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Letters from England, Volume 2 (of 3)
Letters from England, Volume 2 (of 3)

Chapter XVI

Chapter 16 of Letters from England, Volume 2 (of 3) is here in full — 95 sentences across 19 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

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Context Illustration Reading 1/19 · 5 lines
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_Middlesex Election.—Nottingham Election.—Seats in Parliament how obtained.—Modes of Bribery.—Aylesbury.—Ilchester.—Contested Elections.—Marriages at Bristol.—Want of Talent in the English Government accounted for._ During my travels I have missed the sight of a popular election.
That for Middlesex has been carried on with uncommon asperity; it is the only instance wherein the ministry have exerted their influence; for, contrary to the custom of all their predecessors, they have fairly trusted themselves to the opinion of the people.
Here, however, they have taken a part,—and here they have been beaten, because they stood upon the very worst ground which they could possibly have chosen.
The English have a law called the _habeas corpus_, which they regard, with good reason, as the main pillar of their freedom.
By this law it is the right of every person who is arrested upon a criminal charge, to be tried at the first sessions after his arrest; so that, while this law continues in force, no person can be wrongfully detained in prison, but his guilt or innocence must be fairly proved.
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LEARNER DICTIONARY
Archivist
/ˈɑːrkɪvɪst/
Editorial verification pending

A keeper or guardian of historical records and memories.

Letters from England, Volume 2 (of 3)

Chapter XVI

Chapter 16 of Letters from England, Volume 2 (of 3) is here in full — 95 sentences across 19 reading sections, with audio for every sentence and word.

Reading 1/19 · 5 reading units · Lines 1–5

Line 1
_Middlesex Election.—Nottingham Election.—Seats in Parliament how obtained.—Modes of Bribery.—Aylesbury.—Ilchester.—Contested Elections.—Marriages at Bristol.—Want of Talent in the English Government accounted for._ During my travels I have missed the sight of a popular election.
Line 2
That for Middlesex has been carried on with uncommon asperity; it is the only instance wherein the ministry have exerted their influence; for, contrary to the custom of all their predecessors, they have fairly trusted themselves to the opinion of the people.
Line 3
Here, however, they have taken a part,—and here they have been beaten, because they stood upon the very worst ground which they could possibly have chosen.
Line 4
The English have a law called the _habeas corpus_, which they regard, with good reason, as the main pillar of their freedom.
Line 5
By this law it is the right of every person who is arrested upon a criminal charge, to be tried at the first sessions after his arrest; so that, while this law continues in force, no person can be wrongfully detained in prison, but his guilt or innocence must be fairly proved.
/baɪ ðɪs lɔː ɪt ɪz ðə raɪt ʌv ˈevəri ˈpɜːrsən huː ɪz ərˈestɪd əˈpɑːn ə ˈkrɪmənəl tʃɑːrdʒ tuː biː traɪd æt ðə fɜːrst ˈseʃənz ˈæftər hɪz ərˈest soʊ ðæt waɪl ðɪs lɔː kənˈtɪnjuːz ɪn fɔːrs noʊ ˈpɜːrsən kæn biː ˈrɔːŋfəli dɪˈteɪnd ɪn ˈprɪzən bʌt hɪz ɡɪlt ɔːr ˈɪnəsəns mʌst biː ˈferli pruːvd/

Learner Dictionary

These definitions explain words found in the current reading and keep every example grounded in its original sentence.

Oxford-style entry order: headword, part of speech, US IPA, concise definition, contextual example, and audio.

asperity noun US /əˈsperɪti/

something hard to endure

From this reading “That for Middlesex has been carried on with uncommon asperity; it is the only instance wherein the ministry have exerted their influence; for, contrary to the custom of all their predecessors, they have fairly trusted themselves to the opinion of the people.”

Bribery noun US /ˈbraɪbəri/

the practice of offering something (usually money) in order to gain an illicit advantage

From this reading “_Middlesex Election.—Nottingham Election.—Seats in Parliament how obtained.—Modes of Bribery.—Aylesbury.—Ilchester.—Contested Elections.—Marriages at Bristol.—Want of Talent in the English Government accounted for._ During my travels I have missed the sight of a popular election.”

Contested adjective US /kənˈtestəd/

disputed or made the object of contention or competition

From this reading “_Middlesex Election.—Nottingham Election.—Seats in Parliament how obtained.—Modes of Bribery.—Aylesbury.—Ilchester.—Contested Elections.—Marriages at Bristol.—Want of Talent in the English Government accounted for._ During my travels I have missed the sight of a popular election.”

corpus noun US /ˈkɔːrpəs/

capital as contrasted with the income derived from it

Elections noun US /ɪˈlekʃənz/

plural of “election” — a vote to select the winner of a position or political office

From this reading “_Middlesex Election.—Nottingham Election.—Seats in Parliament how obtained.—Modes of Bribery.—Aylesbury.—Ilchester.—Contested Elections.—Marriages at Bristol.—Want of Talent in the English Government accounted for._ During my travels I have missed the sight of a popular election.”

predecessors noun US /ˈpredəsesərz/

plural of “predecessor” — one who precedes you in time (as in holding a position or office)

From this reading “That for Middlesex has been carried on with uncommon asperity; it is the only instance wherein the ministry have exerted their influence; for, contrary to the custom of all their predecessors, they have fairly trusted themselves to the opinion of the people.”

sessions noun US /ˈseʃənz/

United States composer who promoted 20th century music (1896-1985)

From this reading “By this law it is the right of every person who is arrested upon a criminal charge, to be tried at the first sessions after his arrest; so that, while this law continues in force, no person can be wrongfully detained in prison, but his guilt or innocence must be fairly proved.”

wrongfully adverb US /ˈrɔːŋfəli/

in an unjust or unfair manner

From this reading “By this law it is the right of every person who is arrested upon a criminal charge, to be tried at the first sessions after his arrest; so that, while this law continues in force, no person can be wrongfully detained in prison, but his guilt or innocence must be fairly proved.”

