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Letters from England, Volume 1 (of 3)
Letters from England, Volume 1 (of 3)

Chapter XVII

Chapter 17 of Letters from England, Volume 1 (of 3) is here in full — 105 sentences across 21 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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_Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.
We know that the Celts were light or red-haired, with blue eyes, by the evidence of history; and their descendants in Wales, and Ireland, and Scotland, still continue so.
The Saxons, and Angles, and Danes, were of the same complexion.
How is it then that the dark eyes and dark hair of the south should predominate?
Could the Roman breed have been so generally extended, or, did the Spanish colony spread further than has been supposed?
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Letters from England, Volume 1 (of 3)

Chapter XVII

Chapter 17 of Letters from England, Volume 1 (of 3) is here in full — 105 sentences across 21 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/21 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
_Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.
Line 2
We know that the Celts were light or red-haired, with blue eyes, by the evidence of history; and their descendants in Wales, and Ireland, and Scotland, still continue so.
Line 3
The Saxons, and Angles, and Danes, were of the same complexion.
/ðə ˈsæksənz ənd ˈæŋɡəlz ənd deɪnz wɜːr ʌv ðə seɪm kəmˈplekʃən/
Line 4
How is it then that the dark eyes and dark hair of the south should predominate?
Line 5
Could the Roman breed have been so generally extended, or, did the Spanish colony spread further than has been supposed?
/kʊd ðə ˈroʊmən briːd hæv bɪn soʊ ˈdʒenərəli ɪkˈstendəd ɔːr dɪd ðə ˈspænɪʃ ˈkɑːləni spred ˈfɜːrðər ðæn hæz bɪn səˈpoʊzd/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

Catholicism noun US /kəˈθɔːləsɪzəm/

the beliefs and practices of a Catholic Church

From this reading “_Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.”

Celts noun US /selts/

plural of “celt” — a member of a European people who once occupied Britain and Spain and Gaul prior to Roman times

From this reading “We know that the Celts were light or red-haired, with blue eyes, by the evidence of history; and their descendants in Wales, and Ireland, and Scotland, still continue so.”

complexions noun US /kəmˈplekʃənz/

plural of “complexion” — the coloring of a person's face

From this reading “_Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.”

contradictory adjective US /ˌkɑːntrəˈdɪktəri/

of words or propositions so related that both cannot be true and both cannot be false

From this reading “_Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.”

predominate verb US /prɪˈdɑːməneɪt/

be larger in number, quantity, power, status or importance

From this reading “How is it then that the dark eyes and dark hair of the south should predominate?”

prevalence noun US /ˈprevələns/

the quality of prevailing generally; being widespread

From this reading “_Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.”

Saxons noun US /ˈsæksənz/

plural of “saxon” — a member of a Germanic people who conquered England and merged with the Angles and Jutes to become Anglo-Saxons; dominant in England until the Norman Conquest

From this reading “The Saxons, and Angles, and Danes, were of the same complexion.”

Surnames noun US /ˈsɜːrneɪmz/

plural of “surname” — the name used to identify the members of a family (as distinguished from each member's given name)

From this reading “_Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

blue eyes adjective + noun

In this reading “We know that the Celts were light or red-haired, with blue eyes, by the evidence of history; and their descendants in Wales, and Ireland, and Scotland, still continue so.”

dark complexions noun + noun counted as “dark complexion”

In this reading “_Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.”

dark hair noun + noun

In this reading “_Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.”

dark eyes noun + noun

In this reading “How is it then that the dark eyes and dark hair of the south should predominate?”

remarkable fact adjective + noun

In this reading “_Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.”

unlucky Day adjective + noun

In this reading “_Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.”

in opposition preposition + noun

In this reading “_Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.”

All words in this reading · 86

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading _Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading _Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.

amongprepositionUS /əˈmʌŋ/

surrounded by; in the middle of a group

From this reading _Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading _Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.

AnglesnounUS /ˈæŋɡəlz/

plural of “angle” — the space between two lines or planes that intersect; the inclination of one line to another; measured in degrees or radians

From this reading The Saxons, and Angles, and Danes, were of the same complexion.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading Could the Roman breed have been so generally extended, or, did the Spanish colony spread further than has been supposed?

blueadjectiveUS /bluː/

of the color intermediate between green and violet; having a color similar to that of a clear unclouded sky

From this reading We know that the Celts were light or red-haired, with blue eyes, by the evidence of history; and their descendants in Wales, and Ireland, and Scotland, still continue so.

breedverbUS /briːd/

call forth

From this reading Could the Roman breed have been so generally extended, or, did the Spanish colony spread further than has been supposed?

byprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading We know that the Celts were light or red-haired, with blue eyes, by the evidence of history; and their descendants in Wales, and Ireland, and Scotland, still continue so.

