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Lectures and biographical sketches
Lectures and biographical sketches

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of Lectures and biographical sketches is here in full — 421 sentences across 85 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/84 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
These reformers were a new class.
Instead of the fiery souls of the Puritans, bent on hanging the Quaker, burning the witch and banishing the Romanist, these were gentle souls, with peaceful and even with genial dispositions, casting sheep’s-eyes even on Fourier and his houris.
It was a time when the air was full of reform.
Robert Owen of Lanark came hither from England in 1845, and read lectures or held conversations wherever he found listeners; the most amiable, sanguine and candid of men.
He had not the least doubt that he had hit on a right and perfect socialism, or that all mankind would adopt it.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Lectures and biographical sketches

Chapter VIII

Chapter 8 of Lectures and biographical sketches is here in full — 421 sentences across 85 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/84 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
These reformers were a new class.
/ðiːz rɪˈfɔːrmərz wɜːr ə nuː klæs/
Line 2
Instead of the fiery souls of the Puritans, bent on hanging the Quaker, burning the witch and banishing the Romanist, these were gentle souls, with peaceful and even with genial dispositions, casting sheep’s-eyes even on Fourier and his houris.
Line 3
It was a time when the air was full of reform.
/ɪt wɑːz ə taɪm wen ðə er wɑːz fʊl ʌv rəˈfɔːrm/
Line 4
Robert Owen of Lanark came hither from England in 1845, and read lectures or held conversations wherever he found listeners; the most amiable, sanguine and candid of men.
Line 5
He had not the least doubt that he had hit on a right and perfect socialism, or that all mankind would adopt it.
/hiː hæd nɑːt ðə liːst daʊt ðæt hiː hæd hɪt ɑːn ə raɪt ənd pərˈfekt ˈsoʊʃəlɪzəm ɔːr ðæt ɔːl ˈmænˈkaɪnd wʊd əˈdɑːpt ɪt/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

banishing verb US /ˈbænɪʃɪŋ/

-ing form of “banish” — expel from a community or group

From this reading “Instead of the fiery souls of the Puritans, bent on hanging the Quaker, burning the witch and banishing the Romanist, these were gentle souls, with peaceful and even with genial dispositions, casting sheep’s-eyes even on Fourier and his houris.”

dispositions noun US /ˌdɪspəˈzɪʃənz/

plural of “disposition” — your usual mood

From this reading “Instead of the fiery souls of the Puritans, bent on hanging the Quaker, burning the witch and banishing the Romanist, these were gentle souls, with peaceful and even with genial dispositions, casting sheep’s-eyes even on Fourier and his houris.”

Fourier noun US /ˈfʊrieɪ/

French mathematician who developed Fourier analysis and studied the conduction of heat (1768-1830)

From this reading “Instead of the fiery souls of the Puritans, bent on hanging the Quaker, burning the witch and banishing the Romanist, these were gentle souls, with peaceful and even with genial dispositions, casting sheep’s-eyes even on Fourier and his houris.”

Puritans noun US /ˈpjʊrətənz/

plural of “puritan” — a member of a group of English Protestants who in the 16th and 17th centuries thought that the Protestant Reformation under Elizabeth was incomplete and advocated the simplification and regulation of forms of worship

From this reading “Instead of the fiery souls of the Puritans, bent on hanging the Quaker, burning the witch and banishing the Romanist, these were gentle souls, with peaceful and even with genial dispositions, casting sheep’s-eyes even on Fourier and his houris.”

Quaker noun US /ˈkweɪkər/

a member of the Religious Society of Friends founded by George Fox (the Friends have never called themselves Quakers)

From this reading “Instead of the fiery souls of the Puritans, bent on hanging the Quaker, burning the witch and banishing the Romanist, these were gentle souls, with peaceful and even with genial dispositions, casting sheep’s-eyes even on Fourier and his houris.”

reformers noun US /rɪˈfɔːrmərz/

plural of “reformer” — a disputant who advocates reform

From this reading “These reformers were a new class.”

sanguine adjective US /ˈsæŋɡwɪn/

confidently optimistic and cheerful

From this reading “Robert Owen of Lanark came hither from England in 1845, and read lectures or held conversations wherever he found listeners; the most amiable, sanguine and candid of men.”

socialism noun US /ˈsoʊʃəlɪzəm/

a political theory advocating state ownership of industry

From this reading “He had not the least doubt that he had hit on a right and perfect socialism, or that all mankind would adopt it.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

came hither verb + particle counted as “come hither”

In this reading “Robert Owen of Lanark came hither from England in 1845, and read lectures or held conversations wherever he found listeners; the most amiable, sanguine and candid of men.”

