Learn English through classic literature • Five-line readings • Clear US narration
VELMORA ACADEMY
Academy of Archival Languages & Memory Studies
Menu Close
Letters from an American Farmer
Letters from an American Farmer

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of Letters from an American Farmer is here in full — 113 sentences across 23 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Cover illustration for Letters from an American Farmer
Context Illustration Reading 1/22 · 5 lines
English subtitles · tap any word to listen 1 / 5
PECULIAR CUSTOMS AT NANTUCKET The manners of the Friends are entirely founded on that simplicity which is their boast, and their most distinguished characteristic; and those manners have acquired the authority of laws.
Here they are strongly attached to plainness of dress, as well as to that of language; insomuch that though some part of it may be ungrammatical, yet should any person who was born and brought up here, attempt to speak more correctly, he would be looked upon as a fop or an innovator.
On the other hand, should a stranger come here and adopt their idiom in all its purity (as they deem it) this accomplishment would immediately procure him the most cordial reception; and they would cherish him like an ancient member of their society.
So many impositions have they suffered on this account, that they begin now indeed to grow more cautious.
They are so tenacious of their ancient habits of industry and frugality, that if any of them were to be seen with a long coat made of English cloth, on any other than the first-day (Sunday), he would be greatly ridiculed and censured; he would be looked upon as a careless spendthrift, whom it would be unsafe to trust, and in vain to relieve.
0:00 / 0:00
Speed 0.75x
AI-generated narration by OpenAI · Slow US English
LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Letters from an American Farmer

Chapter VIII · Chapter 8

Chapter 8 of Letters from an American Farmer is here in full — 113 sentences across 23 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/22 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
PECULIAR CUSTOMS AT NANTUCKET The manners of the Friends are entirely founded on that simplicity which is their boast, and their most distinguished characteristic; and those manners have acquired the authority of laws.
/pəˈkjuːljər ˈkʌstəmz æt nænˈtʌkɪt ðə ˈmænərz ʌv ðə frendz ɑːr ɪnˈtaɪərli ˈfaʊndɪd ɑːn ðæt sɪmˈplɪsəti wɪtʃ ɪz ðer boʊst ənd ðer moʊst dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃt ˌkerəktərˈɪstɪk ənd ðoʊz ˈmænərz hæv əˈkwaɪərd ðə əˈθɔːrəti ʌv lɔːz/
Line 2
Here they are strongly attached to plainness of dress, as well as to that of language; insomuch that though some part of it may be ungrammatical, yet should any person who was born and brought up here, attempt to speak more correctly, he would be looked upon as a fop or an innovator.
Line 3
On the other hand, should a stranger come here and adopt their idiom in all its purity (as they deem it) this accomplishment would immediately procure him the most cordial reception; and they would cherish him like an ancient member of their society.
/ɑːn ðə ˈʌðər hænd ʃʊd ə ˈstreɪndʒər kʌm hiːr ənd əˈdɑːpt ðer ˈɪdiəm ɪn ɔːl ɪts ˈpjʊrəti æz ðeɪ diːm ɪt ðɪs əˈkɑːmplɪʃmənt wʊd ˌɪˈmiːdiːətli proʊˈkjʊr hɪm ðə moʊst ˈkɔːrdʒəl rɪˈsepʃən ənd ðeɪ wʊd ˈtʃerɪʃ hɪm laɪk æn ˈeɪn.ʃənt ˈmembər ʌv ðer səˈsaɪəti/
Line 4
So many impositions have they suffered on this account, that they begin now indeed to grow more cautious.
Line 5
They are so tenacious of their ancient habits of industry and frugality, that if any of them were to be seen with a long coat made of English cloth, on any other than the first-day (Sunday), he would be greatly ridiculed and censured; he would be looked upon as a careless spendthrift, whom it would be unsafe to trust, and in vain to relieve.

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

censured verb US /ˈsenʃərd/

past form of “censure” — rebuke formally

From this reading “They are so tenacious of their ancient habits of industry and frugality, that if any of them were to be seen with a long coat made of English cloth, on any other than the first-day (Sunday), he would be greatly ridiculed and censured; he would be looked upon as a careless spendthrift, whom it would be unsafe to trust, and in vain to relieve.”

fop noun US /fɔːp/

a man who is much concerned with his dress and appearance

From this reading “Here they are strongly attached to plainness of dress, as well as to that of language; insomuch that though some part of it may be ungrammatical, yet should any person who was born and brought up here, attempt to speak more correctly, he would be looked upon as a fop or an innovator.”

frugality noun US /fruːˈɡæləti/

prudence in avoiding waste

From this reading “They are so tenacious of their ancient habits of industry and frugality, that if any of them were to be seen with a long coat made of English cloth, on any other than the first-day (Sunday), he would be greatly ridiculed and censured; he would be looked upon as a careless spendthrift, whom it would be unsafe to trust, and in vain to relieve.”

idiom noun US /ˈɪdiəm/

a manner of speaking that is natural to native speakers of a language

From this reading “On the other hand, should a stranger come here and adopt their idiom in all its purity (as they deem it) this accomplishment would immediately procure him the most cordial reception; and they would cherish him like an ancient member of their society.”

innovator noun US /ˈɪnəveɪtər/

someone who helps to open up a new line of research or technology or art

From this reading “Here they are strongly attached to plainness of dress, as well as to that of language; insomuch that though some part of it may be ungrammatical, yet should any person who was born and brought up here, attempt to speak more correctly, he would be looked upon as a fop or an innovator.”