Word partnerships in these lines

English keeps certain words together, and knowing the pair is worth more than knowing each word alone. Every partnership below was counted across our whole published library, and earns its place by appearing far more often than two unrelated words of the same frequency would.

Shown as this reading writes them, with the form the library counts, what kind of pairing it is, and how often it occurs.

good reason adjective + noun

In this reading “The English have a law called the _habeas corpus_, which they regard, with good reason, as the main pillar of their freedom.”

very worst adjective + noun

In this reading “Here, however, they have taken a part,—and here they have been beaten, because they stood upon the very worst ground which they could possibly have chosen.”

in prison preposition + noun

In this reading “By this law it is the right of every person who is arrested upon a criminal charge, to be tried at the first sessions after his arrest; so that, while this law continues in force, no person can be wrongfully detained in prison, but his guilt or innocence must be fairly proved.”

carried on verb + particle counted as “carry on”

direct the course of; manage or control

In this reading “That for Middlesex has been carried on with uncommon asperity; it is the only instance wherein the ministry have exerted their influence; for, contrary to the custom of all their predecessors, they have fairly trusted themselves to the opinion of the people.”

stood upon verb + particle

In this reading “Here, however, they have taken a part,—and here they have been beaten, because they stood upon the very worst ground which they could possibly have chosen.”

All words in this reading · 120

Every word in these five lines is listed here, and every one of them can be played on its own.

Dictionary details are shown only when verified; these are not licensed Oxford entries.

adeterminerUS /ə/

used before a singular noun to mean one of a group, when it is not a particular one

From this reading _Middlesex Election.—Nottingham Election.—Seats in Parliament how obtained.—Modes of Bribery.—Aylesbury.—Ilchester.—Contested Elections.—Marriages at Bristol.—Want of Talent in the English Government accounted for._ During my travels I have missed the sight of a popular election.

accountedverbUS /əˈkaʊntɪd/

past form of “account” — be the sole or primary factor in the existence, acquisition, supply, or disposal of something

From this reading _Middlesex Election.—Nottingham Election.—Seats in Parliament how obtained.—Modes of Bribery.—Aylesbury.—Ilchester.—Contested Elections.—Marriages at Bristol.—Want of Talent in the English Government accounted for._ During my travels I have missed the sight of a popular election.

afterprepositionUS /ˈæftər/

later than; following

From this reading By this law it is the right of every person who is arrested upon a criminal charge, to be tried at the first sessions after his arrest; so that, while this law continues in force, no person can be wrongfully detained in prison, but his guilt or innocence must be fairly proved.

alladjectiveUS /ɔːl/

(quantifier) used with either mass or count nouns to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class

From this reading That for Middlesex has been carried on with uncommon asperity; it is the only instance wherein the ministry have exerted their influence; for, contrary to the custom of all their predecessors, they have fairly trusted themselves to the opinion of the people.

andconjunctionUS /ənd/

used to join words or parts of a sentence that go together

From this reading Here, however, they have taken a part,—and here they have been beaten, because they stood upon the very worst ground which they could possibly have chosen.

arrestverbUS /ərˈest/

take into custody

From this reading By this law it is the right of every person who is arrested upon a criminal charge, to be tried at the first sessions after his arrest; so that, while this law continues in force, no person can be wrongfully detained in prison, but his guilt or innocence must be fairly proved.

arrestedverbUS /ərˈestɪd/

past form of “arrest” — take into custody

From this reading By this law it is the right of every person who is arrested upon a criminal charge, to be tried at the first sessions after his arrest; so that, while this law continues in force, no person can be wrongfully detained in prison, but his guilt or innocence must be fairly proved.

asconjunctionUS /æz/

at the same time that; because; in the way that

From this reading The English have a law called the _habeas corpus_, which they regard, with good reason, as the main pillar of their freedom.

asperitynounUS /əˈsperɪti/

something hard to endure

From this reading That for Middlesex has been carried on with uncommon asperity; it is the only instance wherein the ministry have exerted their influence; for, contrary to the custom of all their predecessors, they have fairly trusted themselves to the opinion of the people.

atprepositionUS /æt/

in or near a particular place or position

From this reading _Middlesex Election.—Nottingham Election.—Seats in Parliament how obtained.—Modes of Bribery.—Aylesbury.—Ilchester.—Contested Elections.—Marriages at Bristol.—Want of Talent in the English Government accounted for._ During my travels I have missed the sight of a popular election.

Aylesbury

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _Middlesex Election.—Nottingham Election.—Seats in Parliament how obtained.—Modes of Bribery.—Aylesbury.—Ilchester.—Contested Elections.—Marriages at Bristol.—Want of Talent in the English Government accounted for._ During my travels I have missed the sight of a popular election.

beauxiliary verbUS /biː/

used with a past participle to form the passive, or with -ing for continuous tenses

From this reading By this law it is the right of every person who is arrested upon a criminal charge, to be tried at the first sessions after his arrest; so that, while this law continues in force, no person can be wrongfully detained in prison, but his guilt or innocence must be fairly proved.

beatenadjectiveUS /ˈbiːtən/

formed or made thin by hammering

From this reading Here, however, they have taken a part,—and here they have been beaten, because they stood upon the very worst ground which they could possibly have chosen.

becauseconjunctionUS /bɪˈkɔːz/

for the reason that

From this reading Here, however, they have taken a part,—and here they have been beaten, because they stood upon the very worst ground which they could possibly have chosen.

beenauxiliary verbUS /bɪn/

the past participle of “be”

From this reading That for Middlesex has been carried on with uncommon asperity; it is the only instance wherein the ministry have exerted their influence; for, contrary to the custom of all their predecessors, they have fairly trusted themselves to the opinion of the people.

