the water they set their camp; above them stretched the wild Winmoor itself, beyond to the northward lay the great valley of the Wharfe, surrounded by many breezy uplands; southwards towards Woodlesford lay the Roman fortifications of Seacroft and the Roman road which cut in twain the wild moor that stretched to the Aire water.

movingadjectiveUS /ˈmuːvɪŋ/

in motion

From this reading There they waited for seven days, till at length those who watched from the head of the moor came in, saying that they had seen men moving on the hills to the north-east.

north-eastadverbUS /ˌnɔːrˈθiːst/

to, toward, or in the northeast

From this reading There they waited for seven days, till at length those who watched from the head of the moor came in, saying that they had seen men moving on the hills to the north-east.

northwardadverbUS /ˈnɔːrθwərd/

in a northern direction

From this reading THE DEAD HERO OF THE WINWIDFIELD After parting with Feargus and Osbert, Penda held on his way with all his thanes, and many English and Welsh and Picts and broken men came in to him as he fared northward.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading And so they gathered them in the glen by the Winwid burn to keep the winds off them, for it was the month of November, and that the enemy might not see their whereabouts.

NovembernounUS /noʊˈvembər/

the month following October and preceding December

From this reading And so they gathered them in the glen by the Winwid burn to keep the winds off them, for it was the month of November, and that the enemy might not see their whereabouts.

OFprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading THE DEAD HERO OF THE WINWIDFIELD After parting with Feargus and Osbert, Penda held on his way with all his thanes, and many English and Welsh and Picts and broken men came in to him as he fared northward.

offadverbUS /ɔːf/

from a particular thing or place or position (“forth” is obsolete)

From this reading And so they gathered them in the glen by the Winwid burn to keep the winds off them, for it was the month of November, and that the enemy might not see their whereabouts.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading THE DEAD HERO OF THE WINWIDFIELD After parting with Feargus and Osbert, Penda held on his way with all his thanes, and many English and Welsh and Picts and broken men came in to him as he fared northward.

Osbert

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE DEAD HERO OF THE WINWIDFIELD After parting with Feargus and Osbert, Penda held on his way with all his thanes, and many English and Welsh and Picts and broken men came in to him as he fared northward.

partingnounUS /ˈpɑːrtɪŋ/

the act of departing politely

From this reading THE DEAD HERO OF THE WINWIDFIELD After parting with Feargus and Osbert, Penda held on his way with all his thanes, and many English and Welsh and Picts and broken men came in to him as he fared northward.

Penda

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE DEAD HERO OF THE WINWIDFIELD After parting with Feargus and Osbert, Penda held on his way with all his thanes, and many English and Welsh and Picts and broken men came in to him as he fared northward.

Picts

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE DEAD HERO OF THE WINWIDFIELD After parting with Feargus and Osbert, Penda held on his way with all his thanes, and many English and Welsh and Picts and broken men came in to him as he fared northward.

rivernounUS /ˈrɪvər/

a large natural stream of water (larger than a creek)

From this reading And they marched until they won the valley of the Aire at Woodlesford, where they crossed the water and held on towards the Winwidfield by the side of the little river Winwid, which runneth down till it joins the Wharfe at Towton.

roadnounUS /roʊd/

an open way (generally public) for travel or transportation

From this reading In the glen by the water they set their camp; above them stretched the wild Winmoor itself, beyond to the northward lay the great valley of the Wharfe, surrounded by many breezy uplands; southwards towards Woodlesford lay the Roman fortifications of Seacroft and the Roman road which cut in twain the wild moor that stretched to the Aire water.

RomanadjectiveUS /ˈroʊmən/

relating to or characteristic of people of Rome

From this reading In the glen by the water they set their camp; above them stretched the wild Winmoor itself, beyond to the northward lay the great valley of the Wharfe, surrounded by many breezy uplands; southwards towards Woodlesford lay the Roman fortifications of Seacroft and the Roman road which cut in twain the wild moor that stretched to the Aire water.

runneth

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading And they marched until they won the valley of the Aire at Woodlesford, where they crossed the water and held on towards the Winwidfield by the side of the little river Winwid, which runneth down till it joins the Wharfe at Towton.

sayingnounUS /ˈseɪɪŋ/

a word or phrase that particular people use in particular situations

From this reading There they waited for seven days, till at length those who watched from the head of the moor came in, saying that they had seen men moving on the hills to the north-east.

