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Les Misérables, V. 3/5: Marius
Les Misérables, V. 3/5: Marius

Chapter XXVIII

Chapter 28 of Les Misérables, V. 3/5: Marius is here in full — 60 sentences across 12 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Les Misérables, V. 3/5: Marius
Context Illustration Reading 1/12 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
MINES AND MINERS.
Human societies have ever what is called in theatres "un troisième dessous," and the social soil is everywhere undermined, here for good and there for evil.
These works are upon one another; there are upper mines and lower mines, and there is a top and bottom in this obscure sub-soil, which at times gives way beneath the weight of civilization, and which our indifference and carelessness trample under foot.
The Encyclopædia was in the last century an almost open mine, and the darkness, that gloomy brooder of primitive Christianity, only awaited an occasion to explode beneath the Cæsars and inundate the human race with light.
For in the sacred darkness there is latent light, and the volcanoes are full of a shadow which is capable of flashing, and all lava begins by being night.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Les Misérables, V. 3/5: Marius

Chapter XXVIII

Chapter 28 of Les Misérables, V. 3/5: Marius is here in full — 60 sentences across 12 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/12 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
MINES AND MINERS.
/maɪnz ənd ˈmaɪnərz/
Line 2
Human societies have ever what is called in theatres "un troisième dessous," and the social soil is everywhere undermined, here for good and there for evil.
Line 3
These works are upon one another; there are upper mines and lower mines, and there is a top and bottom in this obscure sub-soil, which at times gives way beneath the weight of civilization, and which our indifference and carelessness trample under foot.
Line 4
The Encyclopædia was in the last century an almost open mine, and the darkness, that gloomy brooder of primitive Christianity, only awaited an occasion to explode beneath the Cæsars and inundate the human race with light.
Line 5
For in the sacred darkness there is latent light, and the volcanoes are full of a shadow which is capable of flashing, and all lava begins by being night.
/fɔːr ɪn ðə ˈseɪkrəd ˈdɑːrknəs ðer ɪz ˈleɪtənt laɪt ənd ðə vɑːlˈkeɪnoʊz ɑːr fʊl ʌv ə ˈʃæd.oʊ wɪtʃ ɪz ˈkeɪpəbəl ʌv ˈflæʃɪŋ ənd ɔːl ˈlɑːvə bɪˈɡɪnz baɪ ˈbiːɪŋ naɪt/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

explode verb US /ɪkˈsploʊd/

cause to burst with a violent release of energy

From this reading “The Encyclopædia was in the last century an almost open mine, and the darkness, that gloomy brooder of primitive Christianity, only awaited an occasion to explode beneath the Cæsars and inundate the human race with light.”

inundate verb US /ˈɪnəndeɪt/

fill quickly beyond capacity; as with a liquid

From this reading “The Encyclopædia was in the last century an almost open mine, and the darkness, that gloomy brooder of primitive Christianity, only awaited an occasion to explode beneath the Cæsars and inundate the human race with light.”

latent adjective US /ˈleɪtənt/

potentially existing but not presently evident or realized

From this reading “For in the sacred darkness there is latent light, and the volcanoes are full of a shadow which is capable of flashing, and all lava begins by being night.”

lava noun US /ˈlɑːvə/

rock that in its molten form (as magma) issues from volcanos; lava is what magma is called when it reaches the surface

From this reading “For in the sacred darkness there is latent light, and the volcanoes are full of a shadow which is capable of flashing, and all lava begins by being night.”

societies noun US /səˈsaɪətiz/

plural of “society” — an extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization

From this reading “Human societies have ever what is called in theatres "un troisième dessous," and the social soil is everywhere undermined, here for good and there for evil.”

trample verb US /ˈtræmpəl/

tread or stomp heavily or roughly

From this reading “These works are upon one another; there are upper mines and lower mines, and there is a top and bottom in this obscure sub-soil, which at times gives way beneath the weight of civilization, and which our indifference and carelessness trample under foot.”

undermined verb US /ˌʌndərˈmaɪnd/

past form of “undermine” — destroy property or hinder normal operations

From this reading “Human societies have ever what is called in theatres "un troisième dessous," and the social soil is everywhere undermined, here for good and there for evil.”