BriberynounUS /ˈbraɪbəri/

the practice of offering something (usually money) in order to gain an illicit advantage

From this reading _Middlesex Election.—Nottingham Election.—Seats in Parliament how obtained.—Modes of Bribery.—Aylesbury.—Ilchester.—Contested Elections.—Marriages at Bristol.—Want of Talent in the English Government accounted for._ During my travels I have missed the sight of a popular election.

BristolnounUS /ˈbrɪstəl/

an industrial city and port in southwestern England near the mouth of the River Avon

From this reading _Middlesex Election.—Nottingham Election.—Seats in Parliament how obtained.—Modes of Bribery.—Aylesbury.—Ilchester.—Contested Elections.—Marriages at Bristol.—Want of Talent in the English Government accounted for._ During my travels I have missed the sight of a popular election.

butconjunctionUS /bʌt/

used to introduce something that contrasts with what came before

From this reading By this law it is the right of every person who is arrested upon a criminal charge, to be tried at the first sessions after his arrest; so that, while this law continues in force, no person can be wrongfully detained in prison, but his guilt or innocence must be fairly proved.

ByprepositionUS /baɪ/

showing who or what does the action

From this reading By this law it is the right of every person who is arrested upon a criminal charge, to be tried at the first sessions after his arrest; so that, while this law continues in force, no person can be wrongfully detained in prison, but his guilt or innocence must be fairly proved.

calledverbUS /kɔːld/

past form of “call” — assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to

From this reading The English have a law called the _habeas corpus_, which they regard, with good reason, as the main pillar of their freedom.

canmodal verbUS /kæn/

to be able to, or to be allowed to

From this reading By this law it is the right of every person who is arrested upon a criminal charge, to be tried at the first sessions after his arrest; so that, while this law continues in force, no person can be wrongfully detained in prison, but his guilt or innocence must be fairly proved.

carriedverbUS /ˈkærid/

inflected form of “carry” — move while supporting, either in a vehicle or in one's hands or on one's body

From this reading That for Middlesex has been carried on with uncommon asperity; it is the only instance wherein the ministry have exerted their influence; for, contrary to the custom of all their predecessors, they have fairly trusted themselves to the opinion of the people.

chargeverbUS /tʃɑːrdʒ/

to make a rush at or sudden attack upon, as in battle

From this reading By this law it is the right of every person who is arrested upon a criminal charge, to be tried at the first sessions after his arrest; so that, while this law continues in force, no person can be wrongfully detained in prison, but his guilt or innocence must be fairly proved.

chosennounUS /ˈtʃoʊzən/

one who is the object of choice; who is given preference

From this reading Here, however, they have taken a part,—and here they have been beaten, because they stood upon the very worst ground which they could possibly have chosen.

ContestedadjectiveUS /kənˈtestəd/

disputed or made the object of contention or competition

From this reading _Middlesex Election.—Nottingham Election.—Seats in Parliament how obtained.—Modes of Bribery.—Aylesbury.—Ilchester.—Contested Elections.—Marriages at Bristol.—Want of Talent in the English Government accounted for._ During my travels I have missed the sight of a popular election.

continuesverbUS /kənˈtɪnjuːz/

third-person singular of “continue” — continue a certain state, condition, or activity

From this reading By this law it is the right of every person who is arrested upon a criminal charge, to be tried at the first sessions after his arrest; so that, while this law continues in force, no person can be wrongfully detained in prison, but his guilt or innocence must be fairly proved.

contraryadjectiveUS /ˈkɑːntreri/

very opposed in nature or character or purpose

From this reading That for Middlesex has been carried on with uncommon asperity; it is the only instance wherein the ministry have exerted their influence; for, contrary to the custom of all their predecessors, they have fairly trusted themselves to the opinion of the people.

corpusnounUS /ˈkɔːrpəs/

capital as contrasted with the income derived from it

From this reading The English have a law called the _habeas corpus_, which they regard, with good reason, as the main pillar of their freedom.

couldmodal verbUS /kʊd/

the past of “can”; used for possibility or polite requests

From this reading Here, however, they have taken a part,—and here they have been beaten, because they stood upon the very worst ground which they could possibly have chosen.

criminaladjectiveUS /ˈkrɪmənəl/

bringing or deserving severe rebuke or censure

From this reading By this law it is the right of every person who is arrested upon a criminal charge, to be tried at the first sessions after his arrest; so that, while this law continues in force, no person can be wrongfully detained in prison, but his guilt or innocence must be fairly proved.

customnounUS /ˈkʌstəm/

accepted or habitual practice

From this reading That for Middlesex has been carried on with uncommon asperity; it is the only instance wherein the ministry have exerted their influence; for, contrary to the custom of all their predecessors, they have fairly trusted themselves to the opinion of the people.

detainedverbUS /dɪˈteɪnd/

past form of “detain” — deprive of freedom; take into confinement

From this reading By this law it is the right of every person who is arrested upon a criminal charge, to be tried at the first sessions after his arrest; so that, while this law continues in force, no person can be wrongfully detained in prison, but his guilt or innocence must be fairly proved.

DuringprepositionUS /ˈdʊrɪŋ/

all through a period, or at some point within it

From this reading _Middlesex Election.—Nottingham Election.—Seats in Parliament how obtained.—Modes of Bribery.—Aylesbury.—Ilchester.—Contested Elections.—Marriages at Bristol.—Want of Talent in the English Government accounted for._ During my travels I have missed the sight of a popular election.