most amiable adverb + adjective

In this reading “Robert Owen of Lanark came hither from England in 1845, and read lectures or held conversations wherever he found listeners; the most amiable, sanguine and candid of men.”

all mankind adjective + noun

In this reading “He had not the least doubt that he had hit on a right and perfect socialism, or that all mankind would adopt it.”

least doubt adjective + noun

In this reading “He had not the least doubt that he had hit on a right and perfect socialism, or that all mankind would adopt it.”

gentle souls adjective + noun counted as “gentle soul”

In this reading “Instead of the fiery souls of the Puritans, bent on hanging the Quaker, burning the witch and banishing the Romanist, these were gentle souls, with peaceful and even with genial dispositions, casting sheep’s-eyes even on Fourier and his houris.”

hit on verb + particle

In this reading “He had not the least doubt that he had hit on a right and perfect socialism, or that all mankind would adopt it.”

All words in this reading · 75

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

1845

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Robert Owen of Lanark came hither from England in 1845, and read lectures or held conversations wherever he found listeners; the most amiable, sanguine and candid of men.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading These reformers were a new class.

adoptverbUS /əˈdɑːpt/

choose and follow; as of theories, ideas, policies, strategies or plans

From this reading He had not the least doubt that he had hit on a right and perfect socialism, or that all mankind would adopt it.

airnounUS /er/

a mixture of gases (especially oxygen) required for breathing; the stuff that the wind consists of

From this reading It was a time when the air was full of reform.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading He had not the least doubt that he had hit on a right and perfect socialism, or that all mankind would adopt it.

amiableadjectiveUS /ˈeɪmiəbəl/

disposed to please

From this reading Robert Owen of Lanark came hither from England in 1845, and read lectures or held conversations wherever he found listeners; the most amiable, sanguine and candid of men.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Instead of the fiery souls of the Puritans, bent on hanging the Quaker, burning the witch and banishing the Romanist, these were gentle souls, with peaceful and even with genial dispositions, casting sheep’s-eyes even on Fourier and his houris.

banishingverbUS /ˈbænɪʃɪŋ/

-ing form of “banish” — expel from a community or group

From this reading Instead of the fiery souls of the Puritans, bent on hanging the Quaker, burning the witch and banishing the Romanist, these were gentle souls, with peaceful and even with genial dispositions, casting sheep’s-eyes even on Fourier and his houris.

bentnounUS /bent/

a relatively permanent inclination to react in a particular way

From this reading Instead of the fiery souls of the Puritans, bent on hanging the Quaker, burning the witch and banishing the Romanist, these were gentle souls, with peaceful and even with genial dispositions, casting sheep’s-eyes even on Fourier and his houris.

burningnounUS /ˈbɜːrnɪŋ/

the act of burning something

From this reading Instead of the fiery souls of the Puritans, bent on hanging the Quaker, burning the witch and banishing the Romanist, these were gentle souls, with peaceful and even with genial dispositions, casting sheep’s-eyes even on Fourier and his houris.

cameverbUS /keɪm/

inflected form of “come” — move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading Robert Owen of Lanark came hither from England in 1845, and read lectures or held conversations wherever he found listeners; the most amiable, sanguine and candid of men.

candidadjectiveUS /ˈkændəd/

characterized by directness in manner or speech; without subtlety or evasion

From this reading Robert Owen of Lanark came hither from England in 1845, and read lectures or held conversations wherever he found listeners; the most amiable, sanguine and candid of men.

castingnounUS /ˈkæstɪŋ/

object formed by a mold

From this reading Instead of the fiery souls of the Puritans, bent on hanging the Quaker, burning the witch and banishing the Romanist, these were gentle souls, with peaceful and even with genial dispositions, casting sheep’s-eyes even on Fourier and his houris.

classnounUS /klæs/

a collection of things sharing a common attribute

From this reading These reformers were a new class.

conversationsnounUS /ˌkɑːnvərˈseɪʃənz/

plural of “conversation” — the use of speech for informal exchange of views or ideas or information etc.

From this reading Robert Owen of Lanark came hither from England in 1845, and read lectures or held conversations wherever he found listeners; the most amiable, sanguine and candid of men.

dispositionsnounUS /ˌdɪspəˈzɪʃənz/

plural of “disposition” — your usual mood

From this reading Instead of the fiery souls of the Puritans, bent on hanging the Quaker, burning the witch and banishing the Romanist, these were gentle souls, with peaceful and even with genial dispositions, casting sheep’s-eyes even on Fourier and his houris.

doubtnounUS /daʊt/

the state of being unsure of something

From this reading He had not the least doubt that he had hit on a right and perfect socialism, or that all mankind would adopt it.

EnglandnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlənd/

a division of the United Kingdom

From this reading Robert Owen of Lanark came hither from England in 1845, and read lectures or held conversations wherever he found listeners; the most amiable, sanguine and candid of men.

evenadjectiveUS /ˈiːvɪn/

divisible by two

From this reading Instead of the fiery souls of the Puritans, bent on hanging the Quaker, burning the witch and banishing the Romanist, these were gentle souls, with peaceful and even with genial dispositions, casting sheep’s-eyes even on Fourier and his houris.

fieryadjectiveUS /ˈfaɪəri/

characterized by intense emotion

From this reading Instead of the fiery souls of the Puritans, bent on hanging the Quaker, burning the witch and banishing the Romanist, these were gentle souls, with peaceful and even with genial dispositions, casting sheep’s-eyes even on Fourier and his houris.

foundverbUS /faʊnd/

set up or found

From this reading Robert Owen of Lanark came hither from England in 1845, and read lectures or held conversations wherever he found listeners; the most amiable, sanguine and candid of men.

FouriernounUS /ˈfʊrieɪ/

French mathematician who developed Fourier analysis and studied the conduction of heat (1768-1830)

From this reading Instead of the fiery souls of the Puritans, bent on hanging the Quaker, burning the witch and banishing the Romanist, these were gentle souls, with peaceful and even with genial dispositions, casting sheep’s-eyes even on Fourier and his houris.

fromprepositionUS /frʌm/

showing where something starts, or who sent it

From this reading Robert Owen of Lanark came hither from England in 1845, and read lectures or held conversations wherever he found listeners; the most amiable, sanguine and candid of men.

fulladjectiveUS /fʊl/

containing as much or as many as is possible or normal

From this reading It was a time when the air was full of reform.

genialadjectiveUS /ˈdʒiːnjəl/

diffusing warmth and friendliness

From this reading Instead of the fiery souls of the Puritans, bent on hanging the Quaker, burning the witch and banishing the Romanist, these were gentle souls, with peaceful and even with genial dispositions, casting sheep’s-eyes even on Fourier and his houris.

gentleadjectiveUS /ˈdʒentəl/

soft and mild; not harsh or stern or severe

From this reading Instead of the fiery souls of the Puritans, bent on hanging the Quaker, burning the witch and banishing the Romanist, these were gentle souls, with peaceful and even with genial dispositions, casting sheep’s-eyes even on Fourier and his houris.

hadauxiliary verbUS /hæd/

the past form of “have”, used to form the past perfect

From this reading He had not the least doubt that he had hit on a right and perfect socialism, or that all mankind would adopt it.

hangingnounUS /ˈhæŋɪŋ/

decoration that is hung (as a tapestry) on a wall or over a window

From this reading Instead of the fiery souls of the Puritans, bent on hanging the Quaker, burning the witch and banishing the Romanist, these were gentle souls, with peaceful and even with genial dispositions, casting sheep’s-eyes even on Fourier and his houris.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Robert Owen of Lanark came hither from England in 1845, and read lectures or held conversations wherever he found listeners; the most amiable, sanguine and candid of men.

heldadjectiveUS /held/

occupied or in the control of; often used in combination

From this reading Robert Owen of Lanark came hither from England in 1845, and read lectures or held conversations wherever he found listeners; the most amiable, sanguine and candid of men.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading Instead of the fiery souls of the Puritans, bent on hanging the Quaker, burning the witch and banishing the Romanist, these were gentle souls, with peaceful and even with genial dispositions, casting sheep’s-eyes even on Fourier and his houris.

hitverbUS /hɪt/

cause to move by striking

From this reading He had not the least doubt that he had hit on a right and perfect socialism, or that all mankind would adopt it.

hitheradverbUS /ˈhɪðər/

an old word meaning “to this place”

From this reading Robert Owen of Lanark came hither from England in 1845, and read lectures or held conversations wherever he found listeners; the most amiable, sanguine and candid of men.

houris

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Instead of the fiery souls of the Puritans, bent on hanging the Quaker, burning the witch and banishing the Romanist, these were gentle souls, with peaceful and even with genial dispositions, casting sheep’s-eyes even on Fourier and his houris.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Robert Owen of Lanark came hither from England in 1845, and read lectures or held conversations wherever he found listeners; the most amiable, sanguine and candid of men.

