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Learning and Other Essays
Learning and Other Essays

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of Learning and Other Essays is here in full — 457 sentences across 92 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/91 · 5 lines
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Any one who has ever passed through London must have been struck with the competition for notice among all classes of people whose conspicuousness depends upon their personal activity.
In England there are such masses of any one kind of man or woman that the desire for identification--in itself a noble desire--leads people to resort to every expedient for attracting notice to themselves.
This is the explanation of the hyphen in names.
Edward B. Jones is a name that no one can remember; but Edward Burne-Jones is easy.
In like manner ladies turn to lion-hunting, not because they love lions but because it gives them a status.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Learning and Other Essays

Chapter IV

Chapter 4 of Learning and Other Essays is here in full — 457 sentences across 92 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/91 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
Any one who has ever passed through London must have been struck with the competition for notice among all classes of people whose conspicuousness depends upon their personal activity.
Line 2
In England there are such masses of any one kind of man or woman that the desire for identification--in itself a noble desire--leads people to resort to every expedient for attracting notice to themselves.
Line 3
This is the explanation of the hyphen in names.
/ðɪs ɪz ðə ˌekspləˈneɪʃən ʌv ðə ˈhaɪfən ɪn neɪmz/
Line 4
Edward B. Jones is a name that no one can remember; but Edward Burne-Jones is easy.
Line 5
In like manner ladies turn to lion-hunting, not because they love lions but because it gives them a status.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

attracting verb US /əˈtræktɪŋ/

-ing form of “attract” — direct toward itself or oneself by means of some psychological power or physical attributes

From this reading “In England there are such masses of any one kind of man or woman that the desire for identification--in itself a noble desire--leads people to resort to every expedient for attracting notice to themselves.”

competition noun US /ˌkɑːmpəˈtɪʃən/

a business relation in which two parties compete to gain customers

From this reading “Any one who has ever passed through London must have been struck with the competition for notice among all classes of people whose conspicuousness depends upon their personal activity.”

expedient adjective US /ɪkˈspiːdiənt/

serving to promote your interest

From this reading “In England there are such masses of any one kind of man or woman that the desire for identification--in itself a noble desire--leads people to resort to every expedient for attracting notice to themselves.”

hyphen noun US /ˈhaɪfən/

a punctuation mark (-) used between parts of a compound word or between the syllables of a word when the word is divided at the end of a line of text

From this reading “This is the explanation of the hyphen in names.”

identification noun US /aɪˌdentəfəˈkeɪʃən/

the act of designating or identifying something

From this reading “In England there are such masses of any one kind of man or woman that the desire for identification--in itself a noble desire--leads people to resort to every expedient for attracting notice to themselves.”

lions noun US /ˈlaɪənz/

plural of “lion” — large gregarious predatory feline of Africa and India having a tawny coat with a shaggy mane in the male

From this reading “In like manner ladies turn to lion-hunting, not because they love lions but because it gives them a status.”

resort noun US /rɪˈzɔːrt/

a hotel located in a resort area

From this reading “In England there are such masses of any one kind of man or woman that the desire for identification--in itself a noble desire--leads people to resort to every expedient for attracting notice to themselves.”

status noun US /ˈstætəs/

the relative position or standing of things or especially persons in a society

From this reading “In like manner ladies turn to lion-hunting, not because they love lions but because it gives them a status.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

depends upon verb + particle counted as “depend upon”

be contingent on

In this reading “Any one who has ever passed through London must have been struck with the competition for notice among all classes of people whose conspicuousness depends upon their personal activity.”

attracting notice verb + noun counted as “attract notice”

In this reading “In England there are such masses of any one kind of man or woman that the desire for identification--in itself a noble desire--leads people to resort to every expedient for attracting notice to themselves.”

passed through verb + particle counted as “pass through”

make a passage or journey from one place to another

In this reading “Any one who has ever passed through London must have been struck with the competition for notice among all classes of people whose conspicuousness depends upon their personal activity.”

like manner verb + noun

In this reading “In like manner ladies turn to lion-hunting, not because they love lions but because it gives them a status.”

All words in this reading · 81

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading In England there are such masses of any one kind of man or woman that the desire for identification--in itself a noble desire--leads people to resort to every expedient for attracting notice to themselves.

activitynounUS /ækˈtɪvəti/

any specific behavior

From this reading Any one who has ever passed through London must have been struck with the competition for notice among all classes of people whose conspicuousness depends upon their personal activity.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading Any one who has ever passed through London must have been struck with the competition for notice among all classes of people whose conspicuousness depends upon their personal activity.

amongprepositionUS /əˈmʌŋ/

surrounded by; in the middle of a group

From this reading Any one who has ever passed through London must have been struck with the competition for notice among all classes of people whose conspicuousness depends upon their personal activity.

AnyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading Any one who has ever passed through London must have been struck with the competition for notice among all classes of people whose conspicuousness depends upon their personal activity.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading In England there are such masses of any one kind of man or woman that the desire for identification--in itself a noble desire--leads people to resort to every expedient for attracting notice to themselves.

attractingverbUS /əˈtræktɪŋ/

-ing form of “attract” — direct toward itself or oneself by means of some psychological power or physical attributes

From this reading In England there are such masses of any one kind of man or woman that the desire for identification--in itself a noble desire--leads people to resort to every expedient for attracting notice to themselves.

BnounUS /biː/

aerobic rod-shaped spore-producing bacterium; often occurring in chainlike formations; found primarily in soil

From this reading Edward B. Jones is a name that no one can remember; but Edward Burne-Jones is easy.

becauseconjunctionUS /bɪˈkɔːz/

for the reason that

From this reading In like manner ladies turn to lion-hunting, not because they love lions but because it gives them a status.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Any one who has ever passed through London must have been struck with the competition for notice among all classes of people whose conspicuousness depends upon their personal activity.

Burne-Jones

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Edward B. Jones is a name that no one can remember; but Edward Burne-Jones is easy.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading Edward B. Jones is a name that no one can remember; but Edward Burne-Jones is easy.

canmodal verbUS /kæn/

to be able to, or to be allowed to

From this reading Edward B. Jones is a name that no one can remember; but Edward Burne-Jones is easy.

classesnounUS /ˈklæsəz/

plural of “class” — a collection of things sharing a common attribute

From this reading Any one who has ever passed through London must have been struck with the competition for notice among all classes of people whose conspicuousness depends upon their personal activity.

competitionnounUS /ˌkɑːmpəˈtɪʃən/

a business relation in which two parties compete to gain customers

From this reading Any one who has ever passed through London must have been struck with the competition for notice among all classes of people whose conspicuousness depends upon their personal activity.

conspicuousnessnoun

the state of being conspicuous

From this reading Any one who has ever passed through London must have been struck with the competition for notice among all classes of people whose conspicuousness depends upon their personal activity.

dependsverbUS /dɪˈpendz/

third-person singular of “depend” — be contingent upon (something that is elided)

From this reading Any one who has ever passed through London must have been struck with the competition for notice among all classes of people whose conspicuousness depends upon their personal activity.

desirenounUS /dɪˈzaɪər/

the feeling that accompanies an unsatisfied state

From this reading In England there are such masses of any one kind of man or woman that the desire for identification--in itself a noble desire--leads people to resort to every expedient for attracting notice to themselves.

easyadjectiveUS /ˈiːzi/

posing no difficulty; requiring little effort

From this reading Edward B. Jones is a name that no one can remember; but Edward Burne-Jones is easy.

EdwardnounUS /ˈedwərd/

King of England and Ireland in 1936; his marriage to Wallis Warfield Simpson created a constitutional crisis leading to his abdication (1894-1972)

From this reading Edward B. Jones is a name that no one can remember; but Edward Burne-Jones is easy.

EnglandnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlənd/

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading In England there are such masses of any one kind of man or woman that the desire for identification--in itself a noble desire--leads people to resort to every expedient for attracting notice to themselves.

everadverbUS /ˈevər/

at any time

From this reading Any one who has ever passed through London must have been struck with the competition for notice among all classes of people whose conspicuousness depends upon their personal activity.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading In England there are such masses of any one kind of man or woman that the desire for identification--in itself a noble desire--leads people to resort to every expedient for attracting notice to themselves.

expedientadjectiveUS /ɪkˈspiːdiənt/

serving to promote your interest

From this reading In England there are such masses of any one kind of man or woman that the desire for identification--in itself a noble desire--leads people to resort to every expedient for attracting notice to themselves.

explanationnounUS /ˌekspləˈneɪʃən/

a statement that makes something comprehensible by describing the relevant structure or operation or circumstances etc.

From this reading This is the explanation of the hyphen in names.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Any one who has ever passed through London must have been struck with the competition for notice among all classes of people whose conspicuousness depends upon their personal activity.

givesnounUS /ɡɪvz/

plural of “give” — the elasticity of something that can be stretched and returns to its original length

From this reading In like manner ladies turn to lion-hunting, not because they love lions but because it gives them a status.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Any one who has ever passed through London must have been struck with the competition for notice among all classes of people whose conspicuousness depends upon their personal activity.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Any one who has ever passed through London must have been struck with the competition for notice among all classes of people whose conspicuousness depends upon their personal activity.

hyphennounUS /ˈhaɪfən/

a punctuation mark (-) used between parts of a compound word or between the syllables of a word when the word is divided at the end of a line of text

From this reading This is the explanation of the hyphen in names.

identificationnounUS /aɪˌdentəfəˈkeɪʃən/

the act of designating or identifying something

From this reading In England there are such masses of any one kind of man or woman that the desire for identification--in itself a noble desire--leads people to resort to every expedient for attracting notice to themselves.

InprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading In England there are such masses of any one kind of man or woman that the desire for identification--in itself a noble desire--leads people to resort to every expedient for attracting notice to themselves.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading This is the explanation of the hyphen in names.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading In like manner ladies turn to lion-hunting, not because they love lions but because it gives them a status.

itselfpronounUS /ˌɪtˈself/

used when the thing doing the action is also its object

From this reading In England there are such masses of any one kind of man or woman that the desire for identification--in itself a noble desire--leads people to resort to every expedient for attracting notice to themselves.

JonesnounUS /dʒoʊnz/

United States labor leader (born in Ireland) who helped to found the Industrial Workers of the World (1830-1930)

From this reading Edward B. Jones is a name that no one can remember; but Edward Burne-Jones is easy.

kindadjectiveUS /kaɪnd/

having or showing a tender and considerate and helpful nature; used especially of persons and their behavior

From this reading In England there are such masses of any one kind of man or woman that the desire for identification--in itself a noble desire--leads people to resort to every expedient for attracting notice to themselves.

ladiesnounUS /ˈleɪdiz/

plural of “lady” — a polite name for any woman

From this reading In like manner ladies turn to lion-hunting, not because they love lions but because it gives them a status.

leadsnounUS /liːdz/

plural of “lead” — an advantage held by a competitor in a race

From this reading In England there are such masses of any one kind of man or woman that the desire for identification--in itself a noble desire--leads people to resort to every expedient for attracting notice to themselves.

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading In like manner ladies turn to lion-hunting, not because they love lions but because it gives them a status.

lion-hunting

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading In like manner ladies turn to lion-hunting, not because they love lions but because it gives them a status.

lionsnounUS /ˈlaɪənz/

plural of “lion” — large gregarious predatory feline of Africa and India having a tawny coat with a shaggy mane in the male

From this reading In like manner ladies turn to lion-hunting, not because they love lions but because it gives them a status.

LondonnounUS /ˈlʌndən/

the capital and largest city of England; located on the Thames in southeastern England; financial and industrial and cultural center

From this reading Any one who has ever passed through London must have been struck with the competition for notice among all classes of people whose conspicuousness depends upon their personal activity.

lovenounUS /lʌv/

a strong positive emotion of regard and affection

From this reading In like manner ladies turn to lion-hunting, not because they love lions but because it gives them a status.

mannounUS /mæn/

an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)

From this reading In England there are such masses of any one kind of man or woman that the desire for identification--in itself a noble desire--leads people to resort to every expedient for attracting notice to themselves.

mannernounUS /ˈmænər/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading In like manner ladies turn to lion-hunting, not because they love lions but because it gives them a status.

massesnounUS /ˈmæsəz/

the common people generally

From this reading In England there are such masses of any one kind of man or woman that the desire for identification--in itself a noble desire--leads people to resort to every expedient for attracting notice to themselves.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading Any one who has ever passed through London must have been struck with the competition for notice among all classes of people whose conspicuousness depends upon their personal activity.

nameverbUS /neɪm/

assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading Edward B. Jones is a name that no one can remember; but Edward Burne-Jones is easy.

namesnounUS /neɪmz/

verbal abuse; a crude substitute for argument

From this reading This is the explanation of the hyphen in names.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading Edward B. Jones is a name that no one can remember; but Edward Burne-Jones is easy.

nobleadjectiveUS /ˈnoʊbəl/

impressive in appearance

From this reading In England there are such masses of any one kind of man or woman that the desire for identification--in itself a noble desire--leads people to resort to every expedient for attracting notice to themselves.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading In like manner ladies turn to lion-hunting, not because they love lions but because it gives them a status.

noticenounUS /ˈnoʊtəs/

an announcement containing information about an event

From this reading Any one who has ever passed through London must have been struck with the competition for notice among all classes of people whose conspicuousness depends upon their personal activity.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Any one who has ever passed through London must have been struck with the competition for notice among all classes of people whose conspicuousness depends upon their personal activity.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading Any one who has ever passed through London must have been struck with the competition for notice among all classes of people whose conspicuousness depends upon their personal activity.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading In England there are such masses of any one kind of man or woman that the desire for identification--in itself a noble desire--leads people to resort to every expedient for attracting notice to themselves.

passedverbUS /pæst/

past form of “pass” — go across or through

From this reading Any one who has ever passed through London must have been struck with the competition for notice among all classes of people whose conspicuousness depends upon their personal activity.

peoplenounUS /ˈpiːpəl/

(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively

From this reading Any one who has ever passed through London must have been struck with the competition for notice among all classes of people whose conspicuousness depends upon their personal activity.

personaladjectiveUS /ˈpɜːrsɪnəl/

concerning or affecting a particular person or his or her private life and personality

From this reading Any one who has ever passed through London must have been struck with the competition for notice among all classes of people whose conspicuousness depends upon their personal activity.

rememberverbUS /rɪˈmɛm.bər/

To recall to mind.