ElectionnounUS /ɪˈlekʃən/

a vote to select the winner of a position or political office

From this reading _Middlesex Election.—Nottingham Election.—Seats in Parliament how obtained.—Modes of Bribery.—Aylesbury.—Ilchester.—Contested Elections.—Marriages at Bristol.—Want of Talent in the English Government accounted for._ During my travels I have missed the sight of a popular election.

ElectionsnounUS /ɪˈlekʃənz/

plural of “election” — a vote to select the winner of a position or political office

From this reading _Middlesex Election.—Nottingham Election.—Seats in Parliament how obtained.—Modes of Bribery.—Aylesbury.—Ilchester.—Contested Elections.—Marriages at Bristol.—Want of Talent in the English Government accounted for._ During my travels I have missed the sight of a popular election.

EnglishnounUS /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries

From this reading _Middlesex Election.—Nottingham Election.—Seats in Parliament how obtained.—Modes of Bribery.—Aylesbury.—Ilchester.—Contested Elections.—Marriages at Bristol.—Want of Talent in the English Government accounted for._ During my travels I have missed the sight of a popular election.

everydeterminerUS /ˈevəri/

all the members of a group, with none left out

From this reading By this law it is the right of every person who is arrested upon a criminal charge, to be tried at the first sessions after his arrest; so that, while this law continues in force, no person can be wrongfully detained in prison, but his guilt or innocence must be fairly proved.

exertedverbUS /ɪɡˈzɜːrtɪd/

past form of “exert” — put to use

From this reading That for Middlesex has been carried on with uncommon asperity; it is the only instance wherein the ministry have exerted their influence; for, contrary to the custom of all their predecessors, they have fairly trusted themselves to the opinion of the people.

fairlyadverbUS /ˈferli/

to certain extent or degree

From this reading That for Middlesex has been carried on with uncommon asperity; it is the only instance wherein the ministry have exerted their influence; for, contrary to the custom of all their predecessors, they have fairly trusted themselves to the opinion of the people.

firstadjectiveUS /fɜːrst/

preceding all others in time or space or degree

From this reading By this law it is the right of every person who is arrested upon a criminal charge, to be tried at the first sessions after his arrest; so that, while this law continues in force, no person can be wrongfully detained in prison, but his guilt or innocence must be fairly proved.

forprepositionUS /fɔːr/

intended to be given to, or used by, somebody

From this reading _Middlesex Election.—Nottingham Election.—Seats in Parliament how obtained.—Modes of Bribery.—Aylesbury.—Ilchester.—Contested Elections.—Marriages at Bristol.—Want of Talent in the English Government accounted for._ During my travels I have missed the sight of a popular election.

forcenounUS /fɔːrs/

a powerful effect or influence

From this reading By this law it is the right of every person who is arrested upon a criminal charge, to be tried at the first sessions after his arrest; so that, while this law continues in force, no person can be wrongfully detained in prison, but his guilt or innocence must be fairly proved.

freedomnounUS /ˈfriːdəm/

the condition of being free; the power to act or speak or think without externally imposed restraints

From this reading The English have a law called the _habeas corpus_, which they regard, with good reason, as the main pillar of their freedom.

goodadjectiveUS /ɡʊd/

having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified

From this reading The English have a law called the _habeas corpus_, which they regard, with good reason, as the main pillar of their freedom.

GovernmentnounUS /ˈɡʌvərmənt/

the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit

From this reading _Middlesex Election.—Nottingham Election.—Seats in Parliament how obtained.—Modes of Bribery.—Aylesbury.—Ilchester.—Contested Elections.—Marriages at Bristol.—Want of Talent in the English Government accounted for._ During my travels I have missed the sight of a popular election.

groundnounUS /ɡraʊnd/

the solid part of the earth's surface

From this reading Here, however, they have taken a part,—and here they have been beaten, because they stood upon the very worst ground which they could possibly have chosen.

guiltnounUS /ɡɪlt/

the state of having committed an offense

From this reading By this law it is the right of every person who is arrested upon a criminal charge, to be tried at the first sessions after his arrest; so that, while this law continues in force, no person can be wrongfully detained in prison, but his guilt or innocence must be fairly proved.

habeas

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading The English have a law called the _habeas corpus_, which they regard, with good reason, as the main pillar of their freedom.

hasauxiliary verbUS /hæz/

the form of “have” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading That for Middlesex has been carried on with uncommon asperity; it is the only instance wherein the ministry have exerted their influence; for, contrary to the custom of all their predecessors, they have fairly trusted themselves to the opinion of the people.

haveauxiliary verbUS /hæv/

used with a past participle to form the perfect tenses

From this reading _Middlesex Election.—Nottingham Election.—Seats in Parliament how obtained.—Modes of Bribery.—Aylesbury.—Ilchester.—Contested Elections.—Marriages at Bristol.—Want of Talent in the English Government accounted for._ During my travels I have missed the sight of a popular election.

HereadverbUS /hiːr/

in or at this place; where the speaker or writer is

From this reading Here, however, they have taken a part,—and here they have been beaten, because they stood upon the very worst ground which they could possibly have chosen.

hisdeterminerUS /hɪz/

belonging to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned

From this reading By this law it is the right of every person who is arrested upon a criminal charge, to be tried at the first sessions after his arrest; so that, while this law continues in force, no person can be wrongfully detained in prison, but his guilt or innocence must be fairly proved.

how

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _Middlesex Election.—Nottingham Election.—Seats in Parliament how obtained.—Modes of Bribery.—Aylesbury.—Ilchester.—Contested Elections.—Marriages at Bristol.—Want of Talent in the English Government accounted for._ During my travels I have missed the sight of a popular election.

howeveradverbUS /ˌhaʊˈevər/

used to add a contrasting statement

From this reading Here, however, they have taken a part,—and here they have been beaten, because they stood upon the very worst ground which they could possibly have chosen.