volcanoes noun US /vɑːlˈkeɪnoʊz/

plural of “volcano” — a fissure in the earth's crust (or in the surface of some other planet) through which molten lava and gases erupt

From this reading “For in the sacred darkness there is latent light, and the volcanoes are full of a shadow which is capable of flashing, and all lava begins by being night.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

human race adjective + noun

all of the living human inhabitants of the earth

In this reading “The Encyclopædia was in the last century an almost open mine, and the darkness, that gloomy brooder of primitive Christianity, only awaited an occasion to explode beneath the Cæsars and inundate the human race with light.”

trample under verb + particle

In this reading “These works are upon one another; there are upper mines and lower mines, and there is a top and bottom in this obscure sub-soil, which at times gives way beneath the weight of civilization, and which our indifference and carelessness trample under foot.”

beneath the weight preposition + article + noun counted as “beneath … weight”

In this reading “These works are upon one another; there are upper mines and lower mines, and there is a top and bottom in this obscure sub-soil, which at times gives way beneath the weight of civilization, and which our indifference and carelessness trample under foot.”

last century adjective + noun

In this reading “The Encyclopædia was in the last century an almost open mine, and the darkness, that gloomy brooder of primitive Christianity, only awaited an occasion to explode beneath the Cæsars and inundate the human race with light.”

Human societies adjective + noun counted as “human society”

In this reading “Human societies have ever what is called in theatres "un troisième dessous," and the social soil is everywhere undermined, here for good and there for evil.”

at times preposition + noun

sporadically and infrequently

In this reading “These works are upon one another; there are upper mines and lower mines, and there is a top and bottom in this obscure sub-soil, which at times gives way beneath the weight of civilization, and which our indifference and carelessness trample under foot.”

gives way verb + noun counted as “give way”

move in order to make room for someone for something

In this reading “These works are upon one another; there are upper mines and lower mines, and there is a top and bottom in this obscure sub-soil, which at times gives way beneath the weight of civilization, and which our indifference and carelessness trample under foot.”

of civilization preposition + noun

In this reading “These works are upon one another; there are upper mines and lower mines, and there is a top and bottom in this obscure sub-soil, which at times gives way beneath the weight of civilization, and which our indifference and carelessness trample under foot.”

All words in this reading · 91

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading These works are upon one another; there are upper mines and lower mines, and there is a top and bottom in this obscure sub-soil, which at times gives way beneath the weight of civilization, and which our indifference and carelessness trample under foot.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading For in the sacred darkness there is latent light, and the volcanoes are full of a shadow which is capable of flashing, and all lava begins by being night.

almostadverbUS /ˈɔːlmoʊst/

(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but

From this reading The Encyclopædia was in the last century an almost open mine, and the darkness, that gloomy brooder of primitive Christianity, only awaited an occasion to explode beneath the Cæsars and inundate the human race with light.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading The Encyclopædia was in the last century an almost open mine, and the darkness, that gloomy brooder of primitive Christianity, only awaited an occasion to explode beneath the Cæsars and inundate the human race with light.

ANDconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading MINES AND MINERS.

anotherdeterminerUS /əˈnʌðər/

one more of the same kind, or a different one

From this reading These works are upon one another; there are upper mines and lower mines, and there is a top and bottom in this obscure sub-soil, which at times gives way beneath the weight of civilization, and which our indifference and carelessness trample under foot.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading These works are upon one another; there are upper mines and lower mines, and there is a top and bottom in this obscure sub-soil, which at times gives way beneath the weight of civilization, and which our indifference and carelessness trample under foot.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading These works are upon one another; there are upper mines and lower mines, and there is a top and bottom in this obscure sub-soil, which at times gives way beneath the weight of civilization, and which our indifference and carelessness trample under foot.

awaitedadjectiveUS /əˈweɪtɪd/

expected hopefully

From this reading The Encyclopædia was in the last century an almost open mine, and the darkness, that gloomy brooder of primitive Christianity, only awaited an occasion to explode beneath the Cæsars and inundate the human race with light.

