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Letters and social aims
Letters and social aims

Chapter VI

Chapter 6 of Letters and social aims is here in full — 432 sentences across 87 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/86 · 5 lines
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"O'er the garden water goes the wind alone To rasp and to polish the cheek of the wave; The fire is quenched on the dear hearthstone, But it burns again on the tulips brave."
Friendship is a favorite topic of the Eastern poets, and they have matched on this head the absoluteness of Montaigne.
Hafiz says,-- "Thou learnest no secret until thou knowest friendship; since to the unsound no heavenly knowledge enters."
Ibn Jemin writes thus:-- "Whilst I disdain the populace, I find no peer in higher place.
Friend is a word of royal tone, Friend is a poem all alone.
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Letters and social aims

Chapter VI

Chapter 6 of Letters and social aims is here in full — 432 sentences across 87 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/86 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
"O'er the garden water goes the wind alone To rasp and to polish the cheek of the wave; The fire is quenched on the dear hearthstone, But it burns again on the tulips brave."
Line 2
Friendship is a favorite topic of the Eastern poets, and they have matched on this head the absoluteness of Montaigne.
Line 3
Hafiz says,-- "Thou learnest no secret until thou knowest friendship; since to the unsound no heavenly knowledge enters."
Line 4
Ibn Jemin writes thus:-- "Whilst I disdain the populace, I find no peer in higher place.
Line 5
Friend is a word of royal tone, Friend is a poem all alone.
/frend ɪz ə wɜːrd ʌv ˈrɔɪəl toʊn frend ɪz ə ˈpoʊəm ɔːl əˈloʊn/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

absoluteness noun US /ˈæbsəluːtnəs/

the quality of being complete or utter or extreme

From this reading “Friendship is a favorite topic of the Eastern poets, and they have matched on this head the absoluteness of Montaigne.”

disdain verb US /dɪsˈdeɪn/

look down on with disdain

From this reading “Ibn Jemin writes thus:-- "Whilst I disdain the populace, I find no peer in higher place.”

matched adjective US /mætʃt/

provided with a worthy adversary or competitor

From this reading “Friendship is a favorite topic of the Eastern poets, and they have matched on this head the absoluteness of Montaigne.”

polish noun US /ˈpɑːlɪʃ/

the property of being smooth and shiny

From this reading “"O'er the garden water goes the wind alone To rasp and to polish the cheek of the wave; The fire is quenched on the dear hearthstone, But it burns again on the tulips brave."”

populace noun US /ˈpɑːpjələs/

people in general considered as a whole

From this reading “Ibn Jemin writes thus:-- "Whilst I disdain the populace, I find no peer in higher place.”

rasp noun US /ræsp/

uttering in an irritated tone

From this reading “"O'er the garden water goes the wind alone To rasp and to polish the cheek of the wave; The fire is quenched on the dear hearthstone, But it burns again on the tulips brave."”

tulips noun US /ˈtuːləps/

plural of “tulip” — any of numerous perennial bulbous herbs having linear or broadly lanceolate leaves and usually a single showy flower

From this reading “"O'er the garden water goes the wind alone To rasp and to polish the cheek of the wave; The fire is quenched on the dear hearthstone, But it burns again on the tulips brave."”

unsound adjective US /ənˈsaʊnd/

not in good condition; damaged or decayed

From this reading “Hafiz says,-- "Thou learnest no secret until thou knowest friendship; since to the unsound no heavenly knowledge enters."”

All words in this reading · 71

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Friendship is a favorite topic of the Eastern poets, and they have matched on this head the absoluteness of Montaigne.

absolutenessnounUS /ˈæbsəluːtnəs/

the quality of being complete or utter or extreme

From this reading Friendship is a favorite topic of the Eastern poets, and they have matched on this head the absoluteness of Montaigne.

againadverbUS /əˈɡen/

anew

From this reading "O'er the garden water goes the wind alone To rasp and to polish the cheek of the wave; The fire is quenched on the dear hearthstone, But it burns again on the tulips brave."

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading Friend is a word of royal tone, Friend is a poem all alone.

aloneadjectiveUS /əˈloʊn/

Having no one else present.

From this reading "O'er the garden water goes the wind alone To rasp and to polish the cheek of the wave; The fire is quenched on the dear hearthstone, But it burns again on the tulips brave."