InsteadadverbUS /ˌɪnˈsted/

in place of, or as an alternative to

From this reading Instead of the fiery souls of the Puritans, bent on hanging the Quaker, burning the witch and banishing the Romanist, these were gentle souls, with peaceful and even with genial dispositions, casting sheep’s-eyes even on Fourier and his houris.

ItpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading It was a time when the air was full of reform.

Lanark

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Robert Owen of Lanark came hither from England in 1845, and read lectures or held conversations wherever he found listeners; the most amiable, sanguine and candid of men.

leastadjectiveUS /liːst/

the superlative of “little” that can be used with mass nouns and is usually preceded by “the”; a quantifier meaning smallest in amount or extent or degree

From this reading He had not the least doubt that he had hit on a right and perfect socialism, or that all mankind would adopt it.

lecturesnounUS /ˈlektʃərz/

plural of “lecture” — a speech that is open to the public

From this reading Robert Owen of Lanark came hither from England in 1845, and read lectures or held conversations wherever he found listeners; the most amiable, sanguine and candid of men.

listenersnounUS /ˈlɪsənərz/

plural of “listener” — someone who listens attentively

From this reading Robert Owen of Lanark came hither from England in 1845, and read lectures or held conversations wherever he found listeners; the most amiable, sanguine and candid of men.

mankindnounUS /ˈmænˈkaɪnd/

all of the living human inhabitants of the earth

From this reading He had not the least doubt that he had hit on a right and perfect socialism, or that all mankind would adopt it.

mennounUS /men/

the force of workers available

From this reading Robert Owen of Lanark came hither from England in 1845, and read lectures or held conversations wherever he found listeners; the most amiable, sanguine and candid of men.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading Robert Owen of Lanark came hither from England in 1845, and read lectures or held conversations wherever he found listeners; the most amiable, sanguine and candid of men.

newadjectiveUS /nuː/

not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered

From this reading These reformers were a new class.

notadverbUS /nɑːt/

used to make a word, phrase, or sentence negative

From this reading He had not the least doubt that he had hit on a right and perfect socialism, or that all mankind would adopt it.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading Instead of the fiery souls of the Puritans, bent on hanging the Quaker, burning the witch and banishing the Romanist, these were gentle souls, with peaceful and even with genial dispositions, casting sheep’s-eyes even on Fourier and his houris.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading Instead of the fiery souls of the Puritans, bent on hanging the Quaker, burning the witch and banishing the Romanist, these were gentle souls, with peaceful and even with genial dispositions, casting sheep’s-eyes even on Fourier and his houris.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Robert Owen of Lanark came hither from England in 1845, and read lectures or held conversations wherever he found listeners; the most amiable, sanguine and candid of men.

OwennounUS /ˈoʊən/

Welsh industrialist and social reformer who founded cooperative communities (1771-1858)

From this reading Robert Owen of Lanark came hither from England in 1845, and read lectures or held conversations wherever he found listeners; the most amiable, sanguine and candid of men.

peacefuladjectiveUS /ˈpiːsfəl/

not disturbed by strife or turmoil or war

From this reading Instead of the fiery souls of the Puritans, bent on hanging the Quaker, burning the witch and banishing the Romanist, these were gentle souls, with peaceful and even with genial dispositions, casting sheep’s-eyes even on Fourier and his houris.

perfectadjectiveUS /pərˈfekt/

being complete of its kind and without defect or blemish

From this reading He had not the least doubt that he had hit on a right and perfect socialism, or that all mankind would adopt it.

PuritansnounUS /ˈpjʊrətənz/

plural of “puritan” — a member of a group of English Protestants who in the 16th and 17th centuries thought that the Protestant Reformation under Elizabeth was incomplete and advocated the simplification and regulation of forms of worship

From this reading Instead of the fiery souls of the Puritans, bent on hanging the Quaker, burning the witch and banishing the Romanist, these were gentle souls, with peaceful and even with genial dispositions, casting sheep’s-eyes even on Fourier and his houris.

QuakernounUS /ˈkweɪkər/

a member of the Religious Society of Friends founded by George Fox (the Friends have never called themselves Quakers)

From this reading Instead of the fiery souls of the Puritans, bent on hanging the Quaker, burning the witch and banishing the Romanist, these were gentle souls, with peaceful and even with genial dispositions, casting sheep’s-eyes even on Fourier and his houris.

readverbUS /red/

interpret something that is written or printed

From this reading Robert Owen of Lanark came hither from England in 1845, and read lectures or held conversations wherever he found listeners; the most amiable, sanguine and candid of men.

reformnounUS /rəˈfɔːrm/

a change for the better as a result of correcting abuses

From this reading It was a time when the air was full of reform.

reformersnounUS /rɪˈfɔːrmərz/

plural of “reformer” — a disputant who advocates reform

From this reading These reformers were a new class.

rightadverbUS /raɪt/

precisely, exactly

From this reading He had not the least doubt that he had hit on a right and perfect socialism, or that all mankind would adopt it.