nantucket noun US /nænˈtʌkɪt/

an island resort off Cape Cod; formerly a center of the whaling industry

From this reading “PECULIAR CUSTOMS AT NANTUCKET The manners of the Friends are entirely founded on that simplicity which is their boast, and their most distinguished characteristic; and those manners have acquired the authority of laws.”

spendthrift noun US /ˈspendθrɪft/

someone who spends money prodigally

From this reading “They are so tenacious of their ancient habits of industry and frugality, that if any of them were to be seen with a long coat made of English cloth, on any other than the first-day (Sunday), he would be greatly ridiculed and censured; he would be looked upon as a careless spendthrift, whom it would be unsafe to trust, and in vain to relieve.”

unsafe adjective US /ənˈseɪf/

lacking in security or safety

From this reading “They are so tenacious of their ancient habits of industry and frugality, that if any of them were to be seen with a long coat made of English cloth, on any other than the first-day (Sunday), he would be greatly ridiculed and censured; he would be looked upon as a careless spendthrift, whom it would be unsafe to trust, and in vain to relieve.”

All words in this reading · 127

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading Here they are strongly attached to plainness of dress, as well as to that of language; insomuch that though some part of it may be ungrammatical, yet should any person who was born and brought up here, attempt to speak more correctly, he would be looked upon as a fop or an innovator.

accomplishmentnounUS /əˈkɑːmplɪʃmənt/

the action of accomplishing something

From this reading On the other hand, should a stranger come here and adopt their idiom in all its purity (as they deem it) this accomplishment would immediately procure him the most cordial reception; and they would cherish him like an ancient member of their society.

accountnounUS /əˈkaʊnt/

a record or narrative description of past events

From this reading So many impositions have they suffered on this account, that they begin now indeed to grow more cautious.

acquiredadjectiveUS /əˈkwaɪərd/

gotten through environmental forces

From this reading PECULIAR CUSTOMS AT NANTUCKET The manners of the Friends are entirely founded on that simplicity which is their boast, and their most distinguished characteristic; and those manners have acquired the authority of laws.

adoptverbUS /əˈdɑːpt/

choose and follow; as of theories, ideas, policies, strategies or plans

From this reading On the other hand, should a stranger come here and adopt their idiom in all its purity (as they deem it) this accomplishment would immediately procure him the most cordial reception; and they would cherish him like an ancient member of their society.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading On the other hand, should a stranger come here and adopt their idiom in all its purity (as they deem it) this accomplishment would immediately procure him the most cordial reception; and they would cherish him like an ancient member of their society.

andeterminerUS /æn/

the form of “a” used before a word that begins with a vowel sound

From this reading Here they are strongly attached to plainness of dress, as well as to that of language; insomuch that though some part of it may be ungrammatical, yet should any person who was born and brought up here, attempt to speak more correctly, he would be looked upon as a fop or an innovator.

ancientadjectiveUS /ˈeɪn.ʃənt/

Belonging to the very distant past and no longer in existence or deeply revered.

From this reading On the other hand, should a stranger come here and adopt their idiom in all its purity (as they deem it) this accomplishment would immediately procure him the most cordial reception; and they would cherish him like an ancient member of their society.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading PECULIAR CUSTOMS AT NANTUCKET The manners of the Friends are entirely founded on that simplicity which is their boast, and their most distinguished characteristic; and those manners have acquired the authority of laws.

anyadjectiveUS /ˈeni/

one or some or every or all without specification

From this reading Here they are strongly attached to plainness of dress, as well as to that of language; insomuch that though some part of it may be ungrammatical, yet should any person who was born and brought up here, attempt to speak more correctly, he would be looked upon as a fop or an innovator.

areauxiliary verbUS /ɑːr/

the form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading PECULIAR CUSTOMS AT NANTUCKET The manners of the Friends are entirely founded on that simplicity which is their boast, and their most distinguished characteristic; and those manners have acquired the authority of laws.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading Here they are strongly attached to plainness of dress, as well as to that of language; insomuch that though some part of it may be ungrammatical, yet should any person who was born and brought up here, attempt to speak more correctly, he would be looked upon as a fop or an innovator.

ATprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading PECULIAR CUSTOMS AT NANTUCKET The manners of the Friends are entirely founded on that simplicity which is their boast, and their most distinguished characteristic; and those manners have acquired the authority of laws.

attachedadjectiveUS /əˈtætʃt/

being joined in close association

From this reading Here they are strongly attached to plainness of dress, as well as to that of language; insomuch that though some part of it may be ungrammatical, yet should any person who was born and brought up here, attempt to speak more correctly, he would be looked upon as a fop or an innovator.

attemptnounUS /əˈtempt/

earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something

From this reading Here they are strongly attached to plainness of dress, as well as to that of language; insomuch that though some part of it may be ungrammatical, yet should any person who was born and brought up here, attempt to speak more correctly, he would be looked upon as a fop or an innovator.

authoritynounUS /əˈθɔːrəti/

the power or right to give orders or make decisions

From this reading PECULIAR CUSTOMS AT NANTUCKET The manners of the Friends are entirely founded on that simplicity which is their boast, and their most distinguished characteristic; and those manners have acquired the authority of laws.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading Here they are strongly attached to plainness of dress, as well as to that of language; insomuch that though some part of it may be ungrammatical, yet should any person who was born and brought up here, attempt to speak more correctly, he would be looked upon as a fop or an innovator.