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading "O'er the garden water goes the wind alone To rasp and to polish the cheek of the wave; The fire is quenched on the dear hearthstone, But it burns again on the tulips brave."

braveadjectiveUS /breɪv/

possessing or displaying courage; able to face and deal with danger or fear without flinching

From this reading "O'er the garden water goes the wind alone To rasp and to polish the cheek of the wave; The fire is quenched on the dear hearthstone, But it burns again on the tulips brave."

burnsnounUS /bɜːrnz/

United States comedian and film actor (1896-1996)

From this reading "O'er the garden water goes the wind alone To rasp and to polish the cheek of the wave; The fire is quenched on the dear hearthstone, But it burns again on the tulips brave."

ButconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading "O'er the garden water goes the wind alone To rasp and to polish the cheek of the wave; The fire is quenched on the dear hearthstone, But it burns again on the tulips brave."

cheeknounUS /tʃiːk/

either side of the face below the eyes

From this reading "O'er the garden water goes the wind alone To rasp and to polish the cheek of the wave; The fire is quenched on the dear hearthstone, But it burns again on the tulips brave."

dearadjectiveUS /dɪr/

dearly loved

From this reading "O'er the garden water goes the wind alone To rasp and to polish the cheek of the wave; The fire is quenched on the dear hearthstone, But it burns again on the tulips brave."

disdainverbUS /dɪsˈdeɪn/

look down on with disdain

From this reading Ibn Jemin writes thus:-- "Whilst I disdain the populace, I find no peer in higher place.

EasternadjectiveUS /ˈiːstərn/

lying toward or situated in the east

From this reading Friendship is a favorite topic of the Eastern poets, and they have matched on this head the absoluteness of Montaigne.

entersverbUS /ˈentərz/

third-person singular of “enter” — to come or go into

From this reading Hafiz says,-- "Thou learnest no secret until thou knowest friendship; since to the unsound no heavenly knowledge enters."

favoritenounUS /ˈfeɪvərɪt/

something regarded with special favor or liking

From this reading Friendship is a favorite topic of the Eastern poets, and they have matched on this head the absoluteness of Montaigne.

findverbUS /faɪnd/

come upon, as if by accident; meet with

From this reading Ibn Jemin writes thus:-- "Whilst I disdain the populace, I find no peer in higher place.

fireverbUS /ˈfaɪər/

start firing a weapon

From this reading "O'er the garden water goes the wind alone To rasp and to polish the cheek of the wave; The fire is quenched on the dear hearthstone, But it burns again on the tulips brave."

FriendnounUS /frend/

a person you know well and regard with affection and trust

From this reading Friend is a word of royal tone, Friend is a poem all alone.

FriendshipnounUS /ˈfrendʃɪp/

the state of being friends (or friendly)

From this reading Friendship is a favorite topic of the Eastern poets, and they have matched on this head the absoluteness of Montaigne.

gardennounUS /ˈɡɑːrdən/

a plot of ground where plants are cultivated

From this reading "O'er the garden water goes the wind alone To rasp and to polish the cheek of the wave; The fire is quenched on the dear hearthstone, But it burns again on the tulips brave."

goesnounUS /ɡoʊz/

plural of “go” — a time period for working (after which you will be relieved by someone else)

From this reading "O'er the garden water goes the wind alone To rasp and to polish the cheek of the wave; The fire is quenched on the dear hearthstone, But it burns again on the tulips brave."

Hafiz

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Hafiz says,-- "Thou learnest no secret until thou knowest friendship; since to the unsound no heavenly knowledge enters."

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Friendship is a favorite topic of the Eastern poets, and they have matched on this head the absoluteness of Montaigne.

headnounUS /hed/

the upper part of the human body or the front part of the body in animals; contains the face and brains

From this reading Friendship is a favorite topic of the Eastern poets, and they have matched on this head the absoluteness of Montaigne.

hearthstonenoun

a stone that forms a hearth

From this reading "O'er the garden water goes the wind alone To rasp and to polish the cheek of the wave; The fire is quenched on the dear hearthstone, But it burns again on the tulips brave."

heavenlyadjectiveUS /ˈhevənli/

relating to or inhabiting a divine heaven

From this reading Hafiz says,-- "Thou learnest no secret until thou knowest friendship; since to the unsound no heavenly knowledge enters."

higheradjectiveUS /ˈhaɪər/

advanced in complexity or elaboration

From this reading Ibn Jemin writes thus:-- "Whilst I disdain the populace, I find no peer in higher place.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading Ibn Jemin writes thus:-- "Whilst I disdain the populace, I find no peer in higher place.

