Complete classic literature • Five-line readings • Clear US narration
VELMORA ACADEMY
Academy of Archival Languages & Memory Studies
Menu Close
Lad: A Dog
Lad: A Dog

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of Lad: A Dog is here in full — 318 sentences across 64 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Lad: A Dog
Context Illustration Reading 1/63 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
HIS LITTLE SON Lad's mate Lady was the only one of the Little People about The Place who refused to look on Lad with due reverence.
In her frolic-moods she teased him unmercifully; in a prettily imperious way she bossed and bullied him--for all of which Lad adored her.
He had other reasons, too, for loving Lady--not only because she was dainty and beautiful, and was caressingly fond of him, but because he had won her in fair mortal combat with the younger and showier Knave.
For a time after Knave's routing, Lad was blissfully happy in Lady's undivided comradeship.
Together they ranged the forests beyond The Place in search of rabbits.
0:00 / 0:00
Speed 0.75x
AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Lad: A Dog

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of Lad: A Dog is here in full — 318 sentences across 64 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/63 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
HIS LITTLE SON Lad's mate Lady was the only one of the Little People about The Place who refused to look on Lad with due reverence.
Line 2
In her frolic-moods she teased him unmercifully; in a prettily imperious way she bossed and bullied him--for all of which Lad adored her.
Line 3
He had other reasons, too, for loving Lady--not only because she was dainty and beautiful, and was caressingly fond of him, but because he had won her in fair mortal combat with the younger and showier Knave.
Line 4
For a time after Knave's routing, Lad was blissfully happy in Lady's undivided comradeship.
Line 5
Together they ranged the forests beyond The Place in search of rabbits.
/təˈɡeðər ðeɪ reɪndʒd ðə ˈfɔːrəsts bɪˈɑːnd ðə pleɪs ɪn sɜːrtʃ ʌv ˈræbəts/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

blissfully adverb US /ˈblɪsfəli/

in a blissful manner

From this reading “For a time after Knave's routing, Lad was blissfully happy in Lady's undivided comradeship.”

bossed verb US /bɑːst/

past form of “boss” — raise in a relief

From this reading “In her frolic-moods she teased him unmercifully; in a prettily imperious way she bossed and bullied him--for all of which Lad adored her.”

bullied verb US /ˈbʊlid/

inflected form of “bully” — be bossy towards

From this reading “In her frolic-moods she teased him unmercifully; in a prettily imperious way she bossed and bullied him--for all of which Lad adored her.”

imperious adj US /ɪmˈpɪr.i.əs/

Assuming power or authority without justification; arrogant and domineering. (Hách dịch, độc đoán, kiêu kỳ.)

From this reading “In her frolic-moods she teased him unmercifully; in a prettily imperious way she bossed and bullied him--for all of which Lad adored her.”

Knave noun US /neɪv/

a deceitful and unreliable scoundrel

From this reading “He had other reasons, too, for loving Lady--not only because she was dainty and beautiful, and was caressingly fond of him, but because he had won her in fair mortal combat with the younger and showier Knave.”

routing verb US /ˈraʊtɪŋ/

-ing form of “route” — send documents or materials to appropriate destinations

From this reading “For a time after Knave's routing, Lad was blissfully happy in Lady's undivided comradeship.”

teased adjective US /tiːzd/

feeling mild pleasurable excitement

From this reading “In her frolic-moods she teased him unmercifully; in a prettily imperious way she bossed and bullied him--for all of which Lad adored her.”

undivided adjective US /ˌʌndəˈvaɪdɪd/

not parted by conflict of opinion

From this reading “For a time after Knave's routing, Lad was blissfully happy in Lady's undivided comradeship.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

mortal combat adjective + noun

In this reading “He had other reasons, too, for loving Lady--not only because she was dainty and beautiful, and was caressingly fond of him, but because he had won her in fair mortal combat with the younger and showier Knave.”

other reasons adjective + noun counted as “other reason”

In this reading “He had other reasons, too, for loving Lady--not only because she was dainty and beautiful, and was caressingly fond of him, but because he had won her in fair mortal combat with the younger and showier Knave.”

search of verb + particle

In this reading “Together they ranged the forests beyond The Place in search of rabbits.”