beginverbUS /bɪˈɡɪn/

take the first step or steps in carrying out an action

From this reading So many impositions have they suffered on this account, that they begin now indeed to grow more cautious.

boastverbUS /boʊst/

show off

From this reading PECULIAR CUSTOMS AT NANTUCKET The manners of the Friends are entirely founded on that simplicity which is their boast, and their most distinguished characteristic; and those manners have acquired the authority of laws.

bornadjectiveUS /bɔːrn/

brought into existence

From this reading Here they are strongly attached to plainness of dress, as well as to that of language; insomuch that though some part of it may be ungrammatical, yet should any person who was born and brought up here, attempt to speak more correctly, he would be looked upon as a fop or an innovator.

broughtverbUS /brɔːt/

inflected form of “bring” — take something or somebody with oneself somewhere

From this reading Here they are strongly attached to plainness of dress, as well as to that of language; insomuch that though some part of it may be ungrammatical, yet should any person who was born and brought up here, attempt to speak more correctly, he would be looked upon as a fop or an innovator.

carelessadjectiveUS /ˈkerləs/

marked by lack of attention or consideration or forethought or thoroughness; not careful

From this reading They are so tenacious of their ancient habits of industry and frugality, that if any of them were to be seen with a long coat made of English cloth, on any other than the first-day (Sunday), he would be greatly ridiculed and censured; he would be looked upon as a careless spendthrift, whom it would be unsafe to trust, and in vain to relieve.

cautiousadjectiveUS /ˈkɔːʃəs/

showing careful forethought

From this reading So many impositions have they suffered on this account, that they begin now indeed to grow more cautious.

censuredverbUS /ˈsenʃərd/

past form of “censure” — rebuke formally

From this reading They are so tenacious of their ancient habits of industry and frugality, that if any of them were to be seen with a long coat made of English cloth, on any other than the first-day (Sunday), he would be greatly ridiculed and censured; he would be looked upon as a careless spendthrift, whom it would be unsafe to trust, and in vain to relieve.

characteristicnounUS /ˌkerəktərˈɪstɪk/

a prominent attribute or aspect of something

From this reading PECULIAR CUSTOMS AT NANTUCKET The manners of the Friends are entirely founded on that simplicity which is their boast, and their most distinguished characteristic; and those manners have acquired the authority of laws.

cherishverbUS /ˈtʃerɪʃ/

be fond of; be attached to

From this reading On the other hand, should a stranger come here and adopt their idiom in all its purity (as they deem it) this accomplishment would immediately procure him the most cordial reception; and they would cherish him like an ancient member of their society.

clothnounUS /klɔːθ/

artifact made by weaving or felting or knitting or crocheting natural or synthetic fibers

From this reading They are so tenacious of their ancient habits of industry and frugality, that if any of them were to be seen with a long coat made of English cloth, on any other than the first-day (Sunday), he would be greatly ridiculed and censured; he would be looked upon as a careless spendthrift, whom it would be unsafe to trust, and in vain to relieve.

coatnounUS /koʊt/

an outer garment that has sleeves and covers the body from shoulder down; worn outdoors

From this reading They are so tenacious of their ancient habits of industry and frugality, that if any of them were to be seen with a long coat made of English cloth, on any other than the first-day (Sunday), he would be greatly ridiculed and censured; he would be looked upon as a careless spendthrift, whom it would be unsafe to trust, and in vain to relieve.

comeverbUS /kʌm/

move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody

From this reading On the other hand, should a stranger come here and adopt their idiom in all its purity (as they deem it) this accomplishment would immediately procure him the most cordial reception; and they would cherish him like an ancient member of their society.

cordialadjectiveUS /ˈkɔːrdʒəl/

diffusing warmth and friendliness

From this reading On the other hand, should a stranger come here and adopt their idiom in all its purity (as they deem it) this accomplishment would immediately procure him the most cordial reception; and they would cherish him like an ancient member of their society.

correctlyadverbUS /kərˈektli/

in an accurate manner

From this reading Here they are strongly attached to plainness of dress, as well as to that of language; insomuch that though some part of it may be ungrammatical, yet should any person who was born and brought up here, attempt to speak more correctly, he would be looked upon as a fop or an innovator.

CUSTOMSnounUS /ˈkʌstəmz/

money collected under a tariff

From this reading PECULIAR CUSTOMS AT NANTUCKET The manners of the Friends are entirely founded on that simplicity which is their boast, and their most distinguished characteristic; and those manners have acquired the authority of laws.

deemverbUS /diːm/

keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view

From this reading On the other hand, should a stranger come here and adopt their idiom in all its purity (as they deem it) this accomplishment would immediately procure him the most cordial reception; and they would cherish him like an ancient member of their society.

distinguishedadjectiveUS /dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃt/

(used of persons) standing above others in character or attainment or reputation

From this reading PECULIAR CUSTOMS AT NANTUCKET The manners of the Friends are entirely founded on that simplicity which is their boast, and their most distinguished characteristic; and those manners have acquired the authority of laws.

dressverbUS /dres/

put on clothes

From this reading Here they are strongly attached to plainness of dress, as well as to that of language; insomuch that though some part of it may be ungrammatical, yet should any person who was born and brought up here, attempt to speak more correctly, he would be looked upon as a fop or an innovator.

EnglishnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading They are so tenacious of their ancient habits of industry and frugality, that if any of them were to be seen with a long coat made of English cloth, on any other than the first-day (Sunday), he would be greatly ridiculed and censured; he would be looked upon as a careless spendthrift, whom it would be unsafe to trust, and in vain to relieve.

entirelyadverbUS /ɪnˈtaɪərli/

to a complete degree or to the full or entire extent (“whole” is often used informally for “wholly”)

From this reading PECULIAR CUSTOMS AT NANTUCKET The manners of the Friends are entirely founded on that simplicity which is their boast, and their most distinguished characteristic; and those manners have acquired the authority of laws.

first-day

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading They are so tenacious of their ancient habits of industry and frugality, that if any of them were to be seen with a long coat made of English cloth, on any other than the first-day (Sunday), he would be greatly ridiculed and censured; he would be looked upon as a careless spendthrift, whom it would be unsafe to trust, and in vain to relieve.

fopnounUS /fɔːp/

a man who is much concerned with his dress and appearance

From this reading Here they are strongly attached to plainness of dress, as well as to that of language; insomuch that though some part of it may be ungrammatical, yet should any person who was born and brought up here, attempt to speak more correctly, he would be looked upon as a fop or an innovator.

foundedverbUS /ˈfaʊndɪd/

past form of “found” — set up or found

From this reading PECULIAR CUSTOMS AT NANTUCKET The manners of the Friends are entirely founded on that simplicity which is their boast, and their most distinguished characteristic; and those manners have acquired the authority of laws.

FriendsnounUS /frendz/

plural of “friend” — a person you know well and regard with affection and trust

From this reading PECULIAR CUSTOMS AT NANTUCKET The manners of the Friends are entirely founded on that simplicity which is their boast, and their most distinguished characteristic; and those manners have acquired the authority of laws.

frugalitynounUS /fruːˈɡæləti/

prudence in avoiding waste

From this reading They are so tenacious of their ancient habits of industry and frugality, that if any of them were to be seen with a long coat made of English cloth, on any other than the first-day (Sunday), he would be greatly ridiculed and censured; he would be looked upon as a careless spendthrift, whom it would be unsafe to trust, and in vain to relieve.

greatlyadverbUS /ˈɡreɪtli/

to an extraordinary extent or degree

From this reading They are so tenacious of their ancient habits of industry and frugality, that if any of them were to be seen with a long coat made of English cloth, on any other than the first-day (Sunday), he would be greatly ridiculed and censured; he would be looked upon as a careless spendthrift, whom it would be unsafe to trust, and in vain to relieve.

growverbUS /ɡroʊ/

pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become

From this reading So many impositions have they suffered on this account, that they begin now indeed to grow more cautious.

habitsnounUS /ˈhæbəts/

plural of “habit” — an established custom

From this reading They are so tenacious of their ancient habits of industry and frugality, that if any of them were to be seen with a long coat made of English cloth, on any other than the first-day (Sunday), he would be greatly ridiculed and censured; he would be looked upon as a careless spendthrift, whom it would be unsafe to trust, and in vain to relieve.

handnounUS /hænd/

the (prehensile) extremity of the superior limb

From this reading On the other hand, should a stranger come here and adopt their idiom in all its purity (as they deem it) this accomplishment would immediately procure him the most cordial reception; and they would cherish him like an ancient member of their society.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading PECULIAR CUSTOMS AT NANTUCKET The manners of the Friends are entirely founded on that simplicity which is their boast, and their most distinguished characteristic; and those manners have acquired the authority of laws.

hepronounUS /hiː/

a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Here they are strongly attached to plainness of dress, as well as to that of language; insomuch that though some part of it may be ungrammatical, yet should any person who was born and brought up here, attempt to speak more correctly, he would be looked upon as a fop or an innovator.

HereadverbUS /hiːr/

in or at this place; where the speaker or writer is

From this reading Here they are strongly attached to plainness of dress, as well as to that of language; insomuch that though some part of it may be ungrammatical, yet should any person who was born and brought up here, attempt to speak more correctly, he would be looked upon as a fop or an innovator.

himpronounUS /hɪm/

the male already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading On the other hand, should a stranger come here and adopt their idiom in all its purity (as they deem it) this accomplishment would immediately procure him the most cordial reception; and they would cherish him like an ancient member of their society.

idiomnounUS /ˈɪdiəm/

a manner of speaking that is natural to native speakers of a language

From this reading On the other hand, should a stranger come here and adopt their idiom in all its purity (as they deem it) this accomplishment would immediately procure him the most cordial reception; and they would cherish him like an ancient member of their society.

ifconjunctionUS /ɪf/

on condition that; in the event that

From this reading They are so tenacious of their ancient habits of industry and frugality, that if any of them were to be seen with a long coat made of English cloth, on any other than the first-day (Sunday), he would be greatly ridiculed and censured; he would be looked upon as a careless spendthrift, whom it would be unsafe to trust, and in vain to relieve.

immediatelyadverbUS /ˌɪˈmiːdiːətli/

without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening

From this reading On the other hand, should a stranger come here and adopt their idiom in all its purity (as they deem it) this accomplishment would immediately procure him the most cordial reception; and they would cherish him like an ancient member of their society.

impositions

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading So many impositions have they suffered on this account, that they begin now indeed to grow more cautious.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading On the other hand, should a stranger come here and adopt their idiom in all its purity (as they deem it) this accomplishment would immediately procure him the most cordial reception; and they would cherish him like an ancient member of their society.

indeedadverbUS /ˌɪnˈdiːd/

in truth (often tends to intensify)