Seacroft

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the glen by the water they set their camp; above them stretched the wild Winmoor itself, beyond to the northward lay the great valley of the Wharfe, surrounded by many breezy uplands; southwards towards Woodlesford lay the Roman fortifications of Seacroft and the Roman road which cut in twain the wild moor that stretched to the Aire water.

seeverbUS /siː/

perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading And so they gathered them in the glen by the Winwid burn to keep the winds off them, for it was the month of November, and that the enemy might not see their whereabouts.

seenverbUS /siːn/

inflected form of “see” — perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading There they waited for seven days, till at length those who watched from the head of the moor came in, saying that they had seen men moving on the hills to the north-east.

setverbUS /set/

put into a certain place or abstract location

From this reading In the glen by the water they set their camp; above them stretched the wild Winmoor itself, beyond to the northward lay the great valley of the Wharfe, surrounded by many breezy uplands; southwards towards Woodlesford lay the Roman fortifications of Seacroft and the Roman road which cut in twain the wild moor that stretched to the Aire water.

sevennounUS /ˈsevən/

the cardinal number that is the sum of six and one

From this reading There they waited for seven days, till at length those who watched from the head of the moor came in, saying that they had seen men moving on the hills to the north-east.

sidenounUS /saɪd/

a place within a region identified relative to a center or reference location

From this reading And they marched until they won the valley of the Aire at Woodlesford, where they crossed the water and held on towards the Winwidfield by the side of the little river Winwid, which runneth down till it joins the Wharfe at Towton.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading And so they gathered them in the glen by the Winwid burn to keep the winds off them, for it was the month of November, and that the enemy might not see their whereabouts.

southwardsadverb

toward the south

From this reading In the glen by the water they set their camp; above them stretched the wild Winmoor itself, beyond to the northward lay the great valley of the Wharfe, surrounded by many breezy uplands; southwards towards Woodlesford lay the Roman fortifications of Seacroft and the Roman road which cut in twain the wild moor that stretched to the Aire water.

stretchedadjectiveUS /stretʃt/

(of muscles) relieved of stiffness by stretching

From this reading In the glen by the water they set their camp; above them stretched the wild Winmoor itself, beyond to the northward lay the great valley of the Wharfe, surrounded by many breezy uplands; southwards towards Woodlesford lay the Roman fortifications of Seacroft and the Roman road which cut in twain the wild moor that stretched to the Aire water.

surroundedadjectiveUS /sərˈaʊndɪd/

confined on all sides

From this reading In the glen by the water they set their camp; above them stretched the wild Winmoor itself, beyond to the northward lay the great valley of the Wharfe, surrounded by many breezy uplands; southwards towards Woodlesford lay the Roman fortifications of Seacroft and the Roman road which cut in twain the wild moor that stretched to the Aire water.

thanes

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE DEAD HERO OF THE WINWIDFIELD After parting with Feargus and Osbert, Penda held on his way with all his thanes, and many English and Welsh and Picts and broken men came in to him as he fared northward.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading In the glen by the water they set their camp; above them stretched the wild Winmoor itself, beyond to the northward lay the great valley of the Wharfe, surrounded by many breezy uplands; southwards towards Woodlesford lay the Roman fortifications of Seacroft and the Roman road which cut in twain the wild moor that stretched to the Aire water.

THEdeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading THE DEAD HERO OF THE WINWIDFIELD After parting with Feargus and Osbert, Penda held on his way with all his thanes, and many English and Welsh and Picts and broken men came in to him as he fared northward.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading In the glen by the water they set their camp; above them stretched the wild Winmoor itself, beyond to the northward lay the great valley of the Wharfe, surrounded by many breezy uplands; southwards towards Woodlesford lay the Roman fortifications of Seacroft and the Roman road which cut in twain the wild moor that stretched to the Aire water.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading In the glen by the water they set their camp; above them stretched the wild Winmoor itself, beyond to the northward lay the great valley of the Wharfe, surrounded by many breezy uplands; southwards towards Woodlesford lay the Roman fortifications of Seacroft and the Roman road which cut in twain the wild moor that stretched to the Aire water.

ThereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading There they waited for seven days, till at length those who watched from the head of the moor came in, saying that they had seen men moving on the hills to the north-east.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading And they marched until they won the valley of the Aire at Woodlesford, where they crossed the water and held on towards the Winwidfield by the side of the little river Winwid, which runneth down till it joins the Wharfe at Towton.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading There they waited for seven days, till at length those who watched from the head of the moor came in, saying that they had seen men moving on the hills to the north-east.

tillprepositionUS /tɪl/

up to a particular time

From this reading And they marched until they won the valley of the Aire at Woodlesford, where they crossed the water and held on towards the Winwidfield by the side of the little river Winwid, which runneth down till it joins the Wharfe at Towton.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading THE DEAD HERO OF THE WINWIDFIELD After parting with Feargus and Osbert, Penda held on his way with all his thanes, and many English and Welsh and Picts and broken men came in to him as he fared northward.

towardsprepositionUS /təˈwɔːrdz/

in the direction of

From this reading And they marched until they won the valley of the Aire at Woodlesford, where they crossed the water and held on towards the Winwidfield by the side of the little river Winwid, which runneth down till it joins the Wharfe at Towton.

Towton

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading And they marched until they won the valley of the Aire at Woodlesford, where they crossed the water and held on towards the Winwidfield by the side of the little river Winwid, which runneth down till it joins the Wharfe at Towton.

twainnounUS /tweɪn/

two items of the same kind

From this reading In the glen by the water they set their camp; above them stretched the wild Winmoor itself, beyond to the northward lay the great valley of the Wharfe, surrounded by many breezy uplands; southwards towards Woodlesford lay the Roman fortifications of Seacroft and the Roman road which cut in twain the wild moor that stretched to the Aire water.

untilprepositionUS /ənˈtɪl/

up to a particular time

From this reading And they marched until they won the valley of the Aire at Woodlesford, where they crossed the water and held on towards the Winwidfield by the side of the little river Winwid, which runneth down till it joins the Wharfe at Towton.

uplandsnounUS /ˈʌpləndz/

plural of “upland” — elevated (e.g., mountainous) land

From this reading In the glen by the water they set their camp; above them stretched the wild Winmoor itself, beyond to the northward lay the great valley of the Wharfe, surrounded by many breezy uplands; southwards towards Woodlesford lay the Roman fortifications of Seacroft and the Roman road which cut in twain the wild moor that stretched to the Aire water.

valleynounUS /ˈvæli/

a long depression in the surface of the land that usually contains a river

From this reading And they marched until they won the valley of the Aire at Woodlesford, where they crossed the water and held on towards the Winwidfield by the side of the little river Winwid, which runneth down till it joins the Wharfe at Towton.

waitedverbUS /ˈweɪtɪd/

past form of “wait” — stay in one place and anticipate or expect something

From this reading There they waited for seven days, till at length those who watched from the head of the moor came in, saying that they had seen men moving on the hills to the north-east.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading And so they gathered them in the glen by the Winwid burn to keep the winds off them, for it was the month of November, and that the enemy might not see their whereabouts.

watchedverbUS /wɑːtʃt/

past form of “watch” — look attentively

From this reading There they waited for seven days, till at length those who watched from the head of the moor came in, saying that they had seen men moving on the hills to the north-east.

waternounUS /ˈwɔːtər/

binary compound that occurs at room temperature as a clear colorless odorless tasteless liquid; freezes into ice below 0 degrees centigrade and boils above 100 degrees centigrade; widely used as a solvent

From this reading And they marched until they won the valley of the Aire at Woodlesford, where they crossed the water and held on towards the Winwidfield by the side of the little river Winwid, which runneth down till it joins the Wharfe at Towton.

waynounUS /weɪ/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading THE DEAD HERO OF THE WINWIDFIELD After parting with Feargus and Osbert, Penda held on his way with all his thanes, and many English and Welsh and Picts and broken men came in to him as he fared northward.

WelshnounUS /weltʃ/

a native or resident of Wales

From this reading THE DEAD HERO OF THE WINWIDFIELD After parting with Feargus and Osbert, Penda held on his way with all his thanes, and many English and Welsh and Picts and broken men came in to him as he fared northward.