LITTLE SON adjective + noun

In this reading “HIS LITTLE SON Lad's mate Lady was the only one of the Little People about The Place who refused to look on Lad with due reverence.”

All words in this reading · 77

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading In her frolic-moods she teased him unmercifully; in a prettily imperious way she bossed and bullied him--for all of which Lad adored her.

aboutprepositionUS /əˈbaʊt/

on the subject of; concerning

From this reading HIS LITTLE SON Lad's mate Lady was the only one of the Little People about The Place who refused to look on Lad with due reverence.

adoredadjectiveUS /əˈdɔːrd/

regarded with deep or rapturous love (especially as if for a god)

From this reading In her frolic-moods she teased him unmercifully; in a prettily imperious way she bossed and bullied him--for all of which Lad adored her.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading For a time after Knave's routing, Lad was blissfully happy in Lady's undivided comradeship.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading In her frolic-moods she teased him unmercifully; in a prettily imperious way she bossed and bullied him--for all of which Lad adored her.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading In her frolic-moods she teased him unmercifully; in a prettily imperious way she bossed and bullied him--for all of which Lad adored her.

beautifuladjectiveUS /ˈbjuːtəfəl/

delighting the senses or exciting intellectual or emotional admiration

From this reading He had other reasons, too, for loving Lady--not only because she was dainty and beautiful, and was caressingly fond of him, but because he had won her in fair mortal combat with the younger and showier Knave.

becauseconjunctionUS /bɪˈkɔːz/

for the reason that

From this reading He had other reasons, too, for loving Lady--not only because she was dainty and beautiful, and was caressingly fond of him, but because he had won her in fair mortal combat with the younger and showier Knave.

beyondprepositionUS /bɪˈɑːnd/

on the far side of; further than

From this reading Together they ranged the forests beyond The Place in search of rabbits.

blissfullyadverbUS /ˈblɪsfəli/

in a blissful manner

From this reading For a time after Knave's routing, Lad was blissfully happy in Lady's undivided comradeship.

bossedverbUS /bɑːst/

past form of “boss” — raise in a relief

From this reading In her frolic-moods she teased him unmercifully; in a prettily imperious way she bossed and bullied him--for all of which Lad adored her.

bulliedverbUS /ˈbʊlid/

inflected form of “bully” — be bossy towards

From this reading In her frolic-moods she teased him unmercifully; in a prettily imperious way she bossed and bullied him--for all of which Lad adored her.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading He had other reasons, too, for loving Lady--not only because she was dainty and beautiful, and was caressingly fond of him, but because he had won her in fair mortal combat with the younger and showier Knave.

caressingly

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He had other reasons, too, for loving Lady--not only because she was dainty and beautiful, and was caressingly fond of him, but because he had won her in fair mortal combat with the younger and showier Knave.

combatnounUS /ˈkɑːmbæt/

an engagement fought between two military forces

From this reading He had other reasons, too, for loving Lady--not only because she was dainty and beautiful, and was caressingly fond of him, but because he had won her in fair mortal combat with the younger and showier Knave.

comradeshipnoun

the quality of affording easy familiarity and sociability

From this reading For a time after Knave's routing, Lad was blissfully happy in Lady's undivided comradeship.

daintyadjectiveUS /ˈdeɪnti/

delicately beautiful

From this reading He had other reasons, too, for loving Lady--not only because she was dainty and beautiful, and was caressingly fond of him, but because he had won her in fair mortal combat with the younger and showier Knave.

dueadjectiveUS /duː/

owed and payable immediately or on demand

From this reading HIS LITTLE SON Lad's mate Lady was the only one of the Little People about The Place who refused to look on Lad with due reverence.