RobertnounUS /ˈrɑːbərt/

United States parliamentary authority and author (in 1876) of Robert's Rules of Order (1837-1923)

From this reading Robert Owen of Lanark came hither from England in 1845, and read lectures or held conversations wherever he found listeners; the most amiable, sanguine and candid of men.

Romanistadjective

of or relating to or supporting Romanism

From this reading Instead of the fiery souls of the Puritans, bent on hanging the Quaker, burning the witch and banishing the Romanist, these were gentle souls, with peaceful and even with genial dispositions, casting sheep’s-eyes even on Fourier and his houris.

sanguineadjectiveUS /ˈsæŋɡwɪn/

confidently optimistic and cheerful

From this reading Robert Owen of Lanark came hither from England in 1845, and read lectures or held conversations wherever he found listeners; the most amiable, sanguine and candid of men.

sheep's-eyes

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Instead of the fiery souls of the Puritans, bent on hanging the Quaker, burning the witch and banishing the Romanist, these were gentle souls, with peaceful and even with genial dispositions, casting sheep’s-eyes even on Fourier and his houris.

socialismnounUS /ˈsoʊʃəlɪzəm/

a political theory advocating state ownership of industry

From this reading He had not the least doubt that he had hit on a right and perfect socialism, or that all mankind would adopt it.

soulsnounUS /soʊlz/

plural of “soul” — the immaterial part of a person; the actuating cause of an individual life

From this reading Instead of the fiery souls of the Puritans, bent on hanging the Quaker, burning the witch and banishing the Romanist, these were gentle souls, with peaceful and even with genial dispositions, casting sheep’s-eyes even on Fourier and his houris.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading He had not the least doubt that he had hit on a right and perfect socialism, or that all mankind would adopt it.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Instead of the fiery souls of the Puritans, bent on hanging the Quaker, burning the witch and banishing the Romanist, these were gentle souls, with peaceful and even with genial dispositions, casting sheep’s-eyes even on Fourier and his houris.

ThesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading These reformers were a new class.

timenounUS /taɪm/

an instance or single occasion for some event

From this reading It was a time when the air was full of reform.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading It was a time when the air was full of reform.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading These reformers were a new class.

whenconjunctionUS /wen/

at the time that

From this reading It was a time when the air was full of reform.

whereverconjunctionUS /weˈrevər/

in or to any place at all

From this reading Robert Owen of Lanark came hither from England in 1845, and read lectures or held conversations wherever he found listeners; the most amiable, sanguine and candid of men.

witchnounUS /wɪtʃ/

a female sorcerer or magician

From this reading Instead of the fiery souls of the Puritans, bent on hanging the Quaker, burning the witch and banishing the Romanist, these were gentle souls, with peaceful and even with genial dispositions, casting sheep’s-eyes even on Fourier and his houris.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading Instead of the fiery souls of the Puritans, bent on hanging the Quaker, burning the witch and banishing the Romanist, these were gentle souls, with peaceful and even with genial dispositions, casting sheep’s-eyes even on Fourier and his houris.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading He had not the least doubt that he had hit on a right and perfect socialism, or that all mankind would adopt it.

Chapter 8 of Lectures and biographical sketches by Ralph Waldo Emerson holds 421 sentences, grouped into 85 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of Lectures and biographical sketches contain?

Chapter 8 holds 421 sentences of Lectures and biographical sketches, unabridged, divided into 85 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of Lectures and biographical sketches by Ralph Waldo Emerson exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 421 sentences, grouped into 85 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of Lectures and biographical sketches?

Work through the 85 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 85 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Lectures and biographical sketches

Common questions about reading Lectures and biographical sketches by Ralph Waldo Emerson on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Lectures and biographical sketches?

Yes. All 4132 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #75942 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Lectures and biographical sketches is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #75942, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Lectures and biographical sketches take to read?

About 344 minutes of reading across 827 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Lectures and biographical sketches section by section

How to work through Lectures and biographical sketches section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 10 chapters of Lectures and biographical sketches to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Lectures and biographical sketches

Words and structures a reader meets early in Lectures and biographical sketches, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Being
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Lectures and biographical sketches; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Volume
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Lectures and biographical sketches; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Pieces
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Lectures and biographical sketches; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Included
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Lectures and biographical sketches; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.