From this reading So many impositions have they suffered on this account, that they begin now indeed to grow more cautious.

industrynounUS /ˈɪndəstri/

the people or companies engaged in a particular kind of commercial enterprise

From this reading They are so tenacious of their ancient habits of industry and frugality, that if any of them were to be seen with a long coat made of English cloth, on any other than the first-day (Sunday), he would be greatly ridiculed and censured; he would be looked upon as a careless spendthrift, whom it would be unsafe to trust, and in vain to relieve.

innovatornounUS /ˈɪnəveɪtər/

someone who helps to open up a new line of research or technology or art

From this reading Here they are strongly attached to plainness of dress, as well as to that of language; insomuch that though some part of it may be ungrammatical, yet should any person who was born and brought up here, attempt to speak more correctly, he would be looked upon as a fop or an innovator.

insomuchadverb

to such an extent or degree; so

From this reading Here they are strongly attached to plainness of dress, as well as to that of language; insomuch that though some part of it may be ungrammatical, yet should any person who was born and brought up here, attempt to speak more correctly, he would be looked upon as a fop or an innovator.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading PECULIAR CUSTOMS AT NANTUCKET The manners of the Friends are entirely founded on that simplicity which is their boast, and their most distinguished characteristic; and those manners have acquired the authority of laws.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading Here they are strongly attached to plainness of dress, as well as to that of language; insomuch that though some part of it may be ungrammatical, yet should any person who was born and brought up here, attempt to speak more correctly, he would be looked upon as a fop or an innovator.

itsdeterminerUS /ɪts/

belonging to the thing or animal already mentioned

From this reading On the other hand, should a stranger come here and adopt their idiom in all its purity (as they deem it) this accomplishment would immediately procure him the most cordial reception; and they would cherish him like an ancient member of their society.

languagenounUS /ˈlæŋɡwədʒ/

a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols

From this reading Here they are strongly attached to plainness of dress, as well as to that of language; insomuch that though some part of it may be ungrammatical, yet should any person who was born and brought up here, attempt to speak more correctly, he would be looked upon as a fop or an innovator.

lawsnounUS /lɔːz/

the first of three divisions of the Hebrew Scriptures comprising the first five books of the Hebrew Bible considered as a unit

From this reading PECULIAR CUSTOMS AT NANTUCKET The manners of the Friends are entirely founded on that simplicity which is their boast, and their most distinguished characteristic; and those manners have acquired the authority of laws.

likeverbUS /laɪk/

prefer or wish to do something

From this reading On the other hand, should a stranger come here and adopt their idiom in all its purity (as they deem it) this accomplishment would immediately procure him the most cordial reception; and they would cherish him like an ancient member of their society.

longadjectiveUS /lɔːŋ/

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified

From this reading They are so tenacious of their ancient habits of industry and frugality, that if any of them were to be seen with a long coat made of English cloth, on any other than the first-day (Sunday), he would be greatly ridiculed and censured; he would be looked upon as a careless spendthrift, whom it would be unsafe to trust, and in vain to relieve.

lookedverbUS /lʊkt/

past form of “look” — perceive with attention; direct one's gaze towards

From this reading Here they are strongly attached to plainness of dress, as well as to that of language; insomuch that though some part of it may be ungrammatical, yet should any person who was born and brought up here, attempt to speak more correctly, he would be looked upon as a fop or an innovator.

madeadjectiveUS /meɪd/

produced by a manufacturing process

From this reading They are so tenacious of their ancient habits of industry and frugality, that if any of them were to be seen with a long coat made of English cloth, on any other than the first-day (Sunday), he would be greatly ridiculed and censured; he would be looked upon as a careless spendthrift, whom it would be unsafe to trust, and in vain to relieve.

mannersnounUS /ˈmænərz/

social deportment

From this reading PECULIAR CUSTOMS AT NANTUCKET The manners of the Friends are entirely founded on that simplicity which is their boast, and their most distinguished characteristic; and those manners have acquired the authority of laws.

manyadjectiveUS /ˈmeni/

a quantifier that can be used with count nouns and is often preceded by “as” or “too” or “so” or “that”; amounting to a large but indefinite number

From this reading So many impositions have they suffered on this account, that they begin now indeed to grow more cautious.

maymodal verbUS /meɪ/

used to say something is possible, or to give permission

From this reading Here they are strongly attached to plainness of dress, as well as to that of language; insomuch that though some part of it may be ungrammatical, yet should any person who was born and brought up here, attempt to speak more correctly, he would be looked upon as a fop or an innovator.

membernounUS /ˈmembər/

one of the persons who compose a social group (especially individuals who have joined and participate in a group organization)

From this reading On the other hand, should a stranger come here and adopt their idiom in all its purity (as they deem it) this accomplishment would immediately procure him the most cordial reception; and they would cherish him like an ancient member of their society.

moreadjectiveUS /mɔːr/

(comparative of “much” used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree

From this reading Here they are strongly attached to plainness of dress, as well as to that of language; insomuch that though some part of it may be ungrammatical, yet should any person who was born and brought up here, attempt to speak more correctly, he would be looked upon as a fop or an innovator.

mostadverbUS /moʊst/

used to form the superlative

From this reading PECULIAR CUSTOMS AT NANTUCKET The manners of the Friends are entirely founded on that simplicity which is their boast, and their most distinguished characteristic; and those manners have acquired the authority of laws.