fairadjectiveUS /fer/

free from favoritism or self-interest or bias or deception; conforming with established standards or rules

From this reading He had other reasons, too, for loving Lady--not only because she was dainty and beautiful, and was caressingly fond of him, but because he had won her in fair mortal combat with the younger and showier Knave.

fondadjectiveUS /fɑːnd/

having or displaying warmth or affection

From this reading He had other reasons, too, for loving Lady--not only because she was dainty and beautiful, and was caressingly fond of him, but because he had won her in fair mortal combat with the younger and showier Knave.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading In her frolic-moods she teased him unmercifully; in a prettily imperious way she bossed and bullied him--for all of which Lad adored her.

forestsnounUS /ˈfɔːrəsts/

plural of “forest” — the trees and other plants in a large densely wooded area

From this reading Together they ranged the forests beyond The Place in search of rabbits.

frolic-moods

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In her frolic-moods she teased him unmercifully; in a prettily imperious way she bossed and bullied him--for all of which Lad adored her.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading He had other reasons, too, for loving Lady--not only because she was dainty and beautiful, and was caressingly fond of him, but because he had won her in fair mortal combat with the younger and showier Knave.

happyadjectiveUS /ˈhæpi/

enjoying or showing or marked by joy or pleasure

From this reading For a time after Knave's routing, Lad was blissfully happy in Lady's undivided comradeship.

HepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading He had other reasons, too, for loving Lady--not only because she was dainty and beautiful, and was caressingly fond of him, but because he had won her in fair mortal combat with the younger and showier Knave.

herdeterminerUS /hɜːr/

belonging to a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned

From this reading In her frolic-moods she teased him unmercifully; in a prettily imperious way she bossed and bullied him--for all of which Lad adored her.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading In her frolic-moods she teased him unmercifully; in a prettily imperious way she bossed and bullied him--for all of which Lad adored her.

HISdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading HIS LITTLE SON Lad's mate Lady was the only one of the Little People about The Place who refused to look on Lad with due reverence.

imperiousadjUS /ɪmˈpɪr.i.əs/

Assuming power or authority without justification; arrogant and domineering. (Hách dịch, độc đoán, kiêu kỳ.)

From this reading In her frolic-moods she teased him unmercifully; in a prettily imperious way she bossed and bullied him--for all of which Lad adored her.

InprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading In her frolic-moods she teased him unmercifully; in a prettily imperious way she bossed and bullied him--for all of which Lad adored her.

KnavenounUS /neɪv/

a deceitful and unreliable scoundrel

From this reading He had other reasons, too, for loving Lady--not only because she was dainty and beautiful, and was caressingly fond of him, but because he had won her in fair mortal combat with the younger and showier Knave.

Knave's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading For a time after Knave's routing, Lad was blissfully happy in Lady's undivided comradeship.

LadnounUS /læd/

a boy or man

From this reading HIS LITTLE SON Lad's mate Lady was the only one of the Little People about The Place who refused to look on Lad with due reverence.

Lad's

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading HIS LITTLE SON Lad's mate Lady was the only one of the Little People about The Place who refused to look on Lad with due reverence.

LadynounUS /ˈleɪdi/

a polite name for any woman

From this reading HIS LITTLE SON Lad's mate Lady was the only one of the Little People about The Place who refused to look on Lad with due reverence.

Lady'snounUS /ˈleɪdiz/

possessive form of “lady” — a polite name for any woman

From this reading For a time after Knave's routing, Lad was blissfully happy in Lady's undivided comradeship.