CatholicismnounUS /kəˈθɔːləsɪzəm/

the beliefs and practices of a Catholic Church

From this reading _Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.

CeltsnounUS /selts/

plural of “celt” — a member of a European people who once occupied Britain and Spain and Gaul prior to Roman times

From this reading We know that the Celts were light or red-haired, with blue eyes, by the evidence of history; and their descendants in Wales, and Ireland, and Scotland, still continue so.

ChristianadjectiveUS /ˈkrɪstʃən/

relating to or characteristic of Christianity

From this reading _Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.

colonynounUS /ˈkɑːləni/

a body of people who settle far from home but maintain ties with their homeland; inhabitants remain nationals of their home state but are not literally under the home state's system of government

From this reading Could the Roman breed have been so generally extended, or, did the Spanish colony spread further than has been supposed?

ComplexionnounUS /kəmˈplekʃən/

the coloring of a person's face

From this reading _Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.

complexionsnounUS /kəmˈplekʃənz/

plural of “complexion” — the coloring of a person's face

From this reading _Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.

continueverbUS /kənˈtɪnjuː/

continue a certain state, condition, or activity

From this reading We know that the Celts were light or red-haired, with blue eyes, by the evidence of history; and their descendants in Wales, and Ireland, and Scotland, still continue so.

contradictoryadjectiveUS /ˌkɑːntrəˈdɪktəri/

of words or propositions so related that both cannot be true and both cannot be false

From this reading _Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.

Couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading Could the Roman breed have been so generally extended, or, did the Spanish colony spread further than has been supposed?

DanesnounUS /deɪnz/

plural of “dane” — a native or inhabitant of Denmark

From this reading The Saxons, and Angles, and Danes, were of the same complexion.

darknounUS /dɑːrk/

absence of light or illumination

From this reading _Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.

DaynounUS /deɪ/

time for Earth to make a complete rotation on its axis

From this reading _Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.

DaysnounUS /deɪz/

the time during which someone's life continues

From this reading _Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.

descendantsnounUS /dɪˈsendənts/

all of the offspring of a given progenitor

From this reading We know that the Celts were light or red-haired, with blue eyes, by the evidence of history; and their descendants in Wales, and Ireland, and Scotland, still continue so.

didauxiliary verbUS /dɪd/

the past form of “do”, used in questions and negatives

From this reading Could the Roman breed have been so generally extended, or, did the Spanish colony spread further than has been supposed?

Diminutives

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.

EnglishnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading _Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.

establishedadjectiveUS /ɪˈstæblɪʃt/

brought about or set up or accepted; especially long established

From this reading _Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.

evidencenounUS /ˈevədəns/

your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief

From this reading We know that the Celts were light or red-haired, with blue eyes, by the evidence of history; and their descendants in Wales, and Ireland, and Scotland, still continue so.

extendedadjectiveUS /ɪkˈstendəd/

relatively long in duration; tediously protracted

From this reading Could the Roman breed have been so generally extended, or, did the Spanish colony spread further than has been supposed?

eyesnounUS /aɪz/

opinion or judgment

From this reading We know that the Celts were light or red-haired, with blue eyes, by the evidence of history; and their descendants in Wales, and Ireland, and Scotland, still continue so.

factnounUS /fækt/

a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred

From this reading _Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.

FridaynounUS /ˈfraɪdi/

the sixth day of the week; the fifth working day

From this reading _Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.

furtheradverbUS /ˈfɜːrðər/

to or at a greater extent or degree or a more advanced stage (“further” is used more often than “farther” in this abstract sense)

From this reading Could the Roman breed have been so generally extended, or, did the Spanish colony spread further than has been supposed?

generallyadverbUS /ˈdʒenərəli/

usually; as a rule

From this reading Could the Roman breed have been so generally extended, or, did the Spanish colony spread further than has been supposed?

hairnounUS /her/

a covering for the body (or parts of it) consisting of a dense growth of threadlike structures (as on the human head); helps to prevent heat loss

From this reading _Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading Could the Roman breed have been so generally extended, or, did the Spanish colony spread further than has been supposed?