Ibn

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Ibn Jemin writes thus:-- "Whilst I disdain the populace, I find no peer in higher place.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading Ibn Jemin writes thus:-- "Whilst I disdain the populace, I find no peer in higher place.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading "O'er the garden water goes the wind alone To rasp and to polish the cheek of the wave; The fire is quenched on the dear hearthstone, But it burns again on the tulips brave."

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading "O'er the garden water goes the wind alone To rasp and to polish the cheek of the wave; The fire is quenched on the dear hearthstone, But it burns again on the tulips brave."

Jemin

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Ibn Jemin writes thus:-- "Whilst I disdain the populace, I find no peer in higher place.

knowest

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Hafiz says,-- "Thou learnest no secret until thou knowest friendship; since to the unsound no heavenly knowledge enters."

knowledgenounUS /ˈnɑːlədʒ/

the psychological result of perception and learning and reasoning

From this reading Hafiz says,-- "Thou learnest no secret until thou knowest friendship; since to the unsound no heavenly knowledge enters."

learnest

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading Hafiz says,-- "Thou learnest no secret until thou knowest friendship; since to the unsound no heavenly knowledge enters."

matchedadjectiveUS /mætʃt/

provided with a worthy adversary or competitor

From this reading Friendship is a favorite topic of the Eastern poets, and they have matched on this head the absoluteness of Montaigne.

Montaignenoun

French writer regarded as the originator of the modern essay (1533-1592)

From this reading Friendship is a favorite topic of the Eastern poets, and they have matched on this head the absoluteness of Montaigne.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading Hafiz says,-- "Thou learnest no secret until thou knowest friendship; since to the unsound no heavenly knowledge enters."

O'eradverb

throughout a period of time

From this reading "O'er the garden water goes the wind alone To rasp and to polish the cheek of the wave; The fire is quenched on the dear hearthstone, But it burns again on the tulips brave."

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading "O'er the garden water goes the wind alone To rasp and to polish the cheek of the wave; The fire is quenched on the dear hearthstone, But it burns again on the tulips brave."

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading "O'er the garden water goes the wind alone To rasp and to polish the cheek of the wave; The fire is quenched on the dear hearthstone, But it burns again on the tulips brave."

peernounUS /pɪr/

a person who is of equal standing with another in a group

From this reading Ibn Jemin writes thus:-- "Whilst I disdain the populace, I find no peer in higher place.

placenounUS /pleɪs/

a point located with respect to surface features of some region

From this reading Ibn Jemin writes thus:-- "Whilst I disdain the populace, I find no peer in higher place.

poemnounUS /ˈpoʊəm/

a composition written in metrical feet forming rhythmical lines

From this reading Friend is a word of royal tone, Friend is a poem all alone.

poetsnounUS /ˈpoʊəts/

plural of “poet” — a writer of poems (the term is usually reserved for writers of good poetry)

From this reading Friendship is a favorite topic of the Eastern poets, and they have matched on this head the absoluteness of Montaigne.

polishnounUS /ˈpɑːlɪʃ/

the property of being smooth and shiny

From this reading "O'er the garden water goes the wind alone To rasp and to polish the cheek of the wave; The fire is quenched on the dear hearthstone, But it burns again on the tulips brave."

populacenounUS /ˈpɑːpjələs/

people in general considered as a whole

From this reading Ibn Jemin writes thus:-- "Whilst I disdain the populace, I find no peer in higher place.

quenchedadjective

allayed

From this reading "O'er the garden water goes the wind alone To rasp and to polish the cheek of the wave; The fire is quenched on the dear hearthstone, But it burns again on the tulips brave."

raspnounUS /ræsp/

uttering in an irritated tone

From this reading "O'er the garden water goes the wind alone To rasp and to polish the cheek of the wave; The fire is quenched on the dear hearthstone, But it burns again on the tulips brave."

royaladjectiveUS /ˈrɔɪəl/

of or relating to or indicative of or issued or performed by a king or queen or other monarch

From this reading Friend is a word of royal tone, Friend is a poem all alone.

saysnounUS /sez/

plural of “say” — the chance to speak

From this reading Hafiz says,-- "Thou learnest no secret until thou knowest friendship; since to the unsound no heavenly knowledge enters."

secretnounUS /ˈsiː.krət/

Something that is kept or meant to be kept unknown or unseen by others.