LITTLEadjectiveUS /ˈlɪtəl/

limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent

From this reading HIS LITTLE SON Lad's mate Lady was the only one of the Little People about The Place who refused to look on Lad with due reverence.

lookverbUS /lʊk/

perceive with attention; direct one's gaze towards

From this reading HIS LITTLE SON Lad's mate Lady was the only one of the Little People about The Place who refused to look on Lad with due reverence.

lovingadjectiveUS /ˈlʌvɪŋ/

feeling or showing love and affection

From this reading He had other reasons, too, for loving Lady--not only because she was dainty and beautiful, and was caressingly fond of him, but because he had won her in fair mortal combat with the younger and showier Knave.

matenounUS /meɪt/

the officer below the master on a commercial ship

From this reading HIS LITTLE SON Lad's mate Lady was the only one of the Little People about The Place who refused to look on Lad with due reverence.

mortaladjectiveUS /ˈmɔːrtəl/

subject to death

From this reading He had other reasons, too, for loving Lady--not only because she was dainty and beautiful, and was caressingly fond of him, but because he had won her in fair mortal combat with the younger and showier Knave.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading He had other reasons, too, for loving Lady--not only because she was dainty and beautiful, and was caressingly fond of him, but because he had won her in fair mortal combat with the younger and showier Knave.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading HIS LITTLE SON Lad's mate Lady was the only one of the Little People about The Place who refused to look on Lad with due reverence.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading HIS LITTLE SON Lad's mate Lady was the only one of the Little People about The Place who refused to look on Lad with due reverence.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading HIS LITTLE SON Lad's mate Lady was the only one of the Little People about The Place who refused to look on Lad with due reverence.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading HIS LITTLE SON Lad's mate Lady was the only one of the Little People about The Place who refused to look on Lad with due reverence.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading He had other reasons, too, for loving Lady--not only because she was dainty and beautiful, and was caressingly fond of him, but because he had won her in fair mortal combat with the younger and showier Knave.

PeoplenounUS /ˈpiːpəl/

(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively

From this reading HIS LITTLE SON Lad's mate Lady was the only one of the Little People about The Place who refused to look on Lad with due reverence.

PlacenounUS /pleɪs/

a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading HIS LITTLE SON Lad's mate Lady was the only one of the Little People about The Place who refused to look on Lad with due reverence.

prettilyadverb

in a pretty manner

From this reading In her frolic-moods she teased him unmercifully; in a prettily imperious way she bossed and bullied him--for all of which Lad adored her.

rabbitsnounUS /ˈræbəts/

plural of “rabbit” — any of various burrowing animals of the family Leporidae having long ears and short tails; some domesticated and raised for pets or food

From this reading Together they ranged the forests beyond The Place in search of rabbits.

rangedverbUS /reɪndʒd/

past form of “range” — change or be different within limits

From this reading Together they ranged the forests beyond The Place in search of rabbits.

reasonsnounUS /ˈriːzənz/

plural of “reason” — a rational motive for a belief or action

From this reading He had other reasons, too, for loving Lady--not only because she was dainty and beautiful, and was caressingly fond of him, but because he had won her in fair mortal combat with the younger and showier Knave.

refusedverbUS /rəˈfjuːzd/

past form of “refuse” — show unwillingness towards

From this reading HIS LITTLE SON Lad's mate Lady was the only one of the Little People about The Place who refused to look on Lad with due reverence.

reverenceverbUS /ˈrevərəns/

regard with feelings of respect and reverence; consider hallowed or exalted or be in awe of

From this reading HIS LITTLE SON Lad's mate Lady was the only one of the Little People about The Place who refused to look on Lad with due reverence.

routingverbUS /ˈraʊtɪŋ/

-ing form of “route” — send documents or materials to appropriate destinations

From this reading For a time after Knave's routing, Lad was blissfully happy in Lady's undivided comradeship.

searchverbUS /sɜːrtʃ/

try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of

From this reading Together they ranged the forests beyond The Place in search of rabbits.

shepronounUS /ʃiː/

a woman, girl, or female animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading In her frolic-moods she teased him unmercifully; in a prettily imperious way she bossed and bullied him--for all of which Lad adored her.

showier

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading He had other reasons, too, for loving Lady--not only because she was dainty and beautiful, and was caressingly fond of him, but because he had won her in fair mortal combat with the younger and showier Knave.