NANTUCKETnounUS /nænˈtʌkɪt/

an island resort off Cape Cod; formerly a center of the whaling industry

From this reading PECULIAR CUSTOMS AT NANTUCKET The manners of the Friends are entirely founded on that simplicity which is their boast, and their most distinguished characteristic; and those manners have acquired the authority of laws.

nowadverbUS /naʊ/

in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events

From this reading So many impositions have they suffered on this account, that they begin now indeed to grow more cautious.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading PECULIAR CUSTOMS AT NANTUCKET The manners of the Friends are entirely founded on that simplicity which is their boast, and their most distinguished characteristic; and those manners have acquired the authority of laws.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading PECULIAR CUSTOMS AT NANTUCKET The manners of the Friends are entirely founded on that simplicity which is their boast, and their most distinguished characteristic; and those manners have acquired the authority of laws.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading Here they are strongly attached to plainness of dress, as well as to that of language; insomuch that though some part of it may be ungrammatical, yet should any person who was born and brought up here, attempt to speak more correctly, he would be looked upon as a fop or an innovator.

otheradjectiveUS /ˈʌðər/

not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied

From this reading On the other hand, should a stranger come here and adopt their idiom in all its purity (as they deem it) this accomplishment would immediately procure him the most cordial reception; and they would cherish him like an ancient member of their society.

partnounUS /pɑːrt/

something determined in relation to something that includes it

From this reading Here they are strongly attached to plainness of dress, as well as to that of language; insomuch that though some part of it may be ungrammatical, yet should any person who was born and brought up here, attempt to speak more correctly, he would be looked upon as a fop or an innovator.

PECULIARadjectiveUS /pəˈkjuːljər/

beyond or deviating from the usual or expected

From this reading PECULIAR CUSTOMS AT NANTUCKET The manners of the Friends are entirely founded on that simplicity which is their boast, and their most distinguished characteristic; and those manners have acquired the authority of laws.

personnounUS /ˈpɜːrsən/

a human being

From this reading Here they are strongly attached to plainness of dress, as well as to that of language; insomuch that though some part of it may be ungrammatical, yet should any person who was born and brought up here, attempt to speak more correctly, he would be looked upon as a fop or an innovator.

plainnessnoun

the state of being unmixed with other material

From this reading Here they are strongly attached to plainness of dress, as well as to that of language; insomuch that though some part of it may be ungrammatical, yet should any person who was born and brought up here, attempt to speak more correctly, he would be looked upon as a fop or an innovator.

procureverbUS /proʊˈkjʊr/

get by special effort

From this reading On the other hand, should a stranger come here and adopt their idiom in all its purity (as they deem it) this accomplishment would immediately procure him the most cordial reception; and they would cherish him like an ancient member of their society.

puritynounUS /ˈpjʊrəti/

being undiluted or unmixed with extraneous material

From this reading On the other hand, should a stranger come here and adopt their idiom in all its purity (as they deem it) this accomplishment would immediately procure him the most cordial reception; and they would cherish him like an ancient member of their society.

receptionnounUS /rɪˈsepʃən/

the manner in which something is greeted

From this reading On the other hand, should a stranger come here and adopt their idiom in all its purity (as they deem it) this accomplishment would immediately procure him the most cordial reception; and they would cherish him like an ancient member of their society.

relieveverbUS /rɪˈliːv/

provide physical relief, as from pain

From this reading They are so tenacious of their ancient habits of industry and frugality, that if any of them were to be seen with a long coat made of English cloth, on any other than the first-day (Sunday), he would be greatly ridiculed and censured; he would be looked upon as a careless spendthrift, whom it would be unsafe to trust, and in vain to relieve.

ridiculedverbUS /ˈrɪdəkjuːld/

past form of “ridicule” — subject to laughter or ridicule

From this reading They are so tenacious of their ancient habits of industry and frugality, that if any of them were to be seen with a long coat made of English cloth, on any other than the first-day (Sunday), he would be greatly ridiculed and censured; he would be looked upon as a careless spendthrift, whom it would be unsafe to trust, and in vain to relieve.

seenverbUS /siːn/

inflected form of “see” — perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight

From this reading They are so tenacious of their ancient habits of industry and frugality, that if any of them were to be seen with a long coat made of English cloth, on any other than the first-day (Sunday), he would be greatly ridiculed and censured; he would be looked upon as a careless spendthrift, whom it would be unsafe to trust, and in vain to relieve.

shouldmodal verbUS /ʃʊd/

used to say what is right, expected, or advisable

From this reading Here they are strongly attached to plainness of dress, as well as to that of language; insomuch that though some part of it may be ungrammatical, yet should any person who was born and brought up here, attempt to speak more correctly, he would be looked upon as a fop or an innovator.

simplicitynounUS /sɪmˈplɪsəti/

the quality of being simple or uncompounded

From this reading PECULIAR CUSTOMS AT NANTUCKET The manners of the Friends are entirely founded on that simplicity which is their boast, and their most distinguished characteristic; and those manners have acquired the authority of laws.

SoconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading So many impositions have they suffered on this account, that they begin now indeed to grow more cautious.

societynounUS /səˈsaɪəti/

an extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization

From this reading On the other hand, should a stranger come here and adopt their idiom in all its purity (as they deem it) this accomplishment would immediately procure him the most cordial reception; and they would cherish him like an ancient member of their society.

someadjectiveUS /sʌm/

(quantifier) used with either mass nouns or plural count nouns to indicate an unspecified number or quantity

From this reading Here they are strongly attached to plainness of dress, as well as to that of language; insomuch that though some part of it may be ungrammatical, yet should any person who was born and brought up here, attempt to speak more correctly, he would be looked upon as a fop or an innovator.

speakverbUS /spiːk/

express in speech

From this reading Here they are strongly attached to plainness of dress, as well as to that of language; insomuch that though some part of it may be ungrammatical, yet should any person who was born and brought up here, attempt to speak more correctly, he would be looked upon as a fop or an innovator.

spendthriftnounUS /ˈspendθrɪft/

someone who spends money prodigally

From this reading They are so tenacious of their ancient habits of industry and frugality, that if any of them were to be seen with a long coat made of English cloth, on any other than the first-day (Sunday), he would be greatly ridiculed and censured; he would be looked upon as a careless spendthrift, whom it would be unsafe to trust, and in vain to relieve.

strangernounUS /ˈstreɪndʒər/

anyone who does not belong in the environment in which they are found

From this reading On the other hand, should a stranger come here and adopt their idiom in all its purity (as they deem it) this accomplishment would immediately procure him the most cordial reception; and they would cherish him like an ancient member of their society.

stronglyadverbUS /ˈstrɔːŋli/

with strength or in a strong manner

From this reading Here they are strongly attached to plainness of dress, as well as to that of language; insomuch that though some part of it may be ungrammatical, yet should any person who was born and brought up here, attempt to speak more correctly, he would be looked upon as a fop or an innovator.

sufferedverbUS /ˈsʌfərd/

past form of “suffer” — undergo or be subjected to

From this reading So many impositions have they suffered on this account, that they begin now indeed to grow more cautious.

SundaynounUS /ˈsʌndeɪ/

first day of the week; observed as a day of rest and worship by most Christians

From this reading They are so tenacious of their ancient habits of industry and frugality, that if any of them were to be seen with a long coat made of English cloth, on any other than the first-day (Sunday), he would be greatly ridiculed and censured; he would be looked upon as a careless spendthrift, whom it would be unsafe to trust, and in vain to relieve.

tenaciousadjectiveUS /təˈneɪʃəs/

good at remembering

From this reading They are so tenacious of their ancient habits of industry and frugality, that if any of them were to be seen with a long coat made of English cloth, on any other than the first-day (Sunday), he would be greatly ridiculed and censured; he would be looked upon as a careless spendthrift, whom it would be unsafe to trust, and in vain to relieve.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading They are so tenacious of their ancient habits of industry and frugality, that if any of them were to be seen with a long coat made of English cloth, on any other than the first-day (Sunday), he would be greatly ridiculed and censured; he would be looked upon as a careless spendthrift, whom it would be unsafe to trust, and in vain to relieve.

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading PECULIAR CUSTOMS AT NANTUCKET The manners of the Friends are entirely founded on that simplicity which is their boast, and their most distinguished characteristic; and those manners have acquired the authority of laws.

ThedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading PECULIAR CUSTOMS AT NANTUCKET The manners of the Friends are entirely founded on that simplicity which is their boast, and their most distinguished characteristic; and those manners have acquired the authority of laws.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading PECULIAR CUSTOMS AT NANTUCKET The manners of the Friends are entirely founded on that simplicity which is their boast, and their most distinguished characteristic; and those manners have acquired the authority of laws.

thempronounUS /ðem/

the people or things already mentioned, as the object

From this reading They are so tenacious of their ancient habits of industry and frugality, that if any of them were to be seen with a long coat made of English cloth, on any other than the first-day (Sunday), he would be greatly ridiculed and censured; he would be looked upon as a careless spendthrift, whom it would be unsafe to trust, and in vain to relieve.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading Here they are strongly attached to plainness of dress, as well as to that of language; insomuch that though some part of it may be ungrammatical, yet should any person who was born and brought up here, attempt to speak more correctly, he would be looked upon as a fop or an innovator.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading On the other hand, should a stranger come here and adopt their idiom in all its purity (as they deem it) this accomplishment would immediately procure him the most cordial reception; and they would cherish him like an ancient member of their society.

thosedeterminerUS /ðoʊz/

the plural of “that”: the people or things further away, or already known

From this reading PECULIAR CUSTOMS AT NANTUCKET The manners of the Friends are entirely founded on that simplicity which is their boast, and their most distinguished characteristic; and those manners have acquired the authority of laws.

thoughconjunctionUS /ðoʊ/

in spite of the fact that

From this reading Here they are strongly attached to plainness of dress, as well as to that of language; insomuch that though some part of it may be ungrammatical, yet should any person who was born and brought up here, attempt to speak more correctly, he would be looked upon as a fop or an innovator.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading Here they are strongly attached to plainness of dress, as well as to that of language; insomuch that though some part of it may be ungrammatical, yet should any person who was born and brought up here, attempt to speak more correctly, he would be looked upon as a fop or an innovator.

trustnounUS /trʌst/

something (as property) held by one party (the trustee) for the benefit of another (the beneficiary)

From this reading They are so tenacious of their ancient habits of industry and frugality, that if any of them were to be seen with a long coat made of English cloth, on any other than the first-day (Sunday), he would be greatly ridiculed and censured; he would be looked upon as a careless spendthrift, whom it would be unsafe to trust, and in vain to relieve.

ungrammaticaladjective

not grammatical; not conforming to the rules of grammar or accepted usage

From this reading Here they are strongly attached to plainness of dress, as well as to that of language; insomuch that though some part of it may be ungrammatical, yet should any person who was born and brought up here, attempt to speak more correctly, he would be looked upon as a fop or an innovator.