beginsnounUS /bɪˈɡɪnz/

plural of “begin” — Israeli statesman (born in Russia) who (as prime minister of Israel) negotiated a peace treaty with Anwar Sadat (then the president of Egypt) (1913-1992)

From this reading For in the sacred darkness there is latent light, and the volcanoes are full of a shadow which is capable of flashing, and all lava begins by being night.

beingauxiliary verbUS /ˈbiːɪŋ/

the -ing form of “be”

From this reading For in the sacred darkness there is latent light, and the volcanoes are full of a shadow which is capable of flashing, and all lava begins by being night.

beneathprepositionUS /bɪˈniːθ/

Directly under; in or to a lower position than.

From this reading These works are upon one another; there are upper mines and lower mines, and there is a top and bottom in this obscure sub-soil, which at times gives way beneath the weight of civilization, and which our indifference and carelessness trample under foot.

bottomnounUS /ˈbɑːtəm/

the lower side of anything

From this reading These works are upon one another; there are upper mines and lower mines, and there is a top and bottom in this obscure sub-soil, which at times gives way beneath the weight of civilization, and which our indifference and carelessness trample under foot.

broodernoun

apparatus consisting of a box designed to maintain a constant temperature by the use of a thermostat; used for chicks or premature infants

From this reading The Encyclopædia was in the last century an almost open mine, and the darkness, that gloomy brooder of primitive Christianity, only awaited an occasion to explode beneath the Cæsars and inundate the human race with light.

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading For in the sacred darkness there is latent light, and the volcanoes are full of a shadow which is capable of flashing, and all lava begins by being night.

calledverbUS /kɔːld/

past form of “call” — assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading Human societies have ever what is called in theatres "un troisième dessous," and the social soil is everywhere undermined, here for good and there for evil.

capableadjectiveUS /ˈkeɪpəbəl/

(usually followed by “of”) having capacity or ability

From this reading For in the sacred darkness there is latent light, and the volcanoes are full of a shadow which is capable of flashing, and all lava begins by being night.

carelessnessnounUS /ˈkerləsnəs/

the quality of not being careful or taking pains

From this reading These works are upon one another; there are upper mines and lower mines, and there is a top and bottom in this obscure sub-soil, which at times gives way beneath the weight of civilization, and which our indifference and carelessness trample under foot.

centurynounUS /ˈsentʃəri/

a period of 100 years

From this reading The Encyclopædia was in the last century an almost open mine, and the darkness, that gloomy brooder of primitive Christianity, only awaited an occasion to explode beneath the Cæsars and inundate the human race with light.

ChristianitynounUS /ˌkrɪstʃiˈænɪti/

a monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior

From this reading The Encyclopædia was in the last century an almost open mine, and the darkness, that gloomy brooder of primitive Christianity, only awaited an occasion to explode beneath the Cæsars and inundate the human race with light.

civilizationnounUS /ˌsɪvəlɪˈzeɪʃən/

a society in an advanced state of social development (e.g., with complex legal and political and religious organizations)

From this reading These works are upon one another; there are upper mines and lower mines, and there is a top and bottom in this obscure sub-soil, which at times gives way beneath the weight of civilization, and which our indifference and carelessness trample under foot.

Cæsars

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Encyclopædia was in the last century an almost open mine, and the darkness, that gloomy brooder of primitive Christianity, only awaited an occasion to explode beneath the Cæsars and inundate the human race with light.

darknessnounUS /ˈdɑːrknəs/

absence of light or illumination

From this reading The Encyclopædia was in the last century an almost open mine, and the darkness, that gloomy brooder of primitive Christianity, only awaited an occasion to explode beneath the Cæsars and inundate the human race with light.

dessous

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Human societies have ever what is called in theatres "un troisième dessous," and the social soil is everywhere undermined, here for good and there for evil.