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading Could the Roman breed have been so generally extended, or, did the Spanish colony spread further than has been supposed?

historicaladjectiveUS /hɪˈstɔːrɪkəl/

of or relating to the study of history

From this reading _Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.

historynounUS /ˈhɪstəri/

the aggregate of past events

From this reading We know that the Celts were light or red-haired, with blue eyes, by the evidence of history; and their descendants in Wales, and Ireland, and Scotland, still continue so.

How

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading How is it then that the dark eyes and dark hair of the south should predominate?

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading _Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.

IrelandnounUS /ˈaɪərlənd/

a republic consisting of 26 of 32 counties comprising the island of Ireland; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1921

From this reading We know that the Celts were light or red-haired, with blue eyes, by the evidence of history; and their descendants in Wales, and Ireland, and Scotland, still continue so.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading _Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.

IslandnounUS /ˈaɪlənd/

a land mass (smaller than a continent) that is surrounded by water

From this reading _Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading How is it then that the dark eyes and dark hair of the south should predominate?

knowverbUS /noʊ/

be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about

From this reading We know that the Celts were light or red-haired, with blue eyes, by the evidence of history; and their descendants in Wales, and Ireland, and Scotland, still continue so.

lightadjectiveUS /laɪt/

of comparatively little physical weight or density

From this reading We know that the Celts were light or red-haired, with blue eyes, by the evidence of history; and their descendants in Wales, and Ireland, and Scotland, still continue so.

MonthsnounUS /mʌnθs/

plural of “month” — one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year

From this reading _Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.

NamesnounUS /neɪmz/

verbal abuse; a crude substitute for argument

From this reading _Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading _Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.

oppositionnounUS /ˌɑːpəˈzɪʃən/

the action of opposing something that you disapprove or disagree with

From this reading _Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading We know that the Celts were light or red-haired, with blue eyes, by the evidence of history; and their descendants in Wales, and Ireland, and Scotland, still continue so.

peoplers

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.

predominateverbUS /prɪˈdɑːməneɪt/

be larger in number, quantity, power, status or importance

From this reading How is it then that the dark eyes and dark hair of the south should predominate?

prevalencenounUS /ˈprevələns/

the quality of prevailing generally; being widespread

From this reading _Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.

red-haired

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading We know that the Celts were light or red-haired, with blue eyes, by the evidence of history; and their descendants in Wales, and Ireland, and Scotland, still continue so.

RelicsnounUS /ˈrelɪks/

plural of “relic” — an antiquity that has survived from the distant past

From this reading _Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.

remarkableadjectiveUS /rɪˈmɑːrkəbəl/

unusual or striking

From this reading _Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.

respectingverbUS /riˈspektɪŋ/

-ing form of “respect” — regard highly; think much of

From this reading _Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.

RomanadjectiveUS /ˈroʊmən/

relating to or characteristic of people of Rome

From this reading Could the Roman breed have been so generally extended, or, did the Spanish colony spread further than has been supposed?

sameadjectiveUS /seɪm/

Identical; not different.

From this reading The Saxons, and Angles, and Danes, were of the same complexion.

SaxonsnounUS /ˈsæksənz/

plural of “saxon” — a member of a Germanic people who conquered England and merged with the Angles and Jutes to become Anglo-Saxons; dominant in England until the Norman Conquest

From this reading The Saxons, and Angles, and Danes, were of the same complexion.

ScotlandnounUS /ˈskɑːtlənd/

one of the four countries that make up the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; located on the northern part of the island of Great Britain; famous for bagpipes and plaids and kilts

From this reading We know that the Celts were light or red-haired, with blue eyes, by the evidence of history; and their descendants in Wales, and Ireland, and Scotland, still continue so.

shouldmodal verbUS /ʃʊd/

used to say what is right, expected, or advisable

From this reading How is it then that the dark eyes and dark hair of the south should predominate?

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading We know that the Celts were light or red-haired, with blue eyes, by the evidence of history; and their descendants in Wales, and Ireland, and Scotland, still continue so.

southnounUS /saʊθ/

the region of the United States lying to the south of the Mason-Dixon line

From this reading How is it then that the dark eyes and dark hair of the south should predominate?