unsafeadjectiveUS /ənˈseɪf/

lacking in security or safety

From this reading They are so tenacious of their ancient habits of industry and frugality, that if any of them were to be seen with a long coat made of English cloth, on any other than the first-day (Sunday), he would be greatly ridiculed and censured; he would be looked upon as a careless spendthrift, whom it would be unsafe to trust, and in vain to relieve.

upadjectiveUS /ʌp/

being or moving higher in position or greater in some value; being above a former position or level

From this reading Here they are strongly attached to plainness of dress, as well as to that of language; insomuch that though some part of it may be ungrammatical, yet should any person who was born and brought up here, attempt to speak more correctly, he would be looked upon as a fop or an innovator.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading Here they are strongly attached to plainness of dress, as well as to that of language; insomuch that though some part of it may be ungrammatical, yet should any person who was born and brought up here, attempt to speak more correctly, he would be looked upon as a fop or an innovator.

vainadjectiveUS /veɪn/

characteristic of false pride; having an exaggerated sense of self-importance

From this reading They are so tenacious of their ancient habits of industry and frugality, that if any of them were to be seen with a long coat made of English cloth, on any other than the first-day (Sunday), he would be greatly ridiculed and censured; he would be looked upon as a careless spendthrift, whom it would be unsafe to trust, and in vain to relieve.

wasauxiliary verbUS /wɑːz/

the past form of “be” used with I, he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Here they are strongly attached to plainness of dress, as well as to that of language; insomuch that though some part of it may be ungrammatical, yet should any person who was born and brought up here, attempt to speak more correctly, he would be looked upon as a fop or an innovator.

welladverbUS /wel/

(often used as a combining form) in a good or proper or satisfactory manner or to a high standard (“good” is a nonstandard dialectal variant for “well”)

From this reading Here they are strongly attached to plainness of dress, as well as to that of language; insomuch that though some part of it may be ungrammatical, yet should any person who was born and brought up here, attempt to speak more correctly, he would be looked upon as a fop or an innovator.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading They are so tenacious of their ancient habits of industry and frugality, that if any of them were to be seen with a long coat made of English cloth, on any other than the first-day (Sunday), he would be greatly ridiculed and censured; he would be looked upon as a careless spendthrift, whom it would be unsafe to trust, and in vain to relieve.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading PECULIAR CUSTOMS AT NANTUCKET The manners of the Friends are entirely founded on that simplicity which is their boast, and their most distinguished characteristic; and those manners have acquired the authority of laws.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading Here they are strongly attached to plainness of dress, as well as to that of language; insomuch that though some part of it may be ungrammatical, yet should any person who was born and brought up here, attempt to speak more correctly, he would be looked upon as a fop or an innovator.

whompronounUS /huːm/

the form of “who” used as the object of a verb or preposition

From this reading They are so tenacious of their ancient habits of industry and frugality, that if any of them were to be seen with a long coat made of English cloth, on any other than the first-day (Sunday), he would be greatly ridiculed and censured; he would be looked upon as a careless spendthrift, whom it would be unsafe to trust, and in vain to relieve.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading They are so tenacious of their ancient habits of industry and frugality, that if any of them were to be seen with a long coat made of English cloth, on any other than the first-day (Sunday), he would be greatly ridiculed and censured; he would be looked upon as a careless spendthrift, whom it would be unsafe to trust, and in vain to relieve.

wouldmodal verbUS /wʊd/

used for something imagined, polite, or habitual in the past

From this reading Here they are strongly attached to plainness of dress, as well as to that of language; insomuch that though some part of it may be ungrammatical, yet should any person who was born and brought up here, attempt to speak more correctly, he would be looked upon as a fop or an innovator.

yetconjunctionUS /jet/

but in spite of that

From this reading Here they are strongly attached to plainness of dress, as well as to that of language; insomuch that though some part of it may be ungrammatical, yet should any person who was born and brought up here, attempt to speak more correctly, he would be looked upon as a fop or an innovator.

Chapter 8 of Letters from an American Farmer by J. Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur holds 113 sentences, grouped into 23 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the public-domain source, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 8 of Letters from an American Farmer contain?

Chapter 8 holds 113 sentences of Letters from an American Farmer, unabridged, divided into 23 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 8 of Letters from an American Farmer by J. Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur exactly as it stands in the public-domain source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 113 sentences, grouped into 23 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 8 of Letters from an American Farmer?

Work through the 23 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 23 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 8 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 8 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Letters from an American Farmer

Common questions about reading Letters from an American Farmer by J. Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur on this page, its source edition and its audio.

Is this the complete text of Letters from an American Farmer?

Yes. All 2087 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #4666 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Letters from an American Farmer is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #4666, a public-domain edition. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Letters from an American Farmer take to read?

About 173 minutes of reading across 418 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Letters from an American Farmer section by section

How to work through Letters from an American Farmer section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

  1. Open a chapter

    Choose one of the 12 chapters of Letters from an American Farmer to begin.

  2. Read one section

    Each section holds 5 sentences; read it once through.

  3. Listen and tap

    Play the section aloud, then tap any unfamiliar word for its entry.

Vocabulary met early in Letters from an American Farmer

Words and structures a reader meets early in Letters from an American Farmer, each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Thought
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Letters from an American Farmer; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Because
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Letters from an American Farmer; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Received
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Letters from an American Farmer; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Hospitality
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Letters from an American Farmer; the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.