Encyclopædia

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The Encyclopædia was in the last century an almost open mine, and the darkness, that gloomy brooder of primitive Christianity, only awaited an occasion to explode beneath the Cæsars and inundate the human race with light.

everadverbUS /ˈevər/

at any time

From this reading Human societies have ever what is called in theatres "un troisième dessous," and the social soil is everywhere undermined, here for good and there for evil.

everywhereadverbUS /ˈevriwer/

to or in any or all places

From this reading Human societies have ever what is called in theatres "un troisième dessous," and the social soil is everywhere undermined, here for good and there for evil.

evilnounUS /ˈiːvəl/

morally objectionable behavior

From this reading Human societies have ever what is called in theatres "un troisième dessous," and the social soil is everywhere undermined, here for good and there for evil.

explodeverbUS /ɪkˈsploʊd/

cause to burst with a violent release of energy

From this reading The Encyclopædia was in the last century an almost open mine, and the darkness, that gloomy brooder of primitive Christianity, only awaited an occasion to explode beneath the Cæsars and inundate the human race with light.

flashingnounUS /ˈflæʃɪŋ/

a short vivid experience

From this reading For in the sacred darkness there is latent light, and the volcanoes are full of a shadow which is capable of flashing, and all lava begins by being night.

footnounUS /fʊt/

the part of the leg of a human being below the ankle joint

From this reading These works are upon one another; there are upper mines and lower mines, and there is a top and bottom in this obscure sub-soil, which at times gives way beneath the weight of civilization, and which our indifference and carelessness trample under foot.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading Human societies have ever what is called in theatres "un troisième dessous," and the social soil is everywhere undermined, here for good and there for evil.

fulladjectiveUS /fʊl/

containing as much or as many as is possible or normal

From this reading For in the sacred darkness there is latent light, and the volcanoes are full of a shadow which is capable of flashing, and all lava begins by being night.

givesnounUS /ɡɪvz/

plural of “give” — the elasticity of something that can be stretched and returns to its original length

From this reading These works are upon one another; there are upper mines and lower mines, and there is a top and bottom in this obscure sub-soil, which at times gives way beneath the weight of civilization, and which our indifference and carelessness trample under foot.

gloomyadjectiveUS /ˈɡluːmi/

depressingly dark

From this reading The Encyclopædia was in the last century an almost open mine, and the darkness, that gloomy brooder of primitive Christianity, only awaited an occasion to explode beneath the Cæsars and inundate the human race with light.

goodadjectiveUS /ɡʊd/

having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified

From this reading Human societies have ever what is called in theatres "un troisième dessous," and the social soil is everywhere undermined, here for good and there for evil.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Human societies have ever what is called in theatres "un troisième dessous," and the social soil is everywhere undermined, here for good and there for evil.

hereadverbUS /hiːr/

in or at this place; where the speaker or writer is

From this reading Human societies have ever what is called in theatres "un troisième dessous," and the social soil is everywhere undermined, here for good and there for evil.

HumanadjectiveUS /ˈhjuːmən/

characteristic of humanity

From this reading Human societies have ever what is called in theatres "un troisième dessous," and the social soil is everywhere undermined, here for good and there for evil.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Human societies have ever what is called in theatres "un troisième dessous," and the social soil is everywhere undermined, here for good and there for evil.

indifferencenounUS /ˌɪnˈdɪfərəns/

unbiased impartial unconcern

From this reading These works are upon one another; there are upper mines and lower mines, and there is a top and bottom in this obscure sub-soil, which at times gives way beneath the weight of civilization, and which our indifference and carelessness trample under foot.

inundateverbUS /ˈɪnəndeɪt/

fill quickly beyond capacity; as with a liquid

From this reading The Encyclopædia was in the last century an almost open mine, and the darkness, that gloomy brooder of primitive Christianity, only awaited an occasion to explode beneath the Cæsars and inundate the human race with light.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Human societies have ever what is called in theatres "un troisième dessous," and the social soil is everywhere undermined, here for good and there for evil.

lastadjectiveUS /læst/

immediately past

From this reading The Encyclopædia was in the last century an almost open mine, and the darkness, that gloomy brooder of primitive Christianity, only awaited an occasion to explode beneath the Cæsars and inundate the human race with light.