IpronounUS /aɪ/

the person speaking or writing, as the subject of the verb

From this reading _Middlesex Election.—Nottingham Election.—Seats in Parliament how obtained.—Modes of Bribery.—Aylesbury.—Ilchester.—Contested Elections.—Marriages at Bristol.—Want of Talent in the English Government accounted for._ During my travels I have missed the sight of a popular election.

Ilchester

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _Middlesex Election.—Nottingham Election.—Seats in Parliament how obtained.—Modes of Bribery.—Aylesbury.—Ilchester.—Contested Elections.—Marriages at Bristol.—Want of Talent in the English Government accounted for._ During my travels I have missed the sight of a popular election.

inprepositionUS /ɪn/

inside something, or within a place, period, or state

From this reading _Middlesex Election.—Nottingham Election.—Seats in Parliament how obtained.—Modes of Bribery.—Aylesbury.—Ilchester.—Contested Elections.—Marriages at Bristol.—Want of Talent in the English Government accounted for._ During my travels I have missed the sight of a popular election.

influencenounUS /ˈɪnfluːəns/

a power to affect persons or events especially power based on prestige etc

From this reading That for Middlesex has been carried on with uncommon asperity; it is the only instance wherein the ministry have exerted their influence; for, contrary to the custom of all their predecessors, they have fairly trusted themselves to the opinion of the people.

innocencenounUS /ˈɪnəsəns/

the quality of innocent naivete

From this reading By this law it is the right of every person who is arrested upon a criminal charge, to be tried at the first sessions after his arrest; so that, while this law continues in force, no person can be wrongfully detained in prison, but his guilt or innocence must be fairly proved.

instancenounUS /ˈɪnstəns/

an occurrence of something

From this reading That for Middlesex has been carried on with uncommon asperity; it is the only instance wherein the ministry have exerted their influence; for, contrary to the custom of all their predecessors, they have fairly trusted themselves to the opinion of the people.

isauxiliary verbUS /ɪz/

the form of “be” used with he, she, it, or a singular noun

From this reading That for Middlesex has been carried on with uncommon asperity; it is the only instance wherein the ministry have exerted their influence; for, contrary to the custom of all their predecessors, they have fairly trusted themselves to the opinion of the people.

itpronounUS /ɪt/

a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned

From this reading That for Middlesex has been carried on with uncommon asperity; it is the only instance wherein the ministry have exerted their influence; for, contrary to the custom of all their predecessors, they have fairly trusted themselves to the opinion of the people.

lawnounUS /lɔː/

the collection of rules imposed by authority

From this reading The English have a law called the _habeas corpus_, which they regard, with good reason, as the main pillar of their freedom.

mainadjectiveUS /meɪn/

most important element

From this reading The English have a law called the _habeas corpus_, which they regard, with good reason, as the main pillar of their freedom.

MarriagesnounUS /ˈmerɪdʒɪz/

plural of “marriage” — the state of being a married couple voluntarily joined for life (or until divorce)

From this reading _Middlesex Election.—Nottingham Election.—Seats in Parliament how obtained.—Modes of Bribery.—Aylesbury.—Ilchester.—Contested Elections.—Marriages at Bristol.—Want of Talent in the English Government accounted for._ During my travels I have missed the sight of a popular election.

Middlesex

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _Middlesex Election.—Nottingham Election.—Seats in Parliament how obtained.—Modes of Bribery.—Aylesbury.—Ilchester.—Contested Elections.—Marriages at Bristol.—Want of Talent in the English Government accounted for._ During my travels I have missed the sight of a popular election.

ministrynounUS /ˈmɪnəstri/

religious ministers collectively (especially Presbyterian)

From this reading That for Middlesex has been carried on with uncommon asperity; it is the only instance wherein the ministry have exerted their influence; for, contrary to the custom of all their predecessors, they have fairly trusted themselves to the opinion of the people.

missedadjectiveUS /mɪst/

not caught with the senses or the mind

From this reading _Middlesex Election.—Nottingham Election.—Seats in Parliament how obtained.—Modes of Bribery.—Aylesbury.—Ilchester.—Contested Elections.—Marriages at Bristol.—Want of Talent in the English Government accounted for._ During my travels I have missed the sight of a popular election.

ModesnounUS /moʊdz/

plural of “mode” — how something is done or how it happens

From this reading _Middlesex Election.—Nottingham Election.—Seats in Parliament how obtained.—Modes of Bribery.—Aylesbury.—Ilchester.—Contested Elections.—Marriages at Bristol.—Want of Talent in the English Government accounted for._ During my travels I have missed the sight of a popular election.

mustmodal verbUS /mʌst/

used to say something is necessary, or almost certainly true

From this reading By this law it is the right of every person who is arrested upon a criminal charge, to be tried at the first sessions after his arrest; so that, while this law continues in force, no person can be wrongfully detained in prison, but his guilt or innocence must be fairly proved.

mydeterminerUS /maɪ/

belonging to the person speaking

From this reading _Middlesex Election.—Nottingham Election.—Seats in Parliament how obtained.—Modes of Bribery.—Aylesbury.—Ilchester.—Contested Elections.—Marriages at Bristol.—Want of Talent in the English Government accounted for._ During my travels I have missed the sight of a popular election.

nodeterminerUS /noʊ/

not any; not one

From this reading By this law it is the right of every person who is arrested upon a criminal charge, to be tried at the first sessions after his arrest; so that, while this law continues in force, no person can be wrongfully detained in prison, but his guilt or innocence must be fairly proved.