From this reading Hafiz says,-- "Thou learnest no secret until thou knowest friendship; since to the unsound no heavenly knowledge enters."

sinceprepositionUS /sɪns/

from a time in the past until now

From this reading Hafiz says,-- "Thou learnest no secret until thou knowest friendship; since to the unsound no heavenly knowledge enters."

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading "O'er the garden water goes the wind alone To rasp and to polish the cheek of the wave; The fire is quenched on the dear hearthstone, But it burns again on the tulips brave."

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Friendship is a favorite topic of the Eastern poets, and they have matched on this head the absoluteness of Montaigne.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading Friendship is a favorite topic of the Eastern poets, and they have matched on this head the absoluteness of Montaigne.

ThoupronounUS /ðaʊ/

an old word for “you”, as the subject, speaking to one person

From this reading Hafiz says,-- "Thou learnest no secret until thou knowest friendship; since to the unsound no heavenly knowledge enters."

thusadverbUS /ðʌs/

(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result

From this reading Ibn Jemin writes thus:-- "Whilst I disdain the populace, I find no peer in higher place.

ToparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading "O'er the garden water goes the wind alone To rasp and to polish the cheek of the wave; The fire is quenched on the dear hearthstone, But it burns again on the tulips brave."

tonenounUS /toʊn/

the quality of a person's voice

From this reading Friend is a word of royal tone, Friend is a poem all alone.

topicnounUS /ˈtɑːpɪk/

the subject matter of a conversation or discussion

From this reading Friendship is a favorite topic of the Eastern poets, and they have matched on this head the absoluteness of Montaigne.

tulipsnounUS /ˈtuːləps/

plural of “tulip” — any of numerous perennial bulbous herbs having linear or broadly lanceolate leaves and usually a single showy flower

From this reading "O'er the garden water goes the wind alone To rasp and to polish the cheek of the wave; The fire is quenched on the dear hearthstone, But it burns again on the tulips brave."

unsoundadjectiveUS /ənˈsaʊnd/

not in good condition; damaged or decayed

From this reading Hafiz says,-- "Thou learnest no secret until thou knowest friendship; since to the unsound no heavenly knowledge enters."

untilprepositionUS /ənˈtɪl/

up to a particular time

From this reading Hafiz says,-- "Thou learnest no secret until thou knowest friendship; since to the unsound no heavenly knowledge enters."

waternounUS /ˈwɔːtər/

binary compound that occurs at room temperature as a clear colorless odorless tasteless liquid; freezes into ice below 0 degrees centigrade and boils above 100 degrees centigrade; widely used as a solvent

From this reading "O'er the garden water goes the wind alone To rasp and to polish the cheek of the wave; The fire is quenched on the dear hearthstone, But it burns again on the tulips brave."

wavenounUS /weɪv/

one of a series of ridges that moves across the surface of a liquid (especially across a large body of water)

From this reading "O'er the garden water goes the wind alone To rasp and to polish the cheek of the wave; The fire is quenched on the dear hearthstone, But it burns again on the tulips brave."

WhilstconjunctionUS /waɪlst/

an old and formal word for “while”

From this reading Ibn Jemin writes thus:-- "Whilst I disdain the populace, I find no peer in higher place.

windnounUS /waɪnd/

air moving (sometimes with considerable force) from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure

From this reading "O'er the garden water goes the wind alone To rasp and to polish the cheek of the wave; The fire is quenched on the dear hearthstone, But it burns again on the tulips brave."

wordnounUS /wɜːrd/

a unit of language that native speakers can identify

From this reading Friend is a word of royal tone, Friend is a poem all alone.

writesverbUS /raɪts/

third-person singular of “write” — produce a literary work

From this reading Ibn Jemin writes thus:-- "Whilst I disdain the populace, I find no peer in higher place.

Chapter 6 of Letters and social aims by Ralph Waldo Emerson holds 432 sentences, grouped into 87 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 6 of Letters and social aims contain?

Chapter 6 holds 432 sentences of Letters and social aims, unabridged, divided into 87 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 6 of Letters and social aims by Ralph Waldo Emerson exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 432 sentences, grouped into 87 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 6 of Letters and social aims?

Work through the 87 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 87 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

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Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 6 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

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