Wharfe

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading And they marched until they won the valley of the Aire at Woodlesford, where they crossed the water and held on towards the Winwidfield by the side of the little river Winwid, which runneth down till it joins the Wharfe at Towton.

whereconjunctionUS /wer/

in or at the place that

From this reading And they marched until they won the valley of the Aire at Woodlesford, where they crossed the water and held on towards the Winwidfield by the side of the little river Winwid, which runneth down till it joins the Wharfe at Towton.

whereaboutsnounUS /ˈwerəbaʊts/

the general location where something is

From this reading And so they gathered them in the glen by the Winwid burn to keep the winds off them, for it was the month of November, and that the enemy might not see their whereabouts.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading And they marched until they won the valley of the Aire at Woodlesford, where they crossed the water and held on towards the Winwidfield by the side of the little river Winwid, which runneth down till it joins the Wharfe at Towton.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading There they waited for seven days, till at length those who watched from the head of the moor came in, saying that they had seen men moving on the hills to the north-east.

wildadjectiveUS /waɪld/

marked by extreme lack of restraint or control

From this reading In the glen by the water they set their camp; above them stretched the wild Winmoor itself, beyond to the northward lay the great valley of the Wharfe, surrounded by many breezy uplands; southwards towards Woodlesford lay the Roman fortifications of Seacroft and the Roman road which cut in twain the wild moor that stretched to the Aire water.

windsnounUS /wɪndz/

plural of “wind” — air moving (sometimes with considerable force) from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure

From this reading And so they gathered them in the glen by the Winwid burn to keep the winds off them, for it was the month of November, and that the enemy might not see their whereabouts.

Winmoor

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In the glen by the water they set their camp; above them stretched the wild Winmoor itself, beyond to the northward lay the great valley of the Wharfe, surrounded by many breezy uplands; southwards towards Woodlesford lay the Roman fortifications of Seacroft and the Roman road which cut in twain the wild moor that stretched to the Aire water.

Winwid

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading And they marched until they won the valley of the Aire at Woodlesford, where they crossed the water and held on towards the Winwidfield by the side of the little river Winwid, which runneth down till it joins the Wharfe at Towton.

WINWIDFIELD

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading THE DEAD HERO OF THE WINWIDFIELD After parting with Feargus and Osbert, Penda held on his way with all his thanes, and many English and Welsh and Picts and broken men came in to him as he fared northward.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading THE DEAD HERO OF THE WINWIDFIELD After parting with Feargus and Osbert, Penda held on his way with all his thanes, and many English and Welsh and Picts and broken men came in to him as he fared northward.

wonnounUS /wʌn/

the basic unit of money in South Korea

From this reading And they marched until they won the valley of the Aire at Woodlesford, where they crossed the water and held on towards the Winwidfield by the side of the little river Winwid, which runneth down till it joins the Wharfe at Towton.

Woodlesford

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading And they marched until they won the valley of the Aire at Woodlesford, where they crossed the water and held on towards the Winwidfield by the side of the little river Winwid, which runneth down till it joins the Wharfe at Towton.

Chapter 8 of King Penda's Captain by Mac Kenzie Mac Bride holds 78 sentences, grouped into 16 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of King Penda's Captain contain?

Chapter 8 holds 78 sentences of King Penda's Captain, unabridged, divided into 16 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of King Penda's Captain by Mac Kenzie Mac Bride exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 78 sentences, grouped into 16 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of King Penda's Captain?

Work through the 16 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 16 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading King Penda's Captain

Common questions about reading King Penda's Captain by Mac Kenzie Mac Bride on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of King Penda's Captain?

Yes. All 1712 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #59406 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of King Penda's Captain is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #59406, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does King Penda's Captain take to read?

About 142 minutes of reading across 343 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read King Penda's Captain section by section

How to work through King Penda's Captain section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 28 chapters of King Penda's Captain to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in King Penda's Captain

Words and structures a reader meets early in King Penda's Captain, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Chanced
A word that appears in the opening chapter of King Penda's Captain; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Preaching
A word that appears in the opening chapter of King Penda's Captain; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Augustine
A word that appears in the opening chapter of King Penda's Captain; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Followers
A word that appears in the opening chapter of King Penda's Captain; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.