Nottingham

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading _Middlesex Election.—Nottingham Election.—Seats in Parliament how obtained.—Modes of Bribery.—Aylesbury.—Ilchester.—Contested Elections.—Marriages at Bristol.—Want of Talent in the English Government accounted for._ During my travels I have missed the sight of a popular election.

obtainedverbUS /əbˈteɪnd/

past form of “obtain” — come into possession of

From this reading _Middlesex Election.—Nottingham Election.—Seats in Parliament how obtained.—Modes of Bribery.—Aylesbury.—Ilchester.—Contested Elections.—Marriages at Bristol.—Want of Talent in the English Government accounted for._ During my travels I have missed the sight of a popular election.

ofprepositionUS /ʌv/

belonging to, or connected with, somebody or something

From this reading _Middlesex Election.—Nottingham Election.—Seats in Parliament how obtained.—Modes of Bribery.—Aylesbury.—Ilchester.—Contested Elections.—Marriages at Bristol.—Want of Talent in the English Government accounted for._ During my travels I have missed the sight of a popular election.

onprepositionUS /ɑːn/

touching and supported by a surface

From this reading That for Middlesex has been carried on with uncommon asperity; it is the only instance wherein the ministry have exerted their influence; for, contrary to the custom of all their predecessors, they have fairly trusted themselves to the opinion of the people.

onlyadverbUS /ˈoʊnli/

and nothing more

From this reading That for Middlesex has been carried on with uncommon asperity; it is the only instance wherein the ministry have exerted their influence; for, contrary to the custom of all their predecessors, they have fairly trusted themselves to the opinion of the people.

opinionnounUS /əˈpɪnjən/

a personal belief or judgment that is not founded on proof or certainty

From this reading That for Middlesex has been carried on with uncommon asperity; it is the only instance wherein the ministry have exerted their influence; for, contrary to the custom of all their predecessors, they have fairly trusted themselves to the opinion of the people.

orconjunctionUS /ɔːr/

used to join alternatives or possibilities

From this reading By this law it is the right of every person who is arrested upon a criminal charge, to be tried at the first sessions after his arrest; so that, while this law continues in force, no person can be wrongfully detained in prison, but his guilt or innocence must be fairly proved.

ParliamentnounUS /ˈpɑːrləmənt/

a legislative assembly in certain countries

From this reading _Middlesex Election.—Nottingham Election.—Seats in Parliament how obtained.—Modes of Bribery.—Aylesbury.—Ilchester.—Contested Elections.—Marriages at Bristol.—Want of Talent in the English Government accounted for._ During my travels I have missed the sight of a popular election.

partnounUS /pɑːrt/

something determined in relation to something that includes it

From this reading Here, however, they have taken a part,—and here they have been beaten, because they stood upon the very worst ground which they could possibly have chosen.

peoplenounUS /ˈpiːpəl/

(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively

From this reading That for Middlesex has been carried on with uncommon asperity; it is the only instance wherein the ministry have exerted their influence; for, contrary to the custom of all their predecessors, they have fairly trusted themselves to the opinion of the people.

personnounUS /ˈpɜːrsən/

a human being

From this reading By this law it is the right of every person who is arrested upon a criminal charge, to be tried at the first sessions after his arrest; so that, while this law continues in force, no person can be wrongfully detained in prison, but his guilt or innocence must be fairly proved.

pillarnounUS /ˈpɪlər/

a fundamental principle or practice

From this reading The English have a law called the _habeas corpus_, which they regard, with good reason, as the main pillar of their freedom.

popularadjectiveUS /ˈpɑːpjələr/

regarded with great favor, approval, or affection especially by the general public

From this reading _Middlesex Election.—Nottingham Election.—Seats in Parliament how obtained.—Modes of Bribery.—Aylesbury.—Ilchester.—Contested Elections.—Marriages at Bristol.—Want of Talent in the English Government accounted for._ During my travels I have missed the sight of a popular election.

possiblyadverbUS /ˈpɑːsəbli/

by chance

From this reading Here, however, they have taken a part,—and here they have been beaten, because they stood upon the very worst ground which they could possibly have chosen.

predecessorsnounUS /ˈpredəsesərz/

plural of “predecessor” — one who precedes you in time (as in holding a position or office)

From this reading That for Middlesex has been carried on with uncommon asperity; it is the only instance wherein the ministry have exerted their influence; for, contrary to the custom of all their predecessors, they have fairly trusted themselves to the opinion of the people.

prisonnounUS /ˈprɪzən/

a correctional institution where persons are confined while on trial or for punishment

From this reading By this law it is the right of every person who is arrested upon a criminal charge, to be tried at the first sessions after his arrest; so that, while this law continues in force, no person can be wrongfully detained in prison, but his guilt or innocence must be fairly proved.

provedadjectiveUS /pruːvd/

established beyond doubt

From this reading By this law it is the right of every person who is arrested upon a criminal charge, to be tried at the first sessions after his arrest; so that, while this law continues in force, no person can be wrongfully detained in prison, but his guilt or innocence must be fairly proved.

reasonnounUS /ˈriːzən/

a rational motive for a belief or action

From this reading The English have a law called the _habeas corpus_, which they regard, with good reason, as the main pillar of their freedom.

regardnounUS /rɪˈɡɑːrd/

(usually preceded by “in”) a detail or point

From this reading The English have a law called the _habeas corpus_, which they regard, with good reason, as the main pillar of their freedom.

rightadverbUS /raɪt/

precisely, exactly

From this reading By this law it is the right of every person who is arrested upon a criminal charge, to be tried at the first sessions after his arrest; so that, while this law continues in force, no person can be wrongfully detained in prison, but his guilt or innocence must be fairly proved.