latentadjectiveUS /ˈleɪtənt/

potentially existing but not presently evident or realized

From this reading For in the sacred darkness there is latent light, and the volcanoes are full of a shadow which is capable of flashing, and all lava begins by being night.

lavanounUS /ˈlɑːvə/

rock that in its molten form (as magma) issues from volcanos; lava is what magma is called when it reaches the surface

From this reading For in the sacred darkness there is latent light, and the volcanoes are full of a shadow which is capable of flashing, and all lava begins by being night.

lightadjectiveUS /laɪt/

of comparatively little physical weight or density

From this reading The Encyclopædia was in the last century an almost open mine, and the darkness, that gloomy brooder of primitive Christianity, only awaited an occasion to explode beneath the Cæsars and inundate the human race with light.

lowerverbUS /ˈloʊər/

move something or somebody to a lower position

From this reading These works are upon one another; there are upper mines and lower mines, and there is a top and bottom in this obscure sub-soil, which at times gives way beneath the weight of civilization, and which our indifference and carelessness trample under foot.

minepronounUS /maɪn/

the one or ones belonging to the person speaking

From this reading The Encyclopædia was in the last century an almost open mine, and the darkness, that gloomy brooder of primitive Christianity, only awaited an occasion to explode beneath the Cæsars and inundate the human race with light.

MINERSnounUS /ˈmaɪnərz/

plural of “miner” — laborer who works in a mine

From this reading MINES AND MINERS.

MINESnounUS /maɪnz/

plural of “mine” — excavation in the earth from which ores and minerals are extracted

From this reading MINES AND MINERS.

nightnounUS /naɪt/

the time after sunset and before sunrise while it is dark outside

From this reading For in the sacred darkness there is latent light, and the volcanoes are full of a shadow which is capable of flashing, and all lava begins by being night.

obscureverbUS /əbsˈkjʊr/

make less visible or unclear

From this reading These works are upon one another; there are upper mines and lower mines, and there is a top and bottom in this obscure sub-soil, which at times gives way beneath the weight of civilization, and which our indifference and carelessness trample under foot.

occasionnounUS /əˈkeɪʒən/

an event that occurs at a critical time

From this reading The Encyclopædia was in the last century an almost open mine, and the darkness, that gloomy brooder of primitive Christianity, only awaited an occasion to explode beneath the Cæsars and inundate the human race with light.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading These works are upon one another; there are upper mines and lower mines, and there is a top and bottom in this obscure sub-soil, which at times gives way beneath the weight of civilization, and which our indifference and carelessness trample under foot.

onepronounUS /wʌn/

used to mean any person in general, including the speaker

From this reading These works are upon one another; there are upper mines and lower mines, and there is a top and bottom in this obscure sub-soil, which at times gives way beneath the weight of civilization, and which our indifference and carelessness trample under foot.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading The Encyclopædia was in the last century an almost open mine, and the darkness, that gloomy brooder of primitive Christianity, only awaited an occasion to explode beneath the Cæsars and inundate the human race with light.

openverbUS /ˈoʊ.pən/

To move from a closed position.

From this reading The Encyclopædia was in the last century an almost open mine, and the darkness, that gloomy brooder of primitive Christianity, only awaited an occasion to explode beneath the Cæsars and inundate the human race with light.

ourdeterminerUS /ˈaʊər/

belonging to the speaker and others

From this reading These works are upon one another; there are upper mines and lower mines, and there is a top and bottom in this obscure sub-soil, which at times gives way beneath the weight of civilization, and which our indifference and carelessness trample under foot.

primitiveadjectiveUS /ˈprɪmətɪv/

belonging to an early stage of technical development; characterized by simplicity and (often) crudeness

From this reading The Encyclopædia was in the last century an almost open mine, and the darkness, that gloomy brooder of primitive Christianity, only awaited an occasion to explode beneath the Cæsars and inundate the human race with light.

racenounUS /reɪs/

any competition

From this reading The Encyclopædia was in the last century an almost open mine, and the darkness, that gloomy brooder of primitive Christianity, only awaited an occasion to explode beneath the Cæsars and inundate the human race with light.

sacredadjectiveUS /ˈseɪkrəd/

concerned with religion or religious purposes

From this reading For in the sacred darkness there is latent light, and the volcanoes are full of a shadow which is capable of flashing, and all lava begins by being night.

shadownounUS /ˈʃæd.oʊ/

A dark area or shape produced by a body coming between rays of light and a surface.