SONnounUS /sʌn/

a male human offspring

From this reading HIS LITTLE SON Lad's mate Lady was the only one of the Little People about The Place who refused to look on Lad with due reverence.

teasedadjectiveUS /tiːzd/

feeling mild pleasurable excitement

From this reading In her frolic-moods she teased him unmercifully; in a prettily imperious way she bossed and bullied him--for all of which Lad adored her.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading HIS LITTLE SON Lad's mate Lady was the only one of the Little People about The Place who refused to look on Lad with due reverence.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Together they ranged the forests beyond The Place in search of rabbits.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading For a time after Knave's routing, Lad was blissfully happy in Lady's undivided comradeship.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading HIS LITTLE SON Lad's mate Lady was the only one of the Little People about The Place who refused to look on Lad with due reverence.

TogetheradverbUS /təˈɡeðər/

in contact with each other or in proximity

From this reading Together they ranged the forests beyond The Place in search of rabbits.

tooadverbUS /tuː/

to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits

From this reading He had other reasons, too, for loving Lady--not only because she was dainty and beautiful, and was caressingly fond of him, but because he had won her in fair mortal combat with the younger and showier Knave.

undividedadjectiveUS /ˌʌndəˈvaɪdɪd/

not parted by conflict of opinion

From this reading For a time after Knave's routing, Lad was blissfully happy in Lady's undivided comradeship.

unmercifullyadverb

without pity; in a merciless manner

From this reading In her frolic-moods she teased him unmercifully; in a prettily imperious way she bossed and bullied him--for all of which Lad adored her.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading HIS LITTLE SON Lad's mate Lady was the only one of the Little People about The Place who refused to look on Lad with due reverence.

waynounUS /weɪ/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading In her frolic-moods she teased him unmercifully; in a prettily imperious way she bossed and bullied him--for all of which Lad adored her.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading In her frolic-moods she teased him unmercifully; in a prettily imperious way she bossed and bullied him--for all of which Lad adored her.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading HIS LITTLE SON Lad's mate Lady was the only one of the Little People about The Place who refused to look on Lad with due reverence.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading HIS LITTLE SON Lad's mate Lady was the only one of the Little People about The Place who refused to look on Lad with due reverence.

wonnounUS /wʌn/

the basic unit of money in South Korea

From this reading He had other reasons, too, for loving Lady--not only because she was dainty and beautiful, and was caressingly fond of him, but because he had won her in fair mortal combat with the younger and showier Knave.

youngeradjectiveUS /ˈjʌŋɡər/

used of the younger of two persons of the same name especially used to distinguish a son from his father

From this reading He had other reasons, too, for loving Lady--not only because she was dainty and beautiful, and was caressingly fond of him, but because he had won her in fair mortal combat with the younger and showier Knave.

Chapter 4 of Lad: A Dog by Albert Payson Terhune holds 318 sentences, grouped into 64 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of Lad: A Dog contain?

Chapter 4 holds 318 sentences of Lad: A Dog, unabridged, divided into 64 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of Lad: A Dog by Albert Payson Terhune exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 318 sentences, grouped into 64 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of Lad: A Dog?

Work through the 64 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 64 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Lad: A Dog

Common questions about reading Lad: A Dog by Albert Payson Terhune on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Lad: A Dog?

Yes. All 5439 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #38777 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Lad: A Dog is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #38777, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Lad: A Dog take to read?

About 453 minutes of reading across 1088 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Lad: A Dog section by section

How to work through Lad: A Dog section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 12 chapters of Lad: A Dog to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Lad: A Dog

Words and structures a reader meets early in Lad: A Dog, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Ligatures
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Lad: A Dog; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Expanded
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Lad: A Dog; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Italic
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Lad: A Dog; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Marked
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Lad: A Dog; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.