SeatsnounUS /siːts/

an area that includes places where several people can sit

From this reading _Middlesex Election.—Nottingham Election.—Seats in Parliament how obtained.—Modes of Bribery.—Aylesbury.—Ilchester.—Contested Elections.—Marriages at Bristol.—Want of Talent in the English Government accounted for._ During my travels I have missed the sight of a popular election.

sessionsnounUS /ˈseʃənz/

United States composer who promoted 20th century music (1896-1985)

From this reading By this law it is the right of every person who is arrested upon a criminal charge, to be tried at the first sessions after his arrest; so that, while this law continues in force, no person can be wrongfully detained in prison, but his guilt or innocence must be fairly proved.

sightnounUS /saɪt/

an instance of visual perception

From this reading _Middlesex Election.—Nottingham Election.—Seats in Parliament how obtained.—Modes of Bribery.—Aylesbury.—Ilchester.—Contested Elections.—Marriages at Bristol.—Want of Talent in the English Government accounted for._ During my travels I have missed the sight of a popular election.

soconjunctionUS /soʊ/

for that reason; with the result that

From this reading By this law it is the right of every person who is arrested upon a criminal charge, to be tried at the first sessions after his arrest; so that, while this law continues in force, no person can be wrongfully detained in prison, but his guilt or innocence must be fairly proved.

stoodverbUS /stʊd/

Maintained an upright posture.

From this reading Here, however, they have taken a part,—and here they have been beaten, because they stood upon the very worst ground which they could possibly have chosen.

takenadjectiveUS /ˈteɪkən/

understood in a certain way; made sense of

From this reading Here, however, they have taken a part,—and here they have been beaten, because they stood upon the very worst ground which they could possibly have chosen.

TalentnounUS /ˈtælənt/

natural abilities or qualities

From this reading _Middlesex Election.—Nottingham Election.—Seats in Parliament how obtained.—Modes of Bribery.—Aylesbury.—Ilchester.—Contested Elections.—Marriages at Bristol.—Want of Talent in the English Government accounted for._ During my travels I have missed the sight of a popular election.

ThatconjunctionUS /ðæt/

used to introduce what somebody said, thought, or felt

From this reading That for Middlesex has been carried on with uncommon asperity; it is the only instance wherein the ministry have exerted their influence; for, contrary to the custom of all their predecessors, they have fairly trusted themselves to the opinion of the people.

thedeterminerUS /ðə/

used before a noun that is already known, already mentioned, or the only one of its kind

From this reading _Middlesex Election.—Nottingham Election.—Seats in Parliament how obtained.—Modes of Bribery.—Aylesbury.—Ilchester.—Contested Elections.—Marriages at Bristol.—Want of Talent in the English Government accounted for._ During my travels I have missed the sight of a popular election.

theirdeterminerUS /ðer/

belonging to the people or things already mentioned

From this reading That for Middlesex has been carried on with uncommon asperity; it is the only instance wherein the ministry have exerted their influence; for, contrary to the custom of all their predecessors, they have fairly trusted themselves to the opinion of the people.

themselvespronounUS /ðemˈselvz/

used when the people doing the action are also its object

From this reading That for Middlesex has been carried on with uncommon asperity; it is the only instance wherein the ministry have exerted their influence; for, contrary to the custom of all their predecessors, they have fairly trusted themselves to the opinion of the people.

theypronounUS /ðeɪ/

the people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the subject

From this reading That for Middlesex has been carried on with uncommon asperity; it is the only instance wherein the ministry have exerted their influence; for, contrary to the custom of all their predecessors, they have fairly trusted themselves to the opinion of the people.

thisdeterminerUS /ðɪs/

used for a person or thing that is near, or that has just been mentioned

From this reading By this law it is the right of every person who is arrested upon a criminal charge, to be tried at the first sessions after his arrest; so that, while this law continues in force, no person can be wrongfully detained in prison, but his guilt or innocence must be fairly proved.

toparticleUS /tuː/

used before the base form of a verb to make the infinitive

From this reading That for Middlesex has been carried on with uncommon asperity; it is the only instance wherein the ministry have exerted their influence; for, contrary to the custom of all their predecessors, they have fairly trusted themselves to the opinion of the people.

travelsnounUS /ˈtrævəlz/

plural of “travel” — the act of going from one place to another

From this reading _Middlesex Election.—Nottingham Election.—Seats in Parliament how obtained.—Modes of Bribery.—Aylesbury.—Ilchester.—Contested Elections.—Marriages at Bristol.—Want of Talent in the English Government accounted for._ During my travels I have missed the sight of a popular election.

triedadjectiveUS /traɪd/

tested and proved useful or correct

From this reading By this law it is the right of every person who is arrested upon a criminal charge, to be tried at the first sessions after his arrest; so that, while this law continues in force, no person can be wrongfully detained in prison, but his guilt or innocence must be fairly proved.

trustedadjectiveUS /ˈtrʌstɪd/

(of persons) worthy of trust or confidence

From this reading That for Middlesex has been carried on with uncommon asperity; it is the only instance wherein the ministry have exerted their influence; for, contrary to the custom of all their predecessors, they have fairly trusted themselves to the opinion of the people.

uncommonadjectiveUS /ənˈkɑːmən/

not common or ordinarily encountered; unusually great in amount or remarkable in character or kind

From this reading That for Middlesex has been carried on with uncommon asperity; it is the only instance wherein the ministry have exerted their influence; for, contrary to the custom of all their predecessors, they have fairly trusted themselves to the opinion of the people.

uponprepositionUS /əˈpɑːn/

a formal word for “on”

From this reading Here, however, they have taken a part,—and here they have been beaten, because they stood upon the very worst ground which they could possibly have chosen.

veryadjectiveUS /ˈveri/

precisely as stated

From this reading Here, however, they have taken a part,—and here they have been beaten, because they stood upon the very worst ground which they could possibly have chosen.