SpanishnounUS /ˈspænɪʃ/

the Romance language spoken in most of Spain and the countries colonized by Spain

From this reading Could the Roman breed have been so generally extended, or, did the Spanish colony spread further than has been supposed?

spreadverbUS /spred/

distribute or disperse widely

From this reading Could the Roman breed have been so generally extended, or, did the Spanish colony spread further than has been supposed?

St

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.

stilladjectiveUS /stɪl/

not in physical motion

From this reading We know that the Celts were light or red-haired, with blue eyes, by the evidence of history; and their descendants in Wales, and Ireland, and Scotland, still continue so.

supposedadjectiveUS /səˈpoʊzd/

required or under orders

From this reading Could the Roman breed have been so generally extended, or, did the Spanish colony spread further than has been supposed?

SurnamesnounUS /ˈsɜːrneɪmz/

plural of “surname” — the name used to identify the members of a family (as distinguished from each member's given name)

From this reading _Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.

SystemnounUS /ˈsɪstəm/

instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity

From this reading _Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.

thanconjunctionUS /ðæn/

used to introduce the second part of a comparison

From this reading Could the Roman breed have been so generally extended, or, did the Spanish colony spread further than has been supposed?

thatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading We know that the Celts were light or red-haired, with blue eyes, by the evidence of history; and their descendants in Wales, and Ireland, and Scotland, still continue so.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading _Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading _Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.

thenadverbUS /ðen/

subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)

From this reading How is it then that the dark eyes and dark hair of the south should predominate?

TheoriesnounUS /ˈθɪriz/

plural of “theory” — a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world; an organized system of accepted knowledge that applies in a variety of circumstances to explain a specific set of phenomena

From this reading _Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading _Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.

unluckyadjectiveUS /ənˈlʌki/

having or bringing misfortune

From this reading _Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.

ValentinenounUS /ˈvæləntaɪn/

a sweetheart chosen to receive a greeting on Saint Valentine's Day

From this reading _Complexion of the English contradictory to their historical Theories.—Christian Names, and their Diminutives.—System of Surnames.—Names of the Months and Days.—Friday the unlucky Day.—St Valentine.—Relics of Catholicism._ The prevalence of dark hair and dark complexions among the English is a remarkable fact in opposition to all established theories respecting the peoplers of the Island.

WalesnounUS /weɪlz/

one of the four countries that make up the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; during Roman times the region was known as Cambria

From this reading We know that the Celts were light or red-haired, with blue eyes, by the evidence of history; and their descendants in Wales, and Ireland, and Scotland, still continue so.

WepronounUS /wiː/

the speaker together with one or more other people

From this reading We know that the Celts were light or red-haired, with blue eyes, by the evidence of history; and their descendants in Wales, and Ireland, and Scotland, still continue so.

wereauxiliary verbUS /wɜːr/

the past form of “be” used with you, we, they, or a plural noun

From this reading We know that the Celts were light or red-haired, with blue eyes, by the evidence of history; and their descendants in Wales, and Ireland, and Scotland, still continue so.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading We know that the Celts were light or red-haired, with blue eyes, by the evidence of history; and their descendants in Wales, and Ireland, and Scotland, still continue so.

Chapter 17 of Letters from England, Volume 1 (of 3) by Robert Southey holds 105 sentences, grouped into 21 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 17 of Letters from England, Volume 1 (of 3) contain?

Chapter 17 holds 105 sentences of Letters from England, Volume 1 (of 3), unabridged, divided into 21 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 17 of Letters from England, Volume 1 (of 3) by Robert Southey exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 105 sentences, grouped into 21 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 17 of Letters from England, Volume 1 (of 3)?

Work through the 21 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 21 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

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Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 17 can be played aloud in United States English.

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Questions about reading Letters from England, Volume 1 (of 3)

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Yes. All 1743 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #61122 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

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Project Gutenberg eBook #61122, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

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About 145 minutes of reading across 349 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

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Vocabulary met early in Letters from England, Volume 1 (of 3)

Words and structures a reader meets early in Letters from England, Volume 1 (of 3), each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Manuel
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Letters from England, Volume 1 (of 3); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Alvarez
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Letters from England, Volume 1 (of 3); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Espriella
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Letters from England, Volume 1 (of 3); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Translated
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Letters from England, Volume 1 (of 3); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.