From this reading For in the sacred darkness there is latent light, and the volcanoes are full of a shadow which is capable of flashing, and all lava begins by being night.

socialadjectiveUS /ˈsoʊʃəl/

relating to human society and its members

From this reading Human societies have ever what is called in theatres "un troisième dessous," and the social soil is everywhere undermined, here for good and there for evil.

societiesnounUS /səˈsaɪətiz/

plural of “society” — an extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization

From this reading Human societies have ever what is called in theatres "un troisième dessous," and the social soil is everywhere undermined, here for good and there for evil.

soilnounUS /sɔɪl/

the state of being covered with unclean things

From this reading Human societies have ever what is called in theatres "un troisième dessous," and the social soil is everywhere undermined, here for good and there for evil.

sub-soil

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading These works are upon one another; there are upper mines and lower mines, and there is a top and bottom in this obscure sub-soil, which at times gives way beneath the weight of civilization, and which our indifference and carelessness trample under foot.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading The Encyclopædia was in the last century an almost open mine, and the darkness, that gloomy brooder of primitive Christianity, only awaited an occasion to explode beneath the Cæsars and inundate the human race with light.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading Human societies have ever what is called in theatres "un troisième dessous," and the social soil is everywhere undermined, here for good and there for evil.

theatresnounUS /ˈθiːətərz/

plural of “theatre” — a building where theatrical performances or motion-picture shows can be presented

From this reading Human societies have ever what is called in theatres "un troisième dessous," and the social soil is everywhere undermined, here for good and there for evil.

thereadverbUS /ðer/

in or at that place or location

From this reading Human societies have ever what is called in theatres "un troisième dessous," and the social soil is everywhere undermined, here for good and there for evil.

ThesedeterminerUS /ðiːz/

the plural of “this”: the people or things near, or just mentioned

From this reading These works are upon one another; there are upper mines and lower mines, and there is a top and bottom in this obscure sub-soil, which at times gives way beneath the weight of civilization, and which our indifference and carelessness trample under foot.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading These works are upon one another; there are upper mines and lower mines, and there is a top and bottom in this obscure sub-soil, which at times gives way beneath the weight of civilization, and which our indifference and carelessness trample under foot.

timesnounUS /taɪmz/

a more or less definite period of time now or previously present

From this reading These works are upon one another; there are upper mines and lower mines, and there is a top and bottom in this obscure sub-soil, which at times gives way beneath the weight of civilization, and which our indifference and carelessness trample under foot.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading The Encyclopædia was in the last century an almost open mine, and the darkness, that gloomy brooder of primitive Christianity, only awaited an occasion to explode beneath the Cæsars and inundate the human race with light.

topnounUS /tɑːp/

the upper part of anything

From this reading These works are upon one another; there are upper mines and lower mines, and there is a top and bottom in this obscure sub-soil, which at times gives way beneath the weight of civilization, and which our indifference and carelessness trample under foot.

trampleverbUS /ˈtræmpəl/

tread or stomp heavily or roughly

From this reading These works are upon one another; there are upper mines and lower mines, and there is a top and bottom in this obscure sub-soil, which at times gives way beneath the weight of civilization, and which our indifference and carelessness trample under foot.

troisième

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Human societies have ever what is called in theatres "un troisième dessous," and the social soil is everywhere undermined, here for good and there for evil.

unnounUS /ʌn/

an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security

From this reading Human societies have ever what is called in theatres "un troisième dessous," and the social soil is everywhere undermined, here for good and there for evil.

underprepositionUS /ˈʌndər/

below or beneath something; less than

From this reading These works are upon one another; there are upper mines and lower mines, and there is a top and bottom in this obscure sub-soil, which at times gives way beneath the weight of civilization, and which our indifference and carelessness trample under foot.