WantverbUS /wɑːnt/

feel or have a desire for; want strongly

From this reading _Middlesex Election.—Nottingham Election.—Seats in Parliament how obtained.—Modes of Bribery.—Aylesbury.—Ilchester.—Contested Elections.—Marriages at Bristol.—Want of Talent in the English Government accounted for._ During my travels I have missed the sight of a popular election.

wherein

Dictionary entry pending editorial verification. Tap Listen to hear the word.

From this reading That for Middlesex has been carried on with uncommon asperity; it is the only instance wherein the ministry have exerted their influence; for, contrary to the custom of all their predecessors, they have fairly trusted themselves to the opinion of the people.

whichpronounUS /wɪtʃ/

used to introduce a clause giving more about a thing just mentioned

From this reading Here, however, they have taken a part,—and here they have been beaten, because they stood upon the very worst ground which they could possibly have chosen.

whileconjunctionUS /waɪl/

during the time that

From this reading By this law it is the right of every person who is arrested upon a criminal charge, to be tried at the first sessions after his arrest; so that, while this law continues in force, no person can be wrongfully detained in prison, but his guilt or innocence must be fairly proved.

whopronounUS /huː/

which person or people

From this reading By this law it is the right of every person who is arrested upon a criminal charge, to be tried at the first sessions after his arrest; so that, while this law continues in force, no person can be wrongfully detained in prison, but his guilt or innocence must be fairly proved.

withprepositionUS /wɪð/

in the company of; together with

From this reading That for Middlesex has been carried on with uncommon asperity; it is the only instance wherein the ministry have exerted their influence; for, contrary to the custom of all their predecessors, they have fairly trusted themselves to the opinion of the people.

worstnounUS /wɜːrst/

the least favorable outcome

From this reading Here, however, they have taken a part,—and here they have been beaten, because they stood upon the very worst ground which they could possibly have chosen.

wrongfullyadverbUS /ˈrɔːŋfəli/

in an unjust or unfair manner

From this reading By this law it is the right of every person who is arrested upon a criminal charge, to be tried at the first sessions after his arrest; so that, while this law continues in force, no person can be wrongfully detained in prison, but his guilt or innocence must be fairly proved.

Chapter 16 of Letters from England, Volume 2 (of 3) by Robert Southey holds 95 sentences, grouped into 19 reading sections of at most 5 sentences. The text is the source edition, unabridged, and the chapter records which sentences cover which part of the work so that nothing is dropped. Every word can be tapped for its pronunciation and dictionary entry.

What does chapter 16 of Letters from England, Volume 2 (of 3) contain?

Chapter 16 holds 95 sentences of Letters from England, Volume 2 (of 3), unabridged, divided into 19 reading sections.

This page carries chapter 16 of Letters from England, Volume 2 (of 3) by Robert Southey exactly as it stands in the source edition, without abridgement. It runs to 95 sentences, grouped into 19 sections of at most 5 sentences so that a reader can take the chapter in steady, finishable pieces. The chapter also stores a coverage record mapping every one of its sentences to a part of the work, which is how the edition demonstrates that no line was dropped.

How do I study chapter 16 of Letters from England, Volume 2 (of 3)?

Work through the 19 sections in order, replaying any sentence and tapping unfamiliar words for their entries.

Each of the 19 sections in this chapter is short enough to read once, hear once, and then re-read with the vocabulary in view. Tapping a word plays it alone and opens its dictionary entry with IPA, part of speech and meaning, so the reader is never forced to guess a pronunciation from spelling. Working section by section keeps a long chapter from becoming an undifferentiated wall of text, which is the usual reason a reader abandons a work of this period.

Can chapter 16 be read aloud to me?

Yes — every sentence and every individual word in chapter 16 can be played aloud in United States English.

Audio covers the whole chapter: any sentence can be played, and any single word within it can be played on its own. The voice uses United States English. For a work of this period that matters, because spelling is an unreliable guide to pronunciation for vocabulary that has fallen out of daily use, and a learner who guesses wrong tends to keep the error. Hearing the word in its own sentence, and then alone, settles it.

Questions about reading Letters from England, Volume 2 (of 3)

Common questions about reading Letters from England, Volume 2 (of 3) by Robert Southey on this page, its source edition and its audio.

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Yes. All 1896 sentences of Project Gutenberg eBook #61506 are kept, with a record of which sentences cover which part.

Which edition of Letters from England, Volume 2 (of 3) is used?

Project Gutenberg eBook #61506, unabridged. The Project Gutenberg header, footer and licence are removed.

How long does Letters from England, Volume 2 (of 3) take to read?

About 158 minutes of reading across 380 sections of 5 sentences each, at an unhurried pace.

How to read Letters from England, Volume 2 (of 3) section by section

How to work through Letters from England, Volume 2 (of 3) section by section, using the audio and the tap-to-define vocabulary.

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Vocabulary met early in Letters from England, Volume 2 (of 3)

Words and structures a reader meets early in Letters from England, Volume 2 (of 3), each tappable for pronunciation and meaning.

Methodists
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Letters from England, Volume 2 (of 3); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Wesley
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Letters from England, Volume 2 (of 3); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Whitfield
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Letters from England, Volume 2 (of 3); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.
Different
A word that appears in the opening chapter of Letters from England, Volume 2 (of 3); the reader can tap it to hear it and see its dictionary entry.