From this reading Edward B. Jones is a name that no one can remember; but Edward Burne-Jones is easy.

resortnounUS /rɪˈzɔːrt/

a hotel located in a resort area

From this reading In England there are such masses of any one kind of man or woman that the desire for identification--in itself a noble desire--leads people to resort to every expedient for attracting notice to themselves.

statusnounUS /ˈstætəs/

the relative position or standing of things or especially persons in a society

From this reading In like manner ladies turn to lion-hunting, not because they love lions but because it gives them a status.

struckadjectiveUS /strʌk/

(used in combination) affected by something overwhelming

From this reading Any one who has ever passed through London must have been struck with the competition for notice among all classes of people whose conspicuousness depends upon their personal activity.

suchdeterminerUS /sʌtʃ/

of the kind already mentioned

From this reading In England there are such masses of any one kind of man or woman that the desire for identification--in itself a noble desire--leads people to resort to every expedient for attracting notice to themselves.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading In England there are such masses of any one kind of man or woman that the desire for identification--in itself a noble desire--leads people to resort to every expedient for attracting notice to themselves.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Any one who has ever passed through London must have been struck with the competition for notice among all classes of people whose conspicuousness depends upon their personal activity.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading Any one who has ever passed through London must have been struck with the competition for notice among all classes of people whose conspicuousness depends upon their personal activity.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading In like manner ladies turn to lion-hunting, not because they love lions but because it gives them a status.

themselvespronounUS /ðemˈselvz/

used when the people doing the action are also its object

From this reading In England there are such masses of any one kind of man or woman that the desire for identification--in itself a noble desire--leads people to resort to every expedient for attracting notice to themselves.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading In England there are such masses of any one kind of man or woman that the desire for identification--in itself a noble desire--leads people to resort to every expedient for attracting notice to themselves.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading In like manner ladies turn to lion-hunting, not because they love lions but because it gives them a status.

ThisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading This is the explanation of the hyphen in names.

throughprepositionUS /θruː/

from one end or side of something to the other

From this reading Any one who has ever passed through London must have been struck with the competition for notice among all classes of people whose conspicuousness depends upon their personal activity.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading In England there are such masses of any one kind of man or woman that the desire for identification--in itself a noble desire--leads people to resort to every expedient for attracting notice to themselves.

turnverbUS /tɜːrn/

change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense

From this reading In like manner ladies turn to lion-hunting, not because they love lions but because it gives them a status.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading Any one who has ever passed through London must have been struck with the competition for notice among all classes of people whose conspicuousness depends upon their personal activity.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading Any one who has ever passed through London must have been struck with the competition for notice among all classes of people whose conspicuousness depends upon their personal activity.

whosedeterminerUS /huːz/

belonging to which person

From this reading Any one who has ever passed through London must have been struck with the competition for notice among all classes of people whose conspicuousness depends upon their personal activity.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Any one who has ever passed through London must have been struck with the competition for notice among all classes of people whose conspicuousness depends upon their personal activity.

womannounUS /ˈwʊmən/

an adult female person (as opposed to a man)

From this reading In England there are such masses of any one kind of man or woman that the desire for identification--in itself a noble desire--leads people to resort to every expedient for attracting notice to themselves.

Chapter 4 of Learning and Other Essays by John Jay Chapman holds 457 sentences, grouped into 92 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 4 of Learning and Other Essays contain?

Chapter 4 holds 457 sentences of Learning and Other Essays, unabridged, divided into 92 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 4 of Learning and Other Essays by John Jay Chapman exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 457 sentences, grouped into 92 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 4 of Learning and Other Essays?

Work through the 92 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 92 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 4 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 4 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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Yes. All 2259 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #66522 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #66522, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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About 188 minutes of reading across 452 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in Learning and Other Essays

Words and structures a reader meets early in Learning and Other Essays, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Electrotyped
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Learning and Other Essays; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Maple
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Learning and Other Essays; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Press
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Learning and Other Essays; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Expert
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Learning and Other Essays; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.