underminedverbUS /ˌʌndərˈmaɪnd/

past form of “undermine” — destroy property or hinder normal operations

From this reading Human societies have ever what is called in theatres "un troisième dessous," and the social soil is everywhere undermined, here for good and there for evil.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading These works are upon one another; there are upper mines and lower mines, and there is a top and bottom in this obscure sub-soil, which at times gives way beneath the weight of civilization, and which our indifference and carelessness trample under foot.

upperadjectiveUS /ˈʌpər/

the topmost one of two

From this reading These works are upon one another; there are upper mines and lower mines, and there is a top and bottom in this obscure sub-soil, which at times gives way beneath the weight of civilization, and which our indifference and carelessness trample under foot.

volcanoesnounUS /vɑːlˈkeɪnoʊz/

plural of “volcano” — a fissure in the earth's crust (or in the surface of some other planet) through which molten lava and gases erupt

From this reading For in the sacred darkness there is latent light, and the volcanoes are full of a shadow which is capable of flashing, and all lava begins by being night.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading The Encyclopædia was in the last century an almost open mine, and the darkness, that gloomy brooder of primitive Christianity, only awaited an occasion to explode beneath the Cæsars and inundate the human race with light.

waynounUS /weɪ/

how something is done or how it happens

From this reading These works are upon one another; there are upper mines and lower mines, and there is a top and bottom in this obscure sub-soil, which at times gives way beneath the weight of civilization, and which our indifference and carelessness trample under foot.

weightnounUS /weɪt/

the vertical force exerted by a mass as a result of gravity

From this reading These works are upon one another; there are upper mines and lower mines, and there is a top and bottom in this obscure sub-soil, which at times gives way beneath the weight of civilization, and which our indifference and carelessness trample under foot.

whatpronounUS /wʌt/

used to ask for information about something

From this reading Human societies have ever what is called in theatres "un troisième dessous," and the social soil is everywhere undermined, here for good and there for evil.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading These works are upon one another; there are upper mines and lower mines, and there is a top and bottom in this obscure sub-soil, which at times gives way beneath the weight of civilization, and which our indifference and carelessness trample under foot.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading The Encyclopædia was in the last century an almost open mine, and the darkness, that gloomy brooder of primitive Christianity, only awaited an occasion to explode beneath the Cæsars and inundate the human race with light.

worksnounUS /wɜːrks/

buildings for carrying on industrial labor

From this reading These works are upon one another; there are upper mines and lower mines, and there is a top and bottom in this obscure sub-soil, which at times gives way beneath the weight of civilization, and which our indifference and carelessness trample under foot.

Chapter 28 of Les Misérables, V. 3/5: Marius by Victor Hugo holds 60 sentences, grouped into 12 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 28 of Les Misérables, V. 3/5: Marius contain?

Chapter 28 holds 60 sentences of Les Misérables, V. 3/5: Marius, unabridged, divided into 12 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 28 of Les Misérables, V. 3/5: Marius by Victor Hugo exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 60 sentences, grouped into 12 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 28 of Les Misérables, V. 3/5: Marius?

Work through the 12 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 12 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 28 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 28 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Les Misérables, V. 3/5: Marius

Common questions about reading Les Misérables, V. 3/5: Marius by Victor Hugo on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Les Misérables, V. 3/5: Marius?

Yes. All 4193 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #48733 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Les Misérables, V. 3/5: Marius is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #48733, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Les Misérables, V. 3/5: Marius take to read?

About 349 minutes of reading across 839 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Les Misérables, V. 3/5: Marius section by section

How to work through Les Misérables, V. 3/5: Marius section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 40 chapters of Les Misérables, V. 3/5: Marius to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Les Misérables, V. 3/5: Marius

Words and structures a reader meets early in Les Misérables, V. 3/5: Marius, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Rables
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Les Misérables, V. 3/5: Marius; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Victor
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Les Misérables, V. 3/5: Marius; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Third
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Les Misérables, V. 3/5: Marius; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Marius
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Les Misérables, V. 3/